四級閱讀講義-如何提高閱讀水平.doc

四級閱讀講義+如何提高閱讀水平四級傳統(tǒng)閱讀部分如何提高閱讀讀 解 細(xì)節(jié)推理題詞匯 主旨題（大意，目的，標(biāo)題）句法 猜詞題篇章 態(tài)度題詞匯：4500w?？荚~匯6000基本詞匯2000 = 40004000不用背的詞匯500 = 3500 如：oceanography，socialization，platypus等3500同詞根重復(fù)詞匯1000 = 2500 如：theory theoretical理論上的， effect effective effectively effectiveness ineffective ineffectiveness（17次）， stable instable stability穩(wěn)定性，vary various variety多樣性 variation， create creative creativity creativeness創(chuàng)造力，等高頻詞匯700個(gè)怎么背1. 詞根詞綴：vis- = see 如：vision視力，視野；television電視；visible可視的；visibility可視性；invisible隱形的；visual視覺的；visit Go and see詞根：單詞最核心的含義詞綴：單詞的附屬含義或詞性2. 激情聯(lián)想：worm蠕蟲；swamp沼澤；reluctant勉強(qiáng)的，不情愿的（94年做過注釋）；apparent明顯的；monologue自言自語；peep偷窺；whimsy奇思怪想；meticulous小心謹(jǐn)慎3. 根源記憶：Destroy gorgon Achilles heel4. 閱讀記憶：在做練習(xí)時(shí)遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞，查出并熟記5. 類比記憶：同義詞分類不認(rèn)識(shí)詞匯怎么辦？1.跳：adj. adv.若該詞出現(xiàn)頻率較高2.代：n. 人物，動(dòng)物，學(xué)科 等若該詞為重要詞匯3.推：詞根詞綴推測法：如：Page 1 Paragraph 2 line 2：theoretical理論上的theory理論；Page 4 line 2：energetic精力充沛的energy能量；Page 10 line 1：mercilessly無情mercy同情，憐憫Page 25 line 3：fishless沒有魚，birdless沒有鳥Page 27 line 2：fridgeless沒有冰箱連接詞and / or / but推測法：and / or為順接詞；but為轉(zhuǎn)接詞。如： Page 1 line 2：few and far between極少 Page10 Paragraph 4 line 3：inconstancy and instability不穩(wěn)定Page 90 the Last paragraph line 1：fun and rewarding有益的Page 91 Paragraph 1 line 1：practicality and rationality實(shí)用性 line 2：idealist and a fool傻瓜從句法：behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences.例子：there are many kinds of animals like crocodiles, wren and rats ；physiological needs such as thirst or hunger句法逗號(hào)原則：1. 兩逗號(hào)間的句子可跳過注：跳過1 2之間，其后每隔一個(gè)逗號(hào)再跳過，以此類推。_(,_,)_._(,_,)_,_.2. 逗號(hào)后出現(xiàn)的分詞，短語，從句可跳過如：Page 25 line 3line 4：Man (, however much he may like to pretend the contrary,) is part of nature.破折號(hào)后為插入語，可以跳過如：Page 23 line 1line 2：Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do(especially in a tight job market).長難句分析：1.拆分：從關(guān)系詞處拆開2.連接：自問自答3.整合：言語邏輯整合如：Page 4 line 7：Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.1.拆分：Much family quarrelling endswhen husbands and wives realizewhat these energy cycles mean, andwhich cycle each of the family member has.2.連接：很多家庭爭吵結(jié)束了什么時(shí)候就結(jié)束了？當(dāng)丈夫和妻子認(rèn)識(shí)到意識(shí)到什么了？什么是能量循環(huán)的意義同時(shí)意識(shí)到什么了？每個(gè)成員擁有怎樣的能量循環(huán)。3.整合：當(dāng)丈夫和妻子都意識(shí)到能量循環(huán)的意義和每個(gè)家庭成員擁有怎樣的能量循環(huán)的時(shí)候，很多家庭爭吵就結(jié)束了。篇章：文章主旨段主旨句判斷法文章主旨段：先看第二段段首有無否定詞，如：not；no；wrong，有，則第二段為全文主旨段；無，則看文章首末兩段哪一段長度小于等于全文的1/4；若首末兩段長度極為相似，則取首不取末。段落主旨句：段落中是否有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but；however；yet，有，則其后為段落主旨句；無，則取首不取末。細(xì)節(jié)推理題黃金原則：一、位置對應(yīng)原則：正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)與問題處在同一段落 例：Page 2 第21題 The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _C_.A. for oceanographic studiesB. for military purposes 對應(yīng)原文Paragraph 4 C. for business considerations 對應(yīng)原文Paragraph 3D. for investigating the depths of the oceans二、主旨矛盾原則：正確選項(xiàng)不能與文章主旨或段落主旨相矛盾 例：Page 4 第31題 If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _D_. A. he is a lazy person 與主題相矛盾 B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle C. he is not sure when his energy is low D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening三、反義選項(xiàng)答案在其一：若兩選項(xiàng)意義相反，則答案在其中產(chǎn)生例：Page 15 第35題Some people feel that _B_.A. artificial hearts are seldom effectiveB. the country should not spend so much money on artificial heartsC. the country is not spending enough money on artificial heartsD. Americas health-care programs are not doing enough for the nations health PS：“錢不夠”原則Scientists：fund資金；finance財(cái)政；money錢四、同義選項(xiàng)同錯(cuò)：若兩選項(xiàng)意義相近或相同，則同為錯(cuò) 例：Page 7 第23題 A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _C_. A. present one is refused by the patient B. the patient complains about the present one C. the present one proves to be ineffective D. the patient is found unwilling to cooperate五、未提及原則：文章未提及選項(xiàng)不選 例：Page 4 第31題 If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _D_. A. he is a lazy person B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle C. he is not sure when his energy is low D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening B、C為未提及選項(xiàng)六、絕對詞原則：選項(xiàng)中含有絕對詞，如：only；never；every；each；all；ever等為錯(cuò) 例：Page 7 第21題 Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital? A A. The doctor gets more active professional support support from the primary nurse. B. Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night. C. The primary nurse writes care plants for every patient. D. The primary nurse keeps records of the patients health conditions every day. 七、包含選項(xiàng)一般為對：若一個(gè)選項(xiàng)包含了其它一個(gè)或多個(gè)選項(xiàng)，則該選項(xiàng)一般為正確選項(xiàng)。 例：Page 6 第38題 The author argues that a teachers chief concern should be the development of the students _B_.A. personal qualities and social skillsB. total personalityC. learning ability and communicative skillsD. intellectual abilityA+D=B八、詞匯(同意)替換原則：正確選項(xiàng)會(huì)用同義詞講原文替代。 推論：與原文過于接近的選項(xiàng)，即連續(xù)重復(fù)3詞以上，或總共重復(fù)5詞以上，一般為錯(cuò)。 例：Page 9 第30題 According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _A_.A. a basic human desire to understand and physiological needsB. the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC. their strong desire to solve complex problemsD. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills 與原文過于接近 態(tài)度題做題原則：一、中立選項(xiàng)不選1. 表示中立的詞匯：objective客觀的；neutral中立的；compromising折衷的；defensive保守的；indifferent漠不關(guān)心的；cautious謹(jǐn)慎的2. 表示正面的詞匯：positive正面的；optimistic樂觀的；approval同意，贊成；supportive證實(shí)的3. 表示負(fù)面的詞匯：negative負(fù)面的；pessimistic悲觀的；critical批評的；questioning懷疑的；doubtful懷疑的；prejudiced有偏見的二、同感情色彩同錯(cuò)猜詞題做題原則：1. 根據(jù)詞匯猜測：and；or / but前后意思相近 / 相反2. 通過句子推測：含有被猜詞匯的語句3. 感情色彩推測：通過判斷詞匯感情色彩，給予相應(yīng)感情色彩解釋4. 排錯(cuò)原則： 正確選項(xiàng)不能含有被猜詞匯或其衍生詞匯 例Page 63 第23題 The word “bested” (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means _A_.A. beatB. enviedC. caught up withD. made the best of原句： and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. 主語邏輯上要搭配合理 例Page 2 第24題 Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means _C_.A. doubted 邏輯搭配不合理，defied的主語是which B. gave proof toC. challengedD. agreed to 原句： a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. 中學(xué)詞匯要猜測其引申含義 例：Page 34 第59題 The word “burnout” (Line 4, Para.5) here refers to the state of _D_.A. being seriously burnt in the skinB. being unable to burn for lack of fuelC. being badly damaged by fire 原文解釋 D. being unable to function because of excessive use原句：Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor.如何提高閱讀水平 如何提高閱讀水平？這個(gè)問題本身很寬泛，不具有操作性。所以現(xiàn)在我將其操作化，分三個(gè)層次來說明。閱讀文章本身考察的能力有三個(gè)層次：詞匯。句法。篇章。這三個(gè)層次都做好了，閱讀水平自然也就提高了。1詞匯。眾所周知，詞匯是功克閱讀必不可少的基礎(chǔ)，也是提高閱讀最重要的環(huán)節(jié)。沒有扎實(shí)的詞匯量擺在面前的閱讀文章無非是甲骨文，根本談不上什么句法和篇章。大學(xué)英語考試（包括四級，六級，考研及出國考試）與中學(xué)考試最核心的區(qū)別在于詞匯量陡然增大了。所以同學(xué)們想要在大學(xué)考試重取得好的成績首先就必須過掉詞匯關(guān)。當(dāng)然，在真正的考場上，我們很難做到一個(gè)生詞也沒有。那么如何應(yīng)對那些未知的詞匯呢？其實(shí)，并不是每個(gè)詞匯都需要我們認(rèn)識(shí)，40的閱讀詞匯其實(shí)沒有重要意義。所以，面對生詞我們應(yīng)該做到“跳代推”：首先選擇跳過，跳過的一般是形容詞或者副詞，因?yàn)榇蟛糠中稳菰~和副詞只是一個(gè)程度上的修飾，不影響整個(gè)句子的意思。如an impressive symbola symbol；the gravatational pull of the earththe pull of the earth；if women are mercilessly exploitedif women are exploited跳過之后意思是完全不變的；第二步選擇代替。如人物名字：EdisonE；NewtonN；PastuerP；動(dòng)物名字：crocdileC；porcupineP；學(xué)科名字：OceanographyO等；第三步，我們才進(jìn)行詞意推理。而推理的依據(jù)主要是下面四條：1詞根詞綴。如：theoretical 來自于 theory，意為“理論上的”。Engetic來自于energy，意為“精力充沛的”等。2連接此（連接詞分為兩種：順接：and or 轉(zhuǎn)接 but ：）。如：few and far between 中fewfar between。Condemned or made illegal中condemnedmade illegal等。3例子。如：there are many kinds of animals：crocdiles, wren, rats后面三個(gè)顯而易見是三種動(dòng)物。等4從句（主要是定語從句）。如：behavrorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences. 后面一句話就解釋了behaviorists就是研究行為和結(jié)果關(guān)系的人行為主義學(xué)家等。 掌握了以上方法后，我們來練習(xí)一下四級的一段話：Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea. 經(jīng)過跳代推的過程，這句話就變成了O has been as the study of the sea. 翻譯：O就是研究海洋。那么推測O作為學(xué)科就是海洋學(xué)。這樣，很多生詞就被我們有效處理掉了。2句法。很多同學(xué)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的情況。詞匯認(rèn)識(shí)，整個(gè)句子讀不懂。這種情況尤其容易出現(xiàn)在復(fù)雜的句子中。那么如何認(rèn)清句子的構(gòu)成和把握復(fù)合句就成了同學(xué)們必須要明白的問題。一要明白插入語的形式。插入語在英文中非常常見，在四六級文章里主要表現(xiàn)為以下兩種符號(hào)：逗號(hào)，破折號(hào)。如：man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature./ most people, with the exceptions of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, have little interest in the sea. / the biologists have, actually for a long time, interested in the matter. 又如：the sight of Bercey who replaced his illed heart for an artificial one has convinced the world that the future had arrived. / the long-term factorsincluding blood pressure, body control, homonal regulationare well documented.等等。一旦了解了插入語成分，就可以大大簡化句子，迅速識(shí)別主干。因?yàn)椴迦胝Z對于整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思沒有影響，所以可以在快速閱讀時(shí)跳過。所以，以上的句子就可以簡化。如：man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature.man is part of nature.most people, with the exceptions of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, have little interest in the sea.most people have little interest in the sea.the long-term factorsincluding blood pressure, body control, homonal regulationare well documented.the long-term factors are well documented.此外，括號(hào)，冒號(hào)都是補(bǔ)充說明的內(nèi)容，也可以跳去不看。二學(xué)會(huì)分析復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，需要首先能夠拆分。其實(shí)拆分很簡單，從關(guān)系詞處拆開就可以了。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞：who what which that when where how why 拆開就變成一個(gè)個(gè)的簡單句，這時(shí)候理解起來就輕松了許多。當(dāng)然僅僅理解這些簡單句還不夠，還要能夠還原為復(fù)合句。這里介紹一種辦法自問自答（根據(jù)關(guān)系詞）。現(xiàn)在舉一個(gè)例子：Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each of the family member has.首先拆分：Much family quarrelling endswhen husbands and wives realizewhat these energy cycles mean, andwhich cycle each of the family member has.翻譯 很多家庭爭吵結(jié)束了 當(dāng)丈夫和妻子認(rèn)識(shí)到 什么是能量循環(huán)的意義 每個(gè)成員擁有怎樣的能量循環(huán)。連接 很多家庭爭吵結(jié)束了什么時(shí)候就結(jié)束了？當(dāng)丈夫和妻子認(rèn)識(shí)到意識(shí)到什么了？什么是能量循環(huán)的意義同時(shí)意識(shí)到什么了？每個(gè)成員擁有怎樣的能量循環(huán)。整合： 當(dāng)丈夫和妻子都意識(shí)到能量循環(huán)的意義和每個(gè)家庭成員擁有怎樣的能量循環(huán)的時(shí)候，很多家庭爭吵就結(jié)束了。3篇章。詞句過關(guān)后，就是篇章把握的問題了。一片文章到底想說什么，主要講的是什么，如何迅速把握？關(guān)鍵要找到文章的主旨句。大部分文章都是有主旨句的。如何尋找呢？一般分為兩步走。首先，要找到文章的主旨段落。然后找到主旨段的主旨句，全文的主旨句也就一目了然了。全文的核心也就瞬間把握了。首先，找主旨段。主旨段分兩種：一，第二段首出現(xiàn)了否定詞。那么第二段就是文章的主旨段落。二，第二段短首沒有否定詞。那么首段，末端都有可能。這時(shí)候，要看哪個(gè)段落更短(一般超過兩行的差距，幾個(gè)單詞不算)。如果首末段差不多，那就“取首不取末”。Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant（不愿意）to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers has to know the depth profile（起伏形狀）of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings（測深）were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition（考察）, which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.屬于首段主旨。For some time past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological（生理的）drives as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on a display of lightsand indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of