Organization Behavior 15e Chapter 7 Testbank

_ is defined as the processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.A) LeadershipB) ManagementC) LearningD) Emotional laborE) MotivationE) MotivationThe _ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.A) directionB) persistenceC) intensityD) knowledgeE) experienceB) persistenceThe _ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.A) intelligenceB) experienceC) directionD) intensityE) persistenceD) intensityWhich level of Maslows hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying ones hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?A) safetyB) physiologicalC) socialD) esteemE) psychologicalB) physiologicalThe church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old, single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslows hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.5) Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Joanna?A) socialB) esteemC) physiologicalD) self-actualizationE) safetyC) physiologicalThe church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old, single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslows hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Josephine?A) socialB) esteemC) physiologicalD) self-actualizationE) safetyA) socialThe church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old, single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslows hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.Which of the following needs would most motivate Jonathan?A) socialB) esteemC) physiologicalD) self-actualizationE) safetyD) self-actualizationAccording to Maslows hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need?A) socialB) safetyC) esteemD) self-actualizationE) recognitionB) safetyIf we consider Maslows hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong, then _ needs would be on top of the hierarchy.A) self-actualizationB) securityC) socialD) esteemE) growthB) securityWhich of the following needs in Maslows hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?A) socialB) self-actualizationC) physiologicalD) esteemE) safetyB) self-actualizationWhy is Maslows theory criticized?A) The concept of self-actualization was unfounded.B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.C) The esteem need is a more powerful motivator than self-actualization.D) Its terminology tends to alienate those to whom it is applied.E) It does not adequately describe how an organization can satisfy higher-order needs.B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.According to Douglas McGregors Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees _.A) need to be directedB) prefer to be controlledC) learn to accept responsibilityD) need to be micromanagedE) attempt to avoid workC) learn to accept responsibilityIf Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit?A) She will empower her subordinates.B) She will trust her employees to use their discretion in most matters.C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.D) She will delegate authority extensively to junior managers.E) She will let her employees choose their own goals.C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.The _ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.A) hierarchy of needsB) goal-settingC) self-determinationD) cognitive evaluationE) two-factorE) two-factorWhich of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?A) Maslows hierarchy of needs theoryB) self-determination theoryC) two-factor theoryD) cognitive evaluation theoryE) McClellands theory of needsC) two-factor theoryAccording to the two-factor theory, _.A) there exists a hierarchy of needs within every human being, and as each need is satisfied, the next one becomes dominantB) most employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing itC) employees view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore learn to accept, and even seek, responsibilityD) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfactionE) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivationD) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfactionWhich of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzbergs two-factor theory?A) quality of supervisionB) recognitionC) payD) relationships with othersE) company policiesB) recognitionAccording to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?A) promotional opportunitiesB) quality of supervisionC) achievementD) recognitionE) responsibilityB) quality of supervisionAccording to Herzberg, when _ are adequate, people wont be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.A) achievement needsB) affiliation needsC) motivational factorsD) power needsE) hygiene factorsE) hygiene factorsMcClellands theory is based on which of the following needs?A) stability, growth, and securityB) achievement, power, and affiliationC) self-actualization, stability, and safetyD) hygiene, control, and securityE) control, status, and self-actualizationB) achievement, power, and affiliationYou manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation.Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback?A) JoeB) MaryC) TimD) SarahE) DougA) JoeWhich of these five employees is most suitable for handling your responsibilities when you are on a vacation?A) JoeB) MaryC) TimD) SarahE) DougD) SarahErika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClellands theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case?A) the need for stabilityB) the need for achievementC) the need for securityD) the need for affiliationE) the need for powerB) the need for achievementWhich of the following statements is true according to McClellands theory of needs?A) People with a high achievement need prefer tasks that have a high level of risk.B) People with a high achievement need are interested in motivating others to do well.C) People with a high need for power and affiliation often make good managers in large firms.D) People with a high achievement need experience great satisfaction from success that comes by luck.E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslows hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to McClellands need for affiliation?A) safetyB) socialC) esteemD) self-actualizationE) physiologicalB) socialWhich of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?A) self-serving theoryB) motivation-hygiene theoryC) two-factor theoryD) self-determination theoryE) goal setting theoryD) self-determination theoryWhich of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?A) People need extrinsic rewards in order to be motivated.B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.C) Intrinsic rewards are almost as effective as extrinsic rewards.D) Externally imposed standards of work largely improve intrinsic motivation.E) Extrinsic rewards, including verbal praise, significantly decrease intrinsic motivation.B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve _.A) competence and positive connectionsB) high rewardsC) recognition and statusD) career growthE) power and controlA) competence and positive connectionsRachels parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats?A) Without the extrinsic reward, the task itself is eliminated.B) With the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.C) Without the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.E) With the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.The concept of _ considers how strongly peoples reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.A) self-serving biasB) self-fulfilling prophecyC) self-concordanceD) self-actualizationE) self-efficacyC) self-concordanceThe investment of an employees physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called _.A) vicarious modelingB) self-determinationC) job engagementD) management by objectivesE) job analysisC) job engagementWhich of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?A) Goal commitment is more likely when individuals have an external locus of control.B) Externally generated feedback is more powerful than self-generated feedback.C) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output than specific goals.D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.E) Assigned goals generate greater goal commitment in low rather than high power-distance cultures.D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when _.A) goals have long time frames for completionB) tasks are complex rather than simpleC) tasks are novel rather than well learnedD) goals are easy rather than difficultE) tasks are independent rather than interdependentE) tasks are independent rather than interdependentMBO emphasizes goals that are _.A) tangible, verifiable, and measurableB) achievable, controllable, and profitableC) inspirational, verifiable, and creativeD) tangible, rewarding, and assignedE) profitable, attainable, and self-setA) tangible, verifiable, and measurableMBO provides individual employees with _.A) personal performance objectivesB) greater work supervisionC) predefined targetsD) generalized feedbackE) clear-cut growth pathsA) personal performance objectivesUnlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates _.A) self-generated feedbackB) explicit time periodsC) participatively set goalsD) independent tasksE) specific performance objectivesC) participatively set goalsThe _ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.A) two-factorB) self-determinationC) goal-settingD) self-efficacyE) reinforcementD) self-efficacy_ refers to an individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.A) Emotional contagionB) Affect intensityC) Self-efficacyD) Self-determinationE) ReinforcementC) Self-efficacyAccording to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is _.A) arousalB) vicarious modelingC) verbal persuasionD) enactive masteryE) cognitive learningD) enactive masteryWhich of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job?A) verbal persuasionB) enactive masteryC) vicarious modelingD) arousalE) cognitive learningB) enactive masteryOne of the sources of self-efficacy is _, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.A) arousalB) enactive masteryC) visualizationD) vicarious modelingE) verbal persuasionD) vicarious modelingWith reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident _.A) because you have gained relevant experience with the particular task or jobB) because you see someone else doing the particular task or jobC) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successfulD) because you are rewarded for performing a similar task wellE) because you get energized or psyched up to perform the particular task or jobC) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successfulWhich of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?A) arousalB) enactive masteryC) focused trainingD) vicarious modelingE) verbal persuasionE) verbal persuasionThe Pygmalion effect is also called the _ effect.A) haloB) self-concordanceC) GalateaD) self-determinationE) pseudocertaintyC) GalateaThe best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the _, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.A) confirmation biasB) Pygmalion effectC) anchoring biasD) framing effectE) Electra complexB) Pygmalion effectA(n) _ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.A) conclusionB) reinforcerC) goalD) objectiveE) referentB) reinforcerThe proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as _.A) the result of a cognitive processB) environmentally causedC) a reflection of the inner state of the individualD) a function of ones power needE) a product of heredityB) environmentally caused_ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want.A) Theory YB) Theory XC) Social cognitive theoryD) Operant conditioning theoryE) McClellands theory of needsD) Operant conditioning theoryTo get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be _.A) small and given only onceB) large and given at irregular intervalsC) given prior to the desired behavior responseD) given immediately following the desired behaviorE) presented publicly with a large number of witnessesD) given immediately following the desired behaviorHelen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use?A) She is going to call on students who never participate.B) She is going to yell at students, telling them that they are not making good grades.C) She is going to ask the students that always participate to allow the others to have a chance.D) She is going to model what active participation should look like at the beginning of class.E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.E) She is going to give students an ext