英語時(shí)態(tài)及感官動詞.docx

現(xiàn)在時(shí) 時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為某種狀況。2時(shí)間狀語：always，usually，often，sometimes，every week (day，year，month)，once a week，on Sundays，3基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動詞 原形 （如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式）4否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加dont，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesnt，同時(shí)還原行為動詞。5一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首；用助動詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動詞。6例句：.It seldom snows here.He is always ready to help others.Action speaks louder than words.7用法(1)表示經(jīng)常性的動作或狀態(tài)表示經(jīng)常性動作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，常與often，always，usually，sometimes，every day等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：The shop opens at nine every day. 這家商店每天九點(diǎn)開門。It seldom snows here. 這兒很少下雪。(2)表示客觀存在或普遍真理Light travels are faster than sound. 光速比聲速快。Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天氣熱時(shí)食物容易壞。(3)表示主語的特征或狀態(tài)The picture looks very beautiful. 這幅畫看起來很美。Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空氣含有氧和氮。(4在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)Ill tell her about it as soon as I see her.When does the train arrive? 火車幾點(diǎn)到？(5) 用于圖片說明或劇本中的動作提示和背景說明INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.防空洞中：斯道克頓慢慢轉(zhuǎn)過身，面對他的妻子。那群人正在離去，而他們憤怒的尖叫聲卻還回響在他們的耳邊。(6) 電視節(jié)目直播解說Its Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.該卡特發(fā)球了，他只需再得一分就贏了。他發(fā)球了，史密斯接球失誤。多漂亮的發(fā)球！冠軍屬于了19歲的哈利-卡特。1 時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動作及行為。2時(shí)間狀語：now，at this time，days，etc. look . listen3基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be+doing4否定形式：be+not+doing.5一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首。6例句：How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his lessons.7用法(1)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，通常用表示現(xiàn)階段的時(shí)間狀語，如：today，this week，this month，this year，this term，now等。如：He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在寫一部小說。(2)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動作進(jìn)行時(shí)在表示經(jīng)常性、重復(fù)性或習(xí)慣性的動作時(shí)必須與only，merely，simply，really，fast，rapidly，steadily，forever，all the time，always，constantly，continually，repeatedly等頻度副詞連用。如：She is always complaining. 她總是在抱怨。(3)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃或已安排好要做的事這一用法只適用于某些動詞，如：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，spend，sail，meet，fly等。如：The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火車走。(4) 補(bǔ)充說明1 在不少情況下，表示正在進(jìn)行的動作的漢語句子，并沒有“正在”這樣的字眼，但在譯為英語時(shí)必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：Its rainingheavily. 下大雨了。How is everything going? 事情進(jìn)展如何？2 有些動詞通常不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動詞有：表示感覺或感情的詞，如：hear，see，smell，taste，feel，seem，notice，hate，love，like，want，wish，refuse，prefer，forgive等。表示存在或所屬的詞，如：exist，stay，remain，obtain，have，own，form，contain等。表示認(rèn)識或理解的詞，如：understand，know，remember，forget，believe，think，doubt等。時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)完成時(shí)的這種用法通常與由since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：The old man have lived here for more than twenty years.老人已在此住了20多年了。完成時(shí)的這種用法有時(shí)不帶時(shí)間狀語，有時(shí)可以和already，before，ever，just，lately，never，once，recently，yet等一些所指時(shí)間不具體的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Have you ever been to Australia? 你去過澳大利亞嗎？2 有時(shí)完成時(shí)和now，today，this morning，this week，this year等的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：I haven t seen him today. 我今天沒見過他。I have seen him only once this year. 我只見過他一次。(3)完成時(shí)在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中表示將來完成的動作Ill go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.我完成作業(yè)后就去參加聚會。(4)完成時(shí)和until now，so far，in the past few years，up to the present等表示從某時(shí)到這段時(shí)間的狀語連用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前為止，我沒有收到過她的信。We have learned five hundred words up to the present.到目前為止，我們已學(xué)了五百個(gè)生詞。但要注意：當(dāng)意義明確時(shí)，適用完成時(shí)的句子可以不用時(shí)間狀語。如：He has done a lot of work. 他干了許多工作。She has told me about her story. 她跟我講過她的故事。時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1概念：表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到的動作。這一動作可能剛剛開始，也可能仍在繼續(xù)，并可能延續(xù)到將來。2基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has +been+doing3時(shí)間狀語：since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for+時(shí)間段等。4例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.The chirdren have been watching TV since six oclock.5用法(1)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過去一直持續(xù)到的動作或剛剛結(jié)束的動作Ive been writing letters all this morning.我寫了一上午信。（動作不再繼續(xù)）ONeil is ill. He s been lying in the bed for three weeks.奧尼爾在病中，已臥床3個(gè)星期了。（動作會繼續(xù)下去）(2)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的重復(fù)性動作完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的這種用法所表示的并不是一直在進(jìn)行的動作，而是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。如：What have you been doing all this time?你一直都在干什么來著？（動作可能繼續(xù)下去）That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.這些年那個(gè)記者一直為這家雜志撰稿。（斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作）時(shí)態(tài)過去時(shí) 時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)1概念：過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。2時(shí)間狀語：ago，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week，last(year，night，month)，in 1989，just now，at the age of 5，one day，long long ago，once upon a time，etc.3基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動詞；行為動詞的過去式4否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動詞前加didnt，同時(shí)還原行為動詞。5一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動詞do的過去式did 提問，同時(shí)還原行為動詞。6例句：She often came to help us in those days.I didnt know you were so busy.7用法(1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)1一般過去時(shí)通常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。與一般過去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday，last night(week，year，month，Sunday)，then，at that time，at that moment，just now，a few days(weeks，months，years) ago等。例句：Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out.出門前露茜關(guān)了所有的燈。2一般過去時(shí)也可以與today，this week(month，year)等時(shí)間狀語連用，但這些時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)指過去。如：Did you see him today? 你今天見他了嗎？（today指今天已過去的某一時(shí)刻）3一般過去時(shí)還可以和for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了兩個(gè)月。Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都沒有發(fā)生。(2) 有時(shí)一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中Who was that? 那人是誰？I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看見了克爾。(3)一般過去時(shí)在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中表示過去將來的動作或狀態(tài)。Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.漢斯說要是得到消息就告訴我們。時(shí)態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1概念：表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動作。2時(shí)間狀語：at this time yesterday，at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等。3基本結(jié)構(gòu) s+was/were+doing4否定形式：s+was/were + not + doing.5一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。(第一個(gè)字母大寫）6例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he came in，I was reading a newspaper.7用法(1)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動作1過去進(jìn)行時(shí)通常和時(shí)間狀語連用。如：We were having dinner when they came.他們來的時(shí)候，我們正在吃飯。2過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)的動作。如：Carlos was staying at home all last week.上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆著。They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他們一直在修一個(gè)水壩。3過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示與過去某個(gè)動作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動作。如：I was reading while she was writing. 我在讀書，她在寫字。4 有時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)用于主句，位于其后的when引導(dǎo)的從句表示意外發(fā)生的情況：I was walking in the street when it began to rain.我正在街上走著，突然下起了雨。(2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的動作過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的這種用法多表示過去的打算，通常僅限于come，go，leave，depart，start等一些表示移動的動詞。如：He didnt know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否會來。The delegation was departing three days later. 代表團(tuán)打算三天后動身。時(shí)態(tài)過去完成時(shí)1概念：以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為，或在過去某動作之前完成的行為，即“過去的過去”。2時(shí)間狀語：before，by the end of last year(term，month)，etc.3基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+had+過去分詞(done)肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞+其他否定句：主語+had+not+過去分詞+其他一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞+其他特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句4否定形式：had + not + done.5一般疑問句：had放于句首。6例句：As soon as we got to the station，the train had left.By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books7用法(1)過去完成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)之前結(jié)束的動作或狀態(tài)When he got there，the train had already left.他到了那兒時(shí)火車已經(jīng)離開了。Ina realized she had made a mistake.艾娜意識到她犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。(2)過去完成時(shí)與when等從句連用had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done.when.，no sooner.than. 是表示“剛就”或“不等就”的固定句型。如：No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.我們剛離開家就開始下雨了。I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.我沒有走多遠(yuǎn)就趕上他們了。(3)過去完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)到過去某時(shí)之前的動作或狀態(tài)We had finished the work by nine oclock yesterday.昨晚九點(diǎn)前我們已完成了工作。The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.到1999年底公司已完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。過去完成時(shí)主要表示持續(xù)到過去某時(shí)之前的動作。如：I had been looking for it for days before I found it.這個(gè)東西，我找了好多天才找著。The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.電話鈴響了三分鐘才有人接。He was tired. Hed been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。After hed been lecturing for half an hour，Professor Brown had a drink of water.布朗教授講了半小時(shí)課之后，他喝了一點(diǎn)水。時(shí)態(tài)將來時(shí) 時(shí)態(tài)一般將來時(shí)1概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。2時(shí)間狀語：tomorrow，next day(week，month，year)，soon，in a few minutes，by，the day after tomorrow，etc.3基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+am/is/are+going to + do；will/shall + do.4否定形式：am/is/are not going to do ；will/shall not do。5一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。6例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain.7用法(1) 基本用法1一般將來時(shí)常用來表示將來時(shí)間的動作或狀況。如：。2一般將來時(shí)用于真實(shí)條件句和時(shí)間狀語從句的主句中表示將來的情況。如：Ill tell you as soon as he comes. 他一來我就告訴你。3 用于條件狀語從句表示愿望或意愿。如：If you will wait for me，I shall come back soon.如果你愿意等我，我馬上就回來。4一般將來時(shí)可用來表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動作。如：The shop wont open until nine. 這家商店九點(diǎn)才會開門。Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。(2) be going to +動詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算或準(zhǔn)備好要做的事或有跡象表明要發(fā)生的天氣變化等情況。如：What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么？ The train is going to arrive. 火車就要到了。(3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（be +現(xiàn)在分詞）有些動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將要發(fā)生的動作，表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。這類動詞有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，spend，sail，meet，fly等。如：Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要來吃飯。(4) be to +動詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)可表示約定、命令或按計(jì)劃要做的事。如：When are they to come? 他們什么時(shí)候來？We are to meet at the school gate. 我們約好在校門口見。(5) be about to +動詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示“即將做”或“馬上做”的意思。如：He is about to leave. 他馬上就要動身。The vacation is about to start. 假期即將開始。時(shí)態(tài)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作。常表示已安排好之事，給人一種期待感。如：What will you be doing this time tomorrow?明天這個(gè)時(shí)候你將做什么？The train will be leaving in a second. 火車馬上就開。時(shí)態(tài)將來完成時(shí)(1)將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前完成的動作，往往對將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.我將在本周末前讀完這本書。Before long，he will have forgotten all about the matter.過不久，他很快就會把這件事全然忘記。(2)將來完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)到將來某時(shí)的動作或狀態(tài)。如：By the time he graduates，he will have studied French for four years.到他畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，他學(xué)法語就滿四年了。By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting，we will have waited here for three hours.到皮爾斯開會回來的時(shí)候，我們已經(jīng)在這兒等了三個(gè)鐘頭了。時(shí)態(tài)過去將來時(shí)(1) 過去將來時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)之后將出現(xiàn)的情況，通常用于賓語從句中。如：I thought he would come. 我以為他會來。Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor.詹妮從沒想到自己會當(dāng)醫(yī)生。(2) 表示從過去某時(shí)看將要發(fā)生的事情。如：The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty.老太太當(dāng)時(shí)五十八歲，再過兩年就六十了。I didnt think they would have any objection to it.我想他們不會有什么反對意見。(3) 表示過去習(xí)慣性動作（不管什么人稱都用would）。如：Whenever he had time，Harris would go to see his grandmother.哈里斯一有時(shí)間就去看他奶奶。Joanna would go for a walk aftershe had supper.喬安娜吃完晚飯總要去散步時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換 時(shí)態(tài)方式一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換請看：A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has been in the League for two years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換Peter is at work，but Mike is at play.Peter is working，but Mike is playing.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換請看：The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)則英語中的幾種時(shí)態(tài)在一定情況下可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換，以下是幾種常見的轉(zhuǎn)換形式：一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，延續(xù)性動詞能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，瞬間動詞卻不能。但是，可用別的表達(dá)方式：瞬間動詞用于“一段時(shí)間 + ago”的一般過去時(shí)的句型中；瞬間動詞可改成與之相對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞及短語，與一段時(shí)間連用；瞬間動詞用于“It is + 一段時(shí)間 + since + 一般過去時(shí)”的句型，請看：A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has been in the League for two years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中，at加上名詞表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”，如at work（在工作），at school（上學(xué)、上課）等。此短語可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。請看：Peter is at work，but Mike is at play.Peter is working，but Mike is playing.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中g(shù)o，come，leave，start，arrive等動詞常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用表示將要發(fā)生的動作。如：I am coming，Mum! 意為“我就來，媽媽！”請看：The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.“be going to+動詞原形”與“will(shall)+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換“be going to+動詞原形”、表示打算、計(jì)劃要做的事；將來時(shí)“will(shall)+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)在書面語中，當(dāng)主語為第一人稱時(shí)，常用助動詞shall。在口語中，所有人稱都可以用will。請看：We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.感官動詞(A)感官動詞(及物動詞)有：see / notice / look at / watch / observe / listen to / hear / feel(Vt) / taste(Vt) / smell(Vt) / touch(Vt)(B)連綴動詞(含感官不及物動詞)be / get / become / feel / look / sound / smell / taste / seem / appear / grow / turn / prove / go / run感官動詞用法look, sound, smell, taste, feel,這五個(gè)動詞均可作連系動詞，后面接形容詞作表語，說明主語所處的狀態(tài)。其意思分別