動詞不定式.doc

動詞不定式導言 動詞不定式是一種動詞的非謂語形式，除不能 做謂語外，它保留原動詞的其他功能；根據(jù)每個動 詞用法不同，可以有自己的賓語、賓語補語、狀語， 也可帶各種從句。加to的根本用意是區(qū)別于謂語動詞 保證三種基本句型不亂。 不定式的構成to + 動詞原形 +（賓語或 +（賓語補語）+（狀語或 賓語從句） 狀語從句）注：括號里的成分，根據(jù)每個動詞的用法而取舍。 動詞不定式做主語（例句中帶*號的為諺語） * To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。 * To live means to create. 生活意味著創(chuàng)造。 Tobeproudoflearningisthegreatestignorance(無知). -JerenyTaylor,Americancomposer 以學識自傲是最大的無知。 -美國作曲家泰勒 .J. 不定式做主語時，如果該不定式較長，通常用it做形式主語。不定式后置。 * It is hard to catch birds with an empty hand. 形式主語 不定式做主語后置 空手捉不到鳥兒。 * It is easier to get money than to keep it. 形式主語 不定式做主語后置 發(fā)財容易守財難。 * It is better to be poor with honor than rich with shame. 形式主語 不定式做主語后置 寧可貧而有名聲，不可富而無恥。 It takes ten people to encircle the big tree. 形式主語 不定式做主語后置這株大樹要10人才能環(huán)抱。 It takes 48 hours to cross the continental United States by 形式主語 不定式做主語后置 train. 坐火車橫穿美國大陸要花48小時。 Itisthenatureofafooltoseethefaults(缺點)ofothersandforgethis own. -Cicero,AncientRomanphilosopher 只看見別人的錯誤而忘記自己缺點的人是蠢人的本性。 -古羅馬哲學家動詞不定式可以有自己的邏輯主語，即不定式動作的發(fā)出者通常用for + 名詞（代詞）或of + 名詞（代詞）放在不定式的前面。 It is necessary for a flight attendant to know the airplanes on 形式主語 不定式的邏輯主語 which she is going to work. 空中乘務員有必要了解她要在上面工作的飛機。 Its difficult for Tom to learn Chinese. 不定式的邏輯主語 對湯姆來說學習中文很難。 Its kind of you to say so. 不定式的邏輯主語 謝謝你的美言。（你過獎了。） Its silly of him to do that. 不定式的邏輯主語 他做那件事真是太傻了。注：確定邏輯主語前是加of還是加for的辦法是：如果表語可以修飾邏輯主語，即能說明邏輯主語性質和特點，就加of引出邏輯主語否則用for。 A fight attendant is necessary. A necessary fight attendant 乘務員是必要的。 必要的乘務員 Tom is difficulty. 湯姆是困難的。 You are kind. He is silly.以上句中的necessary和difficult不能修飾flight attendant和Tom，所以用for +名詞（代詞）做邏輯主語，而 兩句中的kind和silly可以修飾人，用of +名詞（代詞）。注：練習2是針對本章設計。 動詞不定式做表語 His ambition is to become a pilot. My job now is to teach English.Theprincipalthinginthisworldistokeeponessoulaloft(高尚). -Flaubert,FrenchWriter 人生在世首要大事是保持靈魂的高尚。 -法國作家 福樓拜 Whatisamansfirstduty?Theanswerisbrief:tobehimself. -Lbsen,Norwegiandramatist 人的第一天職是什么？答案很簡單：不偽飾自己。 -挪威劇作家 易卜生 動詞不定式做賓語1. 動詞后接不定式做賓語完全是英語中的習慣用法，必須死記硬背，并且養(yǎng)成習慣。下面是一些常跟不定式做賓語的動詞wish, like, hate, decide, afford, agree, learn, start, begin, love, claim, want, promise, hope, plan, prepare, intend, expect, fail等 The airlines prefer to receive payment in cash. 航空公司愿意收取現(xiàn)金。 We want to win the match. 我們想在比賽中取勝。 Ifyouwanttounderstandtoday,youhavetosearchyesterday. -PearlBuck,Americanfemalewriter 想要懂得今天，就必須研究昨天。 -美國女作家 賽珍珠 2. 在有些動詞后面跟不定式做賓語時，可以在不定式前加how, when, whether, why, where等詞。 Do you know where to get the book? I began to learn how to cook when I was 18. Have you decided whether to go for an outing? 可以用于這種結構的動詞有ask, discover, explain, forget, imagine, tell, wonder, observe等3. 動詞不定式做賓語后面跟補語時的用法。 He made it a rule not to allow speaking Chinese in the class. 形式賓語 賓補 不定式做賓語后置 他規(guī)定在課上不許說中文。 He considers it very important for his students to study English grammar.他認為讓他的學生學英語語法很重要。 注：不定式做賓語，后面帶補語時須后置，用it做形式賓語。可以用于這種結構的動詞有think, consider, feel, find, choose, imagine, judge, declare, prove, report, select, understand等。 動詞不定式做賓語補語 The commander ordered his men to get there on time. 不定式做賓語補語 Her mother wants her to become a flight attendant.在感官動詞和一些表示讓某人做某事的動詞后應省略不定式的to?？梢杂糜谶@種結構的動詞有feel, hear, notice, see, have, help, let, make等。 I didnt hear anyone say anything about this matter. Ive never made my son do what he doesnt like to do. Ifyouloveme,letitbefornaught,exceptforlovessake(只為愛情)only. -ElizabethBarrettBrowning.Britishpoet 如果你愛我，那就不要為了別的，而只為愛情。 -英國詩人勃朗寧 .E.注：當不定式做主語補語時to不可省。He has never been heard to sing the song. 主語補語 從沒有聽到他唱過歌。 The children were watched to cross the streets. 主語補語 看著孩子橫穿馬路。注：練習3是為本章設計。 動詞不定式做定語1. 由定語從句省略而成的不定式，在這種情況下，不定式和它所定的名詞在邏輯上是主謂關系。 Do you know the teacher who will teach us English next term? =Do you know the teacher to teach us English next term? 你認識下學期要教我們英語的那位教師嗎？ He is always the last one who leaves the office. =He is always the last one to leave the office. 他總是最后一個離開辦公室的人。 從上面的句子可以看出，不定式是從定語從句省略而來，但只有從句的動詞發(fā)生在主句動詞之后，或主從句的動詞都是一般時的情況下才能用不定式代替定語從句。請看下面例句 Do you know the teacher who taught Class Two English last term? 你認識上個學期教二班英語的教師嗎？上面的例句不能用to teach Class Two English last term來代替。 因為定語從句的動詞發(fā)生在主句動詞之前。 2. 不定式和它所定的名詞之間在邏輯上是動賓關系，即所定的名詞是不定式的賓語，如果不定式的動詞是通過介詞帶賓語時，介詞應保留在不定式之后。 Here are some instructions to follow. 這有一些要遵守的說明。 （to follow的賓語就是instructions） I have a film to see. （to see的賓語就是film） I have no room to live in. 我沒有房子住。 注：room是in的賓語，所以in應保留。 I have a lecture to listen to. 我有課要聽。3. 在一些抽象名詞之后常用不定式做定語。不定式和它所定的名詞之間即無主謂關系，也無動賓關系，很像一個形容詞或介詞短語做定語。 He knows the best way to learn English. 他知道學習英語的最好方法。 I had no chance to go to school when I was a boy. 我小的時候沒有上學的機會。Successgrowsoutofstruggletoovercomedifficulties. -SamuelSmiles,Britishwriter 成功來之于克服困難的斗爭。 -英國作家 斯邁爾斯 .S. Workwhileyouwork;playwhileyouplay;Thisisthewaytobecheerfulandgay. -RichardStoddart,Americanpoet 拼命地干，盡情地玩；如此這般，定能歡樂。 動詞不定式做狀語1. 不定式做狀語時，通常只表示目的，有時在to前面加so as to, in order to用于強調。 To（In order to）master English. I have to work hard. We eat to live, not live to eat.Toreallyunderstandamanwemustjudgehiminmisfortune. -BonapartNapoleon,Frenchemperor 要真正了解一個人，需在不幸中考察他。 -法國皇帝 拿破侖 .B. 2. 不定式也可以表示結果，有時在to前加only. He rushed to the airport only to find the airplane gone. 他匆忙趕到機場，不料飛機已經起飛了。3. 也可用tooto，soas to，enough to來表示結果。 Never too old to learn. 活到老學到老。 Youre too young to do this job. 你太年輕了，不能做這種工作。 The boy is old enough to go to school. 這孩子到了上學的年紀了。 He was so weak as to be unable to work. 他身體太虛弱，因而不能工作。4. 不定式可以表示比較，通常和as if，as though連用，意思是好像。 He opened his mouth as if to say something. 他張開嘴好像要說些什么。 在不定式前有時也可以加疑問詞，如how, which, who, when等 How to use infinitive will be studied next week. 如何使用不定式將在下周學習。 He cant decide when to leave. 他還不能決定什么時候離開。 The question is which of the methods to adopt. 問題是我們將采用何種方法。 在下列形容詞做表語時，后面可跟不定式glad, please, ready, eager, anxious, sorry, surprised, able, sure Are you ready to go now? Im glad to see you. 動詞不定式的時態(tài)一般時完成時進行時完成進行時to doto have doneto be doingto have been doing 不定式的時態(tài)在使用時局限性很大，通常用于下面幾種情況。1. 在 主+系+形+不定式 的結構中，有時使用不定式的完成時，進行時，或完成進行時來表示不同的時間關系。 Im glad to work with you. 很高興和你一起工作。 Im glad to have worked with you. （表示已經在一起工作過了） Im glad to be working with you. （表示目前正在一起工作） Im glad to have been working with you. （表示一直在一起工作） 很高興能一直和你一起工作。2、 不定式做主語補語時，有時使用完成時，進行時或完成進行時表示不同的時間關系，注意比較下面句子的時間關系 He is said to be studying English據(jù)說他正在學英語。 He is said to have studied English.據(jù)說他學過英語。 He is said to have been studying English.據(jù)說他一直在學英語。3、 不定式在plan, wish, expect等個別動詞后面做賓語，有時用完成時來表示與事實相反的情況。 They planned to have finished their work before the end of May. 他本打算在5月底把他們的工作干完。（暗示沒有干完） He wished to have seen the film. 他希望他看過那個電影。（暗示沒有看過）注：除上面提過的幾種情況外，一般不使用不定式的時態(tài)。 不定式的被動語態(tài)一般時完成時to be doneto have been done 當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式動作的承受者時，用被動語態(tài)。 No one likes to be treated as a child. 沒人喜歡被當作孩子。 Do you know the name of the book to be written by your teacher? =Do you know the name of the book which will be written by your teacher? 你知道你的老師要寫的那本書的名字是什么嗎？ The TV set needs to be repaired. 這臺電視需要修理。The TV set seems to have been repaired. 這臺電視好像已經修理過了。There is a letter to be answered. 這兒有一封要回的信。Thereisonlyonehappinessinlife,toloveandbeloved. -GeorgeSand,Frenchwomanwriter 生活中唯一的幸福就是：愛和被愛。-法國女作家 喬治 . 桑 Warismuchtooimportanttobelefttothemilitary. -GeorgeClemenceall,Frenchstatesman 戰(zhàn)爭太重要了，不能由軍人決定。 -法國政治家克列孟梭 .G. 在there be的句子結構中，如果句子主語沒有特指的意思，不定式可以用主動，也可以用被動。 There is nothing to do today. 今天沒事可做。 There is nothing to be done. 我也沒有辦法了。 There are no one to take care of. 沒人需要照顧。 在下列句子中習慣上不用被動,因為在感覺上不定式有一個 邏輯主語。 The beer is bitter（for some one）to taste. 這啤酒喝起來有點兒苦。-RichardStoddart,Americanpoet 重要提示掌握不定式并不難，在我們原來學的三中基本句型中，加進不定式即可，如在主系表句型中，主語是名詞，如果需要用動詞做主語時，就應用不定式做主語。表語、賓語都是如此。在做狀語時，我們以前是用副詞、介詞短語和狀語從句，不定式也可以做狀語，但是要記住，它主要用于表示目的。不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)與時態(tài)和語態(tài)的用法基本一樣。閱讀與欣賞 Theobjectofeducatoristopreparetheyoungtoeducatethemselvesthroughout theirlives. -R.Hutchins,Americaneducator 教育的目的在于能讓青年人畢生進行自我教育。-美國教育家哈欽斯 .R. Jevonssawthekettleboilandcriedoutwiththedelightedvoice高興ofachild;Marshaltoohadseenthekettleboilandsatdownsilentlytobuildanengine.-JohnMaynardKeynes,Britisheconomist 杰文斯看見壺開了，高興得像孩子似地叫了起來；馬歇爾也看見壺開了，卻悄悄地坐下來造了一部蒸氣機。 -英國經濟學家 凱恩斯 .J.M. Onlythosewhohavethepatiencetodosimplethingsperfectlyeveracquiretheskilltododifficultthingseasily. -FriedrichSchiller,Germandramatistandpoet 只有有耐心圓滿完成簡單工作的人，才能夠輕而易舉地完成困難的事。 -德國劇作家、詩人 席勒 .F. Thereisonlyonesuccess-tobeabletospendyourlifeinyourownway. -MorleyChristopher,Frenchwriter 成功只有一個即能依自己的方式去度過人生。- 法國作家 克里斯多夫 .M. Itisgoodtohavemoneytobuythingsthatmoneycanbuy,butitisbetternottolosethingsmoneycannotbuy. -GeorgeH.Lorimer,Americanjournalist 有錢去買能買得到的東西當然不錯，但是不丟失用金錢買不到的東西更好。 -美國記者 洛里默 .G.H. Happinessgrowsatourownfiresides(火爐邊),andisnottobepickedinstrangersgarden. -D.W.Jerrold,Britishdramatist 幸福生長在我們自己的火爐邊，而不能從別人的花園中采得。 -英國劇作家 杰羅爾德 .D.W. Totravelhopefullyisabetterthingthantoarrive,andthetruesuccess istolabor. -RobertLouisStevenson,Britishwriter 懷著希望去旅行比抵達目的地更愉快；而真正的成功在于工作。 -英國作家 史蒂文森 .R.L. Itisbettertoliverichthantodierich. -SamuelJohnson,Britishwriter 與其在死時手中握著一大把錢，還不如活著的時候生活得豐富多彩。 -英國作家 約翰遜 .S.Itisnoteasytofindhappinessinourselves ,anditisnotpossibletofindit elsewhere. -A.Repplier,Americanfemaleessayist 要在自身找到幸福是不容易的，要在別的地方找到幸福則是不可能的。 -美國女散文家 里普利厄 .A. Theonlywayonearthtomultiply(成倍增加)happinessistodivide(分攤)it. -PaulHermanScherer,SwissPhysicist 世界上唯一成倍增加幸福的辦法是將其分攤。 -瑞士物理學家 席勒爾 .P.H. Nothingiseasierthantodeceive(欺騙)onesself. -Demothenes,AncientGreedstatesman 再沒有什么比欺騙自己更容易的了。 -古希臘政治家 德摩西尼 Aftertheverbtolove,tohelpisthemostbeautifulverbintheworld. -AldousleonardHuxley,Britishnowelist 除了“愛”之外，“幫助”是世界上最美的動詞。 -英國小說家 赫胥黎 .A.L. Thereisnowhetstonelikepraise,tosharpenagoodwitandencouragea willtolearn. -RogerAscham,Britishscholarandwriter 在刺激智力發(fā)展和鼓勵學習的愿望方面，沒有比嘉獎更有效的辦法。 -英國學者、作家 阿斯卡姆 .R. Marriagemaybecomparedtoacage:thebirdsoutsidedespairtogetinandthosewithindespairtogetout. -MicheldeMontaigne,Frenchthinkerandessayist 婚姻好比鳥籠，外面的鳥想進進不去；里面的鳥兒想出出不來。 -法國思想家、散文家蒙田 .M.D. Educationmakesapeopleeasy to lead,butdifficulttodrive;easy togovernbutimpossibletoslave. -Brougham,Britishstatesman 教育使一個民族容易領導，但是難于驅使；容易管理，卻不可能奴役。 英國政治家布羅漢姆 Foracultivatedmantobeignorantofforeignlanguagesisagreatinconvenience. -AntonP.Chekhorv,Russiandramatist 一個受過教育的人，不懂外語是極不方便的。 -俄國劇作家契克夫 .A.P. Theprimary purposeofeducationisnottoteachyoutoearnyourbread,buttomakeeverymouthfulsweeter.-J.Angell,Americanpsychologist 教育最主要的目的，不是教你掙得面包，而是使每一口面包都香甜。 -美國心理學家安吉爾 .J. Advertisingmaybedescribedasthescienceofarrestinghumanintelligencelongenoughtogetmoneyfromit. -LeacockStephen,Canadianeconomist 廣告可被視作一種長久蒙蔽人類智慧以期從中賺錢的技巧。 -加拿大經濟學家斯蒂芬 .L.It is a great ability to be able to conceal ones ability.-LA ROCHE- FOUCAULD大智若愚。 To do all that one is able to, is to be a man; to do all that one would like to do, is to be a god. -NAPOLEON I做一個人能做的事，這是人；做一個人想做也愿做的事，那是神。 The first method for estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he has around him. -NICCLO MACHIAVELLI評估一個統(tǒng)治者的才智如何，首先要看看他周圍的人怎樣。The real leader has no need to lead- he is content to point the way.-HENRY WILLER真正的領袖無須去領導誰，他只須指明道路就夠了。Wed all like to vote for the best man, but hes never a candidate.-KIN HUBBARD我們很愿意去選舉最合適的人，可是最合適的人就從未當過候選人。All wish to know, but none want to pay the fee.-JUVENAL（對于未知）都希望多知多懂；可就是沒人想付費。 Not the power to remember, but its very opposite, the power to forget, is a necessary condition for our existence. - SHOLEM ASCH, The Nazarene不是記憶的力量，而是它的對立面忘記的力量才是我們生存的心要條件。Things that were hard to bear are sweet to remember.-SENECA我們最難忍受的事情，卻變成了后來美好的回憶。 The cat and the saucer（小碟子） An antiques（古董） collector was passing a small shop when he noticed a cat on the sidewalk out front, licking milk from a saucer. The man immediately（馬上） realized the saucer was very old and valuable（貴重的）. He stepped into the shop with an uninterested look and asked to buy the cat. “Im sorry,” the shop owner said, “but the cat is not for sale.”“Please,” the collector urged, “I need a cat around my house to catch mice. I will give you 20 dollars.”“The cat is yours,” the owner said taking the money.“Listen,” the collector added, “I wonder if you could throw in that old saucer as well. Could you give it to me?”“Sorry,” the shop owner answered, “but that saucer brings me luck. Why, just this week Ive sold 68 cats!”Jack clubHeat And ColdAt a physical（物理） lesson the teacher asked the children about the effects of heat and cold on the body.“Heat makes things bigger and cold makes things smaller,” answered a bright boy.“Quite right,” said the teacher. “Can you give an example?”“In summer, when it is hot, the days are longer, but in winter, when it is cold, the days are shorter,” answered the bright boy.I Have Faith In The Lord（上帝）A man named Smith was sitting on his roof during a flood, and the water was up to his feet. Before long a fellow in a canoe（獨木舟）paddled（劃）past and shouted, “Can I give you a lift to higher ground?”“No, thank you,” said Smith. “I have faith in the Lord and he will save me.”Soon the water rose to Smiths waist. At this point a motorboat pulled up and someone called out, “Can I give you a lift to higher ground?”“No, thanks. I have faith in the Lord and he will save me.”Later a helicopter（直生機）flew by, and Smith was standing on the roof with water up to his neck. “Grab the rope,” yelled the pilot. “Ill pull you up.”“No, thanks.” Said Smith. “I have faith in the Lord and he will save me.” But after hours of treading water（踩水）, poor, exhausted Smith drowned and went to his reward（報償）. As he arrived at the Pearly Gates（天國之門）, Smith met his maker（造物主）and complained about this turn of events（不幸遭遇）. “Tell me, Lord,” he said, “I had such faith in you to save me and you let me down. What happened?”To which the Lord replied, “What do you want from me? I sent you two boats and a helicopter!”練 習一、 將下列句子譯成中文，指出不定式在句中的作用。（帶星號的為諺語）1. *To know the disease is half the cure.2. *A ready way to lose your friend is to lend him money.3. *It is good to have company in trouble (or) misery.4. *It is easier to raise the devil than to lay him.5. *It is too late to spare when the bottom is bare.6. *To scare a bird is not the way to catch it.7. *To preserve friendship, one must build walls.8. *The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant.9. *The important thing in life is to have a great aim and the determination to attain it.10. *Culture is to know the best that has been said and thought in the world.11. When the plane is in the air, a stewardess is like a hostess in her own home who checks to make sure that her guests are comfortable.12. The airlines consider good grooming（修飾）to be representative of the flight attendants good will and personal pride（自尊）.二、 用“of”或“for”填空。1. It is important you to use your time wisely.2. It was brave him to dive from the cliff.3. It was thoughtful him to bring us the raincoat.4. It is necessary some of you to get there earlier.5. Its better you to go to bed earlier at night before the test.6. It is good you to offer your seat to the old man.7. It is wrong him not to prepare his lessons.三、 用不定式填空，注意可以省略“to”的動詞。1. I saw her (take) the book.2. I didnt notice him (enter) the room.3. The worker taught us (run) the machines when we worked i