美國(guó)超驗(yàn)主義英語(yǔ)介紹.ppt

RalphWaldoEmerson愛(ài)默生HenryDavidThoreau梭羅 AmericanTranscendentalism美國(guó)超驗(yàn)主義 Abroad philosophicalmovementinNewEnglandduringtheRomanticera peak 1836 1855 thefirstAmericanintellectualmovement StartedbyagroupofpeopleintheTranscendentalClubinthe1830swhopublishedtheirviewsinthejournalTheDial Historicalbackground Transcendentalistbelievedinstinctorintuitionisthedeepestlevelofman ssoul Theytriedtofindtruththroughfeeling ratherthanthroughlogic Sotheywritenotinalogicalway Wecansaytheyformedamovementoffeelings beliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy BriefIntroduction Theworldshrankitselfintoadropofdew 世界將其自身縮小成為一滴露水 Believeyourself Apersonmustbeabletobecomewhathewantstobe Mottos ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalists 1 emphasisonSpiritortheOversoul Oversoulisaunitary 統(tǒng)一的 powerofgoodness omnipresent 無(wú)所不在的 andomnipotent 無(wú)所不能的 fromwhichallthingscameandofwhicheveryonewasapart 2 theimportanceoftheindividual3 natureisthesymbolofSpiritorGod 1 至善absolutegood2 純潔無(wú)暇unspottedinnocenceofnature3 人具有神性humanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly Creeds Sources1 歐洲浪漫主義文學(xué) theromanticliteratureofEurope 2 新柏拉圖主義 neo Platonism 3 德國(guó)理想主義哲學(xué) Germanidealisticphilosophy 4 東方神秘主義 Orientalmysticism Weaknesses Thetranscendentalistmovementhadasmallmembershipandonlylastedforafewyears Thetranscendentalismwasneverasystematicphilosophy Itborrowedfrommanysources ThefailureoftranscendentalismasamoralforceinAmericanlifewasitsdenialofitsrealspiritualorigin 愛(ài)默生RalphWaldoEmerson 梭羅HenryDavidThoreau RalphWaldoEmerson RalphWaldoEmerson 1803 1882 philosopher lecturer essayist andpoet leadingtheTranscendentalistmovementachampion 擁護(hù)者 ofindividualismaprescient 有先見(jiàn)之明的 criticofthecountervailing 對(duì)抗性的 pressuresofsociety Nature ItistheBibleoftranscendentalists ItcontainsalmosteverythingEmersonwantstosayintherestofhislife Hislaterworksweremostlytoillustratethebook AmericanScholar American sdeclarationofintellectualindependence todevelopAmerican sownculture Emerson swork HenryDavidThoreau 1817 1862 HeisbestknownforhisbookWalden areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings andhisessay CivilDisobedience anargumentforindividualresistancetocivilgovernmentinmoraloppositiontoanunjuststate Walden Itwasn tasuccessfulbookatthetimeitwaspublishedandhasbeenvirtuallyforgottenuntil20thcentury Itisthecarefulrecordingofday to daylifeatWaldenpoundandreflectiononhowonecanlivesimplyandtrulyItillustrateshisdesiretobeindependentandfindtruthforhimself IwenttothewoodsbecauseIwishedtolivedeliberately tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflife andseeifIcouldnotlearnwhatithadtoteach andnot