初中時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

精品文檔英語語態(tài)部分一、語態(tài)概述:英語的語態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese.謂語：speak的動(dòng)作是由主語many people執(zhí)行的。被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 英語English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的?，F(xiàn)以speak為例說明被動(dòng)語態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：amis/arespoken 一般過去時(shí)：waswerespoken 一般將來時(shí)：willshall bespoken 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：amisare beingspoken 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were beingspoken 三、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。例如：Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。（不知道電腦是誰偷的） This bridge was founded in 1981.這座橋竣工于1981年。(不知道這座橋是何人修建的)(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是邁克打破的 This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。Your homework must be finished on time.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時(shí)完成。(3)當(dāng)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者為物而非人的時(shí)候，一般用被動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)。例如：The old window has been opened by the strong storm, hard to repair again.這扇陳舊的窗戶已經(jīng)被狂風(fēng)暴雨吹打開了，難以再繼續(xù)修補(bǔ)了。(4)用在固定的句型結(jié)構(gòu)中表達(dá)，It is said /reported/believed/showed（據(jù)說/據(jù)報(bào)道/據(jù)相信/據(jù)展示）+that +句子，這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)中，it 是形式主語，真正的主語是that后面的句子。比如：It is said that there will be a heavy wind and a sharp fall of temperature in the coming weeks.據(jù)說在接下來的一個(gè)周將會(huì)迎來大風(fēng)和強(qiáng)降溫天氣。四、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法把主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語（動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者）放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如： All the people laughed at him. =He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.=The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree.=A tree was cut down by him. 5、 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞”構(gòu)成： We can repair this watch in two days.=This watch can be repaired in two days. They should do it at once.=It should be done at once.【被動(dòng)語態(tài)同步達(dá)標(biāo)練習(xí)】 .單項(xiàng)選擇(選自各地中考題)1 .The medicine _in a dry and cool place .(2000年重慶市) A .keep B .must keep C .must be kept D .must be keep2 .Today ,the forests have almost gone .People must _down too many trees . (2001年安徽省)A .stop to out B .stop from cutting C .be stopped to cut D . be stopped from cutting3 .The key _ for locking the classroom door . (2001年廣西省)A .uses B .is used C .is using D .use4 .A new school _over there in two years . (2001年四川省)A .may build B .may be built C .is built 5 .Computers are very useful .They can_ sending e-mail (2001年蘇州市) A .use for B .be used of C .be used for D .use of 6 .What a nice garden ! It_ every day . (2000年武漢市 ) A .is cleaning B .has cleaned C .must clean D .is cleaned 7 .This work _next week . (2000年廣西省) A .may finish B .finish C .finishes D .may be finished 8 .My house _in 1995 .We have lived there for five years . (2000年廣西省) A .was built B .has built C .is built D .were built 9 .The lost boy_ early this morning . (2000年四川省) A .found B .was founded C .was found D .founded10. That white building _two years ago ,but it is quite old now . (2000年河北省) A .built B .was built C .is built D .builds 11 .The big tree_ by my mother ten years ago .(2000年甘肅省) A .was planted B .planted C .has planted D .was planting【綜合能力訓(xùn)練】 .用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的適當(dāng)形式填空。1 .English _widely_(use) in the world . 2 .She was ill last night ,and she_(take) to the hospital at once. 3 .These pictures must_ (keep) well. 4 ._the street lights usually _(turn) on at seven in summer evening ? 5 .Now rice and wheat_(grow) in my hometown ,too .Look !The crops_(grow) fast in the fields .6 .The Great Wall (know) all over the world . 7 . _this kind of car_(produce) in Wuhan ? 8 ._the doctor_(send) for last night ? 9 .We used a teapot before the thermos_(invent).10 .Three children_(take) good care of by the nurse . 11 .Some new houses_(build) by the villagers themselves . 12 .What language _(speak) in Japan ? 13 .The black bike_(buy) in that shop three days ago . 14 .The doctor said Jim must _(operate) on at once . 15 .The big tree_(blow) down in the storm last night .【創(chuàng)新備考訓(xùn)練】 .將下列主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1 .You neednt do it now . 2 .You must finish your homework now .3 .We can do the work today . 4 .They founded that hospital in 1996 .英語時(shí)態(tài)部分一一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1) 描述當(dāng)前時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+動(dòng)詞原形或者三單（根據(jù)主語人稱或者單復(fù)數(shù)確定）在這種情景中，句子常帶有表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是習(xí)慣性的、經(jīng)常性的。例如： They raise ducks as a sideline .他們以養(yǎng)鴨為副業(yè)。She doesnt often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常給家里寫信，僅一月一封而已。I cycle to work every day .我每天騎自行車上班。 It seldom rains here .這兒很少下雨。2）僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征、能力等等。這里的目的是為了描述現(xiàn)階段的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其重點(diǎn)不是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、或進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)。例如： He can speak five foreign languages .他能說五種外語。That is a beautiful city .那是座美麗的城市。 Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.She majors in music .她主修音樂。All my family love football .我全家人都喜歡足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹總是樂于助人。3) 陳述客觀事實(shí)、客觀真理。顧名思義，客觀的情況是沒有時(shí)間概念的；也不會(huì)在意動(dòng)作進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)。例如： The sun rises in the east .日出東方。The earth goes around the sun .地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。Ten minus two is eight.十減二等于八。 Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比聲音的速度快。The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美國(guó)位于太平洋西岸。4) 根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)定，當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)，那么時(shí)間或條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回來時(shí)，我將告訴他這個(gè)消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.如果你接受這份工作，他們將和你談?wù)劶?xì)節(jié)。補(bǔ)充：用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的副詞，除了上面提到的一些表示頻率的以外，常見的還有：now, today , nowadays等等。二一般過去時(shí)：主要是用來描述在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。它也可以用來表示在過去某段時(shí)間里經(jīng)常發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,在使用一般過去時(shí)的句子里常常有一個(gè)意義較具體的過去時(shí)間狀語。一般過去時(shí)由謂語動(dòng)詞的過去式表示，也就是說動(dòng)詞詞末要加-ed（除不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞外）。常和一般過去時(shí)連用的過去時(shí)間狀語有：last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , )等等。使用一般過去時(shí)，在某種意義上說就是要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生或存在于過去的某個(gè)時(shí)候。過去的時(shí)間概念有兩層意思：一是指現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)間以前的時(shí)間；二是指說話、寫文章的那個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)以前的時(shí)間，在這個(gè)意義上，現(xiàn)在的那個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)是很小很小的，甚至于小到無法量化的程度。例如：He got his driving license last month. 他上個(gè)月拿到了駕照。-Wheres Jim? 吉姆在哪里？ -He just went out.他剛剛出去。三一般將來時(shí)：主要用來描述將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在于未來的情況。這里所說的“將來時(shí)間”是指“說話、寫文章那一刻以后的時(shí)間”。它的表示方法主要有如下幾種：1）shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形這種表示方法是說，動(dòng)作在現(xiàn)在或目前還未發(fā)生，要在將來的某個(gè)時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生；它沒有主觀性，是“純粹的將來動(dòng)作”。例如： I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天沒空。He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵達(dá)這里。2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式 這種表示方法主要是說明 A）“說話人的意圖、打算”；B）“某種可能性”。例如：A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在倫敦度假。 Who is going to speak first? 誰先發(fā)言？B) It is going to rain soon .馬上要下雨了。 Is he going to collect any data for us? 他會(huì)幫我們收集資料嗎？If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西蘭，你會(huì)喜歡上那個(gè)地方的。3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述兩鐘情況：按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間一般不會(huì)很遠(yuǎn)； 要求或命令他人做某事。例如：A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新橋三天后通車。The factory is to go into production before National Day. 這家工廠國(guó)慶節(jié)前投產(chǎn)。B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移動(dòng)通訊工具都不得帶入考場(chǎng)。 You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你媽回來之前你不要出去。4) 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（限于某些動(dòng)詞）表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事”。例如：Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下車嗎？ The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飛機(jī)上午十一點(diǎn)起飛。 Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周動(dòng)身去紐約。四現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：主要用來描述“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或是“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are +doing(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞) 它適用于下面的情況：1）“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：They are having a football match .他們正在賽足球。She is writing her term paper. 她正在寫學(xué)期論文。 Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你聽電話。2）“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這種情況并不是說某個(gè)動(dòng)作在說話的那會(huì)兒正在發(fā)生，而是說某個(gè)動(dòng)作在當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行著，或是重復(fù)地發(fā)生著。例如：He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在為大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試作準(zhǔn)備。How are you getting along with your new job？ 你那份新工作干得怎么樣？3）表示說話人的情感，如：贊許、批評(píng)；喜歡、厭惡等。這時(shí)的動(dòng)作并不是正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，而是表示經(jīng)常性，相當(dāng)于“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”所描述的情況。例如：He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示贊許）他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。She is often doing well at school. （表示滿意）她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯(cuò)的。Are you feeling better today? （表示親切）你今天覺得好一些嗎？One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不滿）我的一個(gè)室友老是亂扔?xùn)|西。Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜歡） 有些推銷員老是敲我家的門,向我們推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。4）表示在近期按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,用于這種情況僅限于少量的動(dòng)詞，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午飯 ) , return, dine ( 進(jìn)餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如：Im dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我將和朋友在外面吃飯。An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美國(guó)教授要來作報(bào)告。We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我們放假。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在這兒呆到下星期嗎？五過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：主要表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+ doing(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞) 由于它的定義是表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，所以，句子常帶有一個(gè)表示“過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語。這個(gè)狀語可能是短語，詞組，或是一個(gè)從句。也可能是通過上下文來表達(dá)這層意思。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于下面的情景中：1）表示在過去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，例如：At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候，我正在收拾東西去露營(yíng)。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我來看她的時(shí)候，她正在寫一篇文章。What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八點(diǎn)鐘你在做什么？2）用于故事的開頭，交代故事發(fā)生的背景情況。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)所描述的動(dòng)作是“正在進(jìn)行”，所以，在這種情景中用“過去進(jìn)行時(shí)”可以給讀者一種“動(dòng)感”，從而能使文章更加生動(dòng)活潑。例如：One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity 一天晚上，他正在書房里打字。突然一個(gè)人闖進(jìn)屋來，切斷了電源3)（僅限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞）表示在過去的未來時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .國(guó)慶節(jié)即將來臨，他們開始制訂度假計(jì)劃。 She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告訴我她將去海南度假。My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友說他今天要與他一位客戶一起吃午飯。We left there when its getting dark. 天快黑的時(shí)候，我們離開了那兒。六將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：主要表示A）在將來某時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；B）預(yù)計(jì)、安排即將發(fā)生或勢(shì)必發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 結(jié)構(gòu)：will be doing(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞)A）在將來某時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：You can have a meeting in my office on Friday . I wont be using it. 星期五你可以在我的辦公室開會(huì)。那會(huì)兒我不用它。 What will you be doing tomorrow morning? 明天上午你做什么？It wont be long before that we will be making a new computer for more advanced calculation. 不久我們就要造一部新計(jì)算器進(jìn)行更高級(jí)的運(yùn)算。I cant go to the party tonight . Ill be seeing off a friend .今晚我不能參加聚會(huì)了。我要給一位朋友送行。B）預(yù)計(jì)、安排即將發(fā)生或勢(shì)必發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：在這里，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)很接近，但是前者強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作按計(jì)劃、安排要發(fā)生；間或也表示委婉、客氣，而后者只表示動(dòng)作會(huì)在未來時(shí)間發(fā)生。We shall be meeting at the school gate .我們?cè)谛ｉT口見面。 What shall we be If you dont do so , you will be facing great difficulties.你如果不這樣做就會(huì)面臨很大的困難。Shall I be interrupting you if I stay here for a while? 要是我在這兒呆一會(huì)兒，會(huì)干擾你們嗎？=幾點(diǎn)注意：=1)一個(gè)句子應(yīng)該用什么時(shí)態(tài)只能取決于它需要表達(dá)的意思，以及它所處的語言環(huán)境。例如：He speaks English .（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的經(jīng)常性。）He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般過去時(shí)，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。）He is speaking English.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，說明動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。）2）在含有時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)，那么從句的謂語動(dòng)詞就只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來時(shí)；如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去將來時(shí)，那么從句的謂語動(dòng)詞就只能用一般過去時(shí)來表示過去將來時(shí)。例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow. I would not play tennis if it rained the next day. *【初中英語時(shí)態(tài)練習(xí)】*1. I will tell him as soon as he _ back A. come B. comes C. will come D. came2. Mary _ on shoes when she _ them. A. triesbuys B. tries buies C. trys buys D. trys buies3. The girl often _ cold when she _. A. cathcsdances B. catches dances C. catchsdancees D. catches dancee4. _ he _ himself there? No, I dont think so. A. Doenjoy B. Does enjoies C. Does enjoys D. Doesenjoy5. _ your teacher _ from them very often? Certainly. A. Dohear B. Doeshear C. Do receive D. receive6. _ your mother _ some cleaning on Sundays? A. Doesdoes B. Dodoes C. Doesdo D. Do do7. _ Tom _to work hard to help his family ? Yes, he _.A. Has xdoes B. Hasxdoes C. Doeshashas D. Does havedoes8. Which teacher _ lessons to you every day ? A. does gives B. does give C. do give D. gives9. Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, _? _ , he does.A. does heNo B. does heYes C. doesnt heNo D. doesnt heYes10.Mr Black often _ fishing on Sundays, _ he ?A. goesdoesnt B. goesisnt C. doesnt godoes D. doesnt gois11.He usually _ TV on Sunday evening. A. watch B. watches C. watching D. is watching12. Well go to play with snow if it _ tomorrow. A. snow B. snows C. will snow D. snowed13. Neither I nor he _ French. A. speak B. doesnt speak C. speaks D. doesnt speak14. Nobody _ how to run this machines.A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing15. The Young Pioneer _ water for the old man every day. A. carry B. bring C. takes D. carries16. Some are _ in the river and some are _ games.A. swimming playing B. swimmingplaiing C. swimming I playing D. swimmingplaing17. Look ! The boy students are _ football while the girls are _ .A. playing dance B. playing dancing C. play dancing D. play dance18. He _ to do his lessons at eight every evening. A. is beginning B. is beginning C. begin D. begins19. _ he _ on well with his friends this term ? A. Doesgets B. Doesget C. Isgetting D. Isgeting20. Mr Smith _ short stories, but he _ a TV play these days.A. is writingis writing B. is writing writes C. writes is writing D. writes writes21. I _ to the cinema. I _ there every Sunday.A. gogo B. am going go C. go am going D. am goingam going22. Look, they_ a good time, _ they ? A. havedo B. havedont C. are havingare D. are having arent23. You _ about the future now, _ you ?A. dont thinkdont B. arent thinking arent C. dont think do D. arent thinking are24. She always _ something whenever she _.A .studiedplayed B. studiedplaiedC. studiedplaied D. studied played25. He often _ late in the forest. It _ me very much.,A. stayedworried B. staied worried C. stayedworryed D. staied worried26. I _that the boy _ with no tears in his eyes.A. noticed cryed B. noticed cried C. noticedcried D. noticed cryed27. We _the floor and _ all the windows.A. mopped cleaned B. moped cleaned C. moppedcleaned D. moped cleaned28. When I _ the Childrens Palace, the children _ with joy.A. visited jumped B. visited jumped C. visited jumped D. visited jumpped29. _ a sports meet last Sunday ? Yes , they _.A. Did they have did B. Did they have had C. Had they had D. Had they did30. _ you _out for a walk after supper ? Yes, I _.A. Didwentwent B. Did go went C. Did went did D. Did go did31. _ Jack _ on with his work or _ to have a rest?A. Did went stopped B. Did go stop C. Did went stop D. Did go stopped32. You gave them a talk two days ago, _you ? Yes, I _.A. did did B. did gave C. didnt did D. didnt gave33. _ your brother _ a letter to ? My father.A. Who wrote B. Whatwrote C. Who didwrite D. What did write34. They _ about the TV news then in the sitting-room. They often _ such talksA. talkedhad B. talkhave C. were talkinghad D. are talkinghave35. He _ some cooking at that time, so _ me.A. did heard B. did didnt hear C. was doing heard D. was doing didnt hear36. _ you angry then? They_ too much noise.”A. Arewere making B. Werewere making C. Aremade D. Were made37. This time yesterday Jack _ his, bike. He _ TV.A. repaired didnt watch B. was repairing watched C. repaired Watc