法律翻譯評論.doc

1、 英譯中關(guān)于shall的用法：法律漢譯英中shall與should以及will陳忠誠從某種意義上講，在法律英語當(dāng)中， “shall”的確主要用來表達(dá)某種命令或義務(wù)，在這個意義上，它和“must”同義。由此可見，在法律英語中，除了表達(dá)命令或義務(wù)外，“shall”還可以用來表示立法機(jī)關(guān)就某一法律規(guī)定所做的某種宣示。因此，在“施行”條文中所使用的“shall”可以也應(yīng)當(dāng)理解為立法機(jī)關(guān)就該法律法規(guī)的生效時間所做的明確宣示。2、“直通”式中華人民共和國國旗法:A Law of the Peoples Republic of China on the National FlagB National Flag Law of the Peoples Republic of China制定標(biāo)題翻譯的通用規(guī)范。 有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)可以規(guī)定頒發(fā)文件的大機(jī)構(gòu)在前、小機(jī)構(gòu)在后；機(jī)構(gòu)名稱一般不用OF短語；在文件中機(jī)構(gòu)名稱要單獨成行等。例如： 上海市人民政府通知 - Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Notice （也可以譯成Notice of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government，但不要在Notice 前面加冠詞the） 上海市人民政府法令 - Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Decree 上海市人民政府辦公廳通知 - Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government General Office Notice 或者Notice of General Office Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government(Notice前不用冠詞the，General Office 和Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government之間不加of )。 ：“上海市人民政府關(guān)于本市提前實施第四階段國家機(jī)動車排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通告” Notice of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government on Implementing Ahead of Schedule the Forth Stage State Vehicle Emission Standard in This Municipality (匯編2009年第5期)，文件的標(biāo)題可以為： Notice of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Implementing Ahead of Schedule the Forth Stage National Vehicle Emission Standard ：“上海市人民政府辦公廳關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)市發(fā)展改革委制定的上海市對部分重要商品及服務(wù)實行價格干預(yù)措施的實施辦法”的通知。原譯稿：Notice of the General Office of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government on Transmitting the Implementation Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Adopting Temporary Price Intervention Measures for Part of Important Commodities and Services Made by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission （匯編2008年第三期）。 修改后的標(biāo)題為： Notice of General Office Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Implementation Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Adopting Temporary Price Intervention Measures for Part of Important Commodities and Services Forwarded document from the Municipal Development and Reform Commission 3. liable和responsible在法律中并不是可以隨意替換使用的。表示“應(yīng)負(fù)法律責(zé)任的”、“有法律責(zé)任的”，應(yīng)用“l(fā)iable”；而表示“負(fù)責(zé)的”、“有職責(zé)的”，則應(yīng)用“responsible”一詞。1. 表達(dá)授權(quán)性的語言結(jié)構(gòu)“享有的權(quán)利”、“有權(quán)”等，英語的表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)為：(1) have the right / power to do; (2) enjoy the right of (3) be entitled to do; (4) be authorized to do; (5) may / shall do.2. 表達(dá)法律效力的語言結(jié)構(gòu)“施行（實施）”英語的表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)，(1) come / enter into force; (2) become effective (3) go into effect (4) be put into effect3. abide by 與comply withabide by 與comply with都有“遵守”的意思, 但是當(dāng)主語是“人”時, 英譯“遵守”須用abide by; 當(dāng)主語是非人稱時, 則用comply with 英譯“遵守”。例3: 雙方都應(yīng)遵守雙方的一切活動都應(yīng)遵守合同規(guī)定。Both parties shall abide by / All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.4. 關(guān)于in accordance with; under; pursuant to這三個詞組都作“根據(jù)”,“按照”解，是法律文件中常用的詞組,比according to正式。例:On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.5.“Subject to”的翻譯通常歸納為以下4種情況：1. 譯成“除外”或類似詞語Subject to sub-paragraph (b) of the first paragraph of this article, the document may always be served by delivery to an Addressee who accepts it voluntarily.除本條第一款第（二）項規(guī)定外，均可通過將文書交付自愿接受的收件人的方法進(jìn)行送達(dá)。2. 譯成“（須）遵守”、“根據(jù)”、“受限制/管制”、“在條件下”等表示條件關(guān)系的結(jié)構(gòu)The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.雙方當(dāng)事人可以不適用本公約，或根據(jù)第12條，減損本公約的任何規(guī)定或改變其效力。The provisions of the foregoing paragraphs shall apply subject to Article 6 quarter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.上述各款規(guī)定的執(zhí)行，受保護(hù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)巴黎公約第六條之四的約束。3. 譯成“必須”、“須加以”、“（但）須/需/要”等。這種譯法通常主要出現(xiàn)在該搭配用于approval和ratification等詞語之前的場合，形容詞和副詞搭配都有，但以形容詞搭配為主The indication of classes given by the applicant shall be subject to control by the International Bureau, which shall exercise the said control in association with the national office.申請人所作的類別說明須經(jīng)國際局檢查，此項檢查由國際局會同本國注冊當(dāng)局進(jìn)行。4. 其他譯法，如“易于”If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation would involve unreasonable expense如果貨物易于迅速變壞，或者貨物的保全牽涉到不合理的費用6. To the extent (that)表示“在的范圍內(nèi)”、“在的限度內(nèi)”Party A shall agree that to the extend that Party B fails to perform any obligation hereunder, Party A is not released from the performance of this contract.甲方應(yīng)同意，只要乙方未履行在本統(tǒng)和項下的任何義務(wù)，甲方不被免除履行本合同的義務(wù)。To the extent that any provision of this agreement conflicts with any provision in any schedule to this agreement, this agreement shall prevail in all circumstances.如果本協(xié)議的任何規(guī)定與本協(xié)議附件的任何規(guī)定有抵觸，應(yīng)在所有情況下以本協(xié)議為準(zhǔn)。7. in so far as表示“只要”、“就而言”The warranties and all other provisions of this Agreement, insofar as the same shall not have performed at Completion, shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding Completion.有關(guān)保證及本協(xié)議的其他所有規(guī)定，只要在成交時仍未履行，不論成交與否，應(yīng)持續(xù)充分有效。6. Shall在法律英語翻譯中常見的幾種處理方法：1. 表示某種命令或某種法律義務(wù)，相當(dāng)于普通英語中的“must”，通常翻譯為“必須（須）”All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the law, decrees and pertinent regulations of the Peoples Republic of China.合營企業(yè)的一切活動必須遵守中華人民共和國的法律、法令和有關(guān)的條例規(guī)定。2. 表示法律上的正式“宣告”、“宣布”The Contract Law of the Peoples Republic of China shall take effect on October 1, 1999.中華人民共和國合同法將于1999年10月1日生效3. 用于表述合同條款，表示一定要做到的事，表示“一定會（promise to）”或“將會（will or to be to）”The Publisher shall pay the Authoran advance, which shall be a charge of all sums to the Author under this Agreement.出版商應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)付作者稿酬，這筆稿酬是按合同規(guī)定的總稿酬中的一部分。7. “即”的使用All date-related data stored electronically by or on behalf of the Company is in such a form that its input, process, storage or use by or on behalf of the Company will not, directly or indirectly, cause a malfunction in any software, hardware or equipment.【原譯】由該公司或其他代表以電子方法儲存的所有與日期有關(guān)的資料所采用的形式使該公司或其代表儲入、處理、儲存或使用該等資料不會直接或間接導(dǎo)致任何軟、硬件或設(shè)備功能失常。【改譯】由該公司或其代表以電子方式儲存的所有與日期有關(guān)的資料采用了這樣的形式，即該公司或其代表輸入、處理、儲存或使用該等資料不會直接或間接地導(dǎo)致任何