[語言學(xué)]胡壯麟版《語言學(xué)教程》名詞解釋

胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程術(shù)語表第一章phonology音系學(xué)grammar語法學(xué)morphology形態(tài)學(xué)syntax句法學(xué)lexicology詞匯學(xué)general linguistics普通語言學(xué)theoretical linguistics理論語言學(xué)historical linguistics歷史語言學(xué)descriptive linguistics描寫語言學(xué)empirical linguistics經(jīng)驗(yàn)語言學(xué)dialectology方言學(xué)anthropology人類學(xué)stylistics文體學(xué)signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics語素結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)/形態(tài)配列學(xué)syntactic categories句法范疇syntactic classes句法類別序列sub-structure低層結(jié)構(gòu)super-structure上層結(jié)構(gòu)open syllable開音節(jié)closed syllable閉音節(jié)checked syllable成阻音節(jié)rank 等級level層次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能論sing-song theory唱歌說yo-he-ho theory勞動(dòng)喊聲說pooh-pooh theory感嘆說ta-ta theory模仿說animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模聲說Prague school布拉格學(xué)派Bilateral opposition雙邊對立Mutilateral opposition多邊對立Proportional opposition部分對立Isolated opposition孤立對立Private opposition表缺對立Graded opposition漸次對立Equipollent opposition均等對立Neutralizable opposition可中立對立Constant opposition恒定對立Systemic-functional grammar系統(tǒng)功能語法Meaning potential意義潛勢Conversational implicature會話含義Deictics指示詞Presupposition預(yù)設(shè)Speech acts言語行為Discourse analysis話語分析Contetualism語境論P(yáng)hatic communion寒暄交談Metalanguage原語言Applied linguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)Nominalism唯名學(xué)派Psychosomatics身學(xué)第二章trachea/windpipe氣管tip舌尖blade舌葉/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌頂back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords聲帶vocal tract聲腔initiator啟動(dòng)部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺氣流機(jī)制glottalic airstream mechanism喉氣流機(jī)制velaric airstream mechanism腭氣流機(jī)制Adams apple喉結(jié)Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant請輔音Voiced sound濁音Voiced consonant濁輔音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸狀態(tài)Voice state帶音狀態(tài)Whisper state耳語狀態(tài)Closed state封閉狀態(tài)Alveolar ride齒齦隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼氣音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive內(nèi)爆破音Click/ingressive吸氣音Segmental phonology音段音系學(xué)Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental復(fù)音段Synthetic language綜合型語言Diacritic mark附加符號Broad transcription寬式標(biāo)音Narrow transcription窄式標(biāo)音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology詞源Active articulator積極發(fā)音器官M(fèi)ovable speech organ能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Passive articulator消極發(fā)音器官Immovable speech organ不能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Lateral邊音Approximant j,w無摩擦延續(xù)音Resonant共鳴音Central approximant中央無摩擦延續(xù)音Lateral approximant邊無摩擦延續(xù)音Unilateral consonant單邊輔音Bilateral consonant雙邊輔音Non-lateral非邊音Trill r顫音 trilled consonant顫輔音rolled consonant滾輔音Labal-velar唇化軟腭音Interdental齒間音Post-dental后齒音Apico-alveolar舌尖齒齦音Dorso-alveolar舌背齒齦音Palato-alveolar后齒齦音Palato-alveolar腭齒齦音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization軟腭音化Voicing濁音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel純元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization單元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong閉二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong寬二合元音Phonetic similarity語音相似性Free variant自由變體Free variation自由變異Contiguous assimilation臨近同化Juxtapostional assimilation鄰接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation順同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress對比重音Lexical stress詞匯重音Word stress詞重音Lexical tone詞匯聲調(diào)Nuclear tone核心聲調(diào)Tonetics聲調(diào)學(xué)Intonation contour語調(diào)升降曲線Tone units聲調(diào)單位Intonology語調(diào)學(xué)Multilevel phonology多層次音系學(xué)Monosyllabic word多音節(jié)詞Polysyllabic word單音節(jié)次Maximal onset principle最大節(jié)首輔音原則 第三章 詞匯liaison連音contracted form縮寫形式frequency count詞頻統(tǒng)計(jì)a unit of vocabulary詞匯單位a lexical item詞條a lexeme詞位hierarchy層次性lexicogrammar詞匯語法morpheme語素nonomorphemic words單語素詞polymorphemic words多語素詞relative uninterruptibility相對連續(xù)性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可變詞invariable words不變詞paradigm聚合體grammatical words(function words)語法詞/功能詞lexical words(content words)詞匯詞/實(shí)義詞closed-class words封閉類詞opened-class words開放類詞word class詞類particles小品詞pro-form代詞形式pro-adjective(so)代形容詞pro-verb(do/did)代副詞pro-adverb(so)代動(dòng)詞pro-locative(there)代處所詞/代方位詞determiners限定詞predeterminers前置限定詞central determiners中置限定詞post determiners后置限定詞ordinal number序數(shù)詞cardinal number基數(shù)詞morpheme詞素morphology形態(tài)學(xué)free morpheme自由詞素bound morpheme黏著詞素root詞根affix詞綴stem詞干root morpheme詞根語素prefix前綴infix中綴suffix后綴bound root morpheme黏著詞根詞素inflectional affix屈折詞綴derivational affix派生詞綴inflectional morphemes屈折語素derivational morphemes派生語素word-formation構(gòu)詞compound復(fù)合詞endocentric compound向心復(fù)合詞exocentric compound離心復(fù)合詞nominal endocentric compound名詞性向心復(fù)合詞adjective endocentric compound形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞verbal compound動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合詞synthetic compound綜合性復(fù)合詞derivation派生詞morpheme語素phoneme音位morphonology形態(tài)語音學(xué)morphophomemics形態(tài)音位學(xué)morphemic structure語素結(jié)構(gòu)phonological structure音素結(jié)構(gòu)monosyllabic單音節(jié)polysyllabic多音節(jié)phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形態(tài)的限制coinage/invention新創(chuàng)詞語blending混成法abbreviation縮寫法acronym首字母縮寫法back-formation逆序造次/逆構(gòu)詞法analogical creation類比構(gòu)詞法borrowing借詞法loanword借詞loanblend混合借詞loanshift轉(zhuǎn)移借詞loan translation翻譯借詞loss脫落addition添加metathesis換位assimilation同化contact assimilation接觸性同化contiguous assimilation臨近性同化theory of least effort省力理論non- contiguous assimilation非臨近性同化distant assimilation遠(yuǎn)距離同化morpho-syntactic change形態(tài)-句法變化morphological change形態(tài)變化syntactical change句法變化finite element有定成分semantic change語義變化multisemous多種意義broadening詞義擴(kuò)大narrowing詞義縮小meaning shift詞義轉(zhuǎn)移class shift詞性變換folk etymology俗詞源orthographic change拼寫的變化conversion變換/變碼domain范圍/領(lǐng)域meaning shift意義轉(zhuǎn)移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造詞語clipping截?cái)喾╩etanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代詞obviative(that)遠(yuǎn)指代詞non-productivity/unproductive非多產(chǎn)性semiotics符號學(xué)paradigmatic relations聚合關(guān)系associative relations聯(lián)想關(guān)系syntagmatic relations組合關(guān)系sequential relations序列關(guān)系logogram語標(biāo)register語域passive vocabulary消極詞匯lexis/vocabulary詞匯表 第四章 句法number數(shù)gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive屬格dative與格ablative離格tense 時(shí)aspect體perfective完成體imperfective未完成體concord/agreement一致關(guān)系/協(xié)同關(guān)系government支配關(guān)系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship組合關(guān)系paradigmatic relationship聚合關(guān)系associative relationship聯(lián)想關(guān)系animate noun有生名詞the two axes兩根坐標(biāo)坐標(biāo)軸immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure線性結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchical structure層級結(jié)構(gòu)construction結(jié)構(gòu)體constituent成分substituability替換性labeled tree diagram標(biāo)簽樹形圖endocentric/headed construction向心結(jié)構(gòu)/中心結(jié)構(gòu)exocentric construction離心結(jié)構(gòu)subordinate construction主從結(jié)構(gòu)coordinate construction并列結(jié)構(gòu)recapitulation再現(xiàn)the declarative陳述句the interrogative疑問句dative movement與格移位morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則affix hopping詞綴越位nominalization名物化object-deletion賓語刪除subject-deletion主語刪除categories語類lexicon詞庫temporal subject表時(shí)間的主語syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論trace theory語跡理論the same index帶同標(biāo)志government管轄binding約束a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system原則系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語anaphor照應(yīng)語pronominal指代語r-expression(referential-expression)指稱語INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(each other)相互代詞accessible subject可及主語local domain局部語域binding domain約束語域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computational system)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動(dòng)theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主語objective order客觀順序subjective order主觀順序actual sentence division實(shí)義句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀communicative dynamism (CD)交際動(dòng)力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表達(dá)功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function稱呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function詩學(xué)功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人際功能textual function語篇功能transitivity及物性actor動(dòng)作者mood system語氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陳語氣imperative祈使語氣mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）relational process(a process of being)關(guān)系過程（屬性過程）verbal process(a process of saying)言語過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程 第四章 句法number數(shù)gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive屬格dative與格ablative離格tense 時(shí)aspect體perfective完成體imperfective未完成體concord/agreement一致關(guān)系/協(xié)同關(guān)系government支配關(guān)系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship組合關(guān)系paradigmatic relationship聚合關(guān)系associative relationship聯(lián)想關(guān)系animate noun有生名詞the two axes兩根坐標(biāo)坐標(biāo)軸immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure線性結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchical structure層級結(jié)構(gòu)construction結(jié)構(gòu)體constituent成分substituability替換性labeled tree diagram標(biāo)簽樹形圖endocentric/headed construction向心結(jié)構(gòu)/中心結(jié)構(gòu)exocentric construction離心結(jié)構(gòu)subordinate construction主從結(jié)構(gòu)coordinate construction并列結(jié)構(gòu)recapitulation再現(xiàn)the declarative陳述句the interrogative疑問句dative movement與格移位morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則affix hopping詞綴越位nominalization名物化object-deletion賓語刪除subject-deletion主語刪除categories語類lexicon詞庫temporal subject表時(shí)間的主語syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論trace theory語跡理論the same index帶同標(biāo)志government管轄binding約束a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system原則系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語anaphor照應(yīng)語pronominal指代語r-expression(referential-expression)指稱語INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(each other)相互代詞accessible subject可及主語local domain局部語域binding domain約束語域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computational system)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)=derivational procedure推導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動(dòng)theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主語objective order客觀順序subjective order主觀順序actual sentence division實(shí)義句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀communicative dynamism (CD)交際動(dòng)力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表達(dá)功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function稱呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function詩學(xué)功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人際功能textual function語篇功能transitivity及物性actor動(dòng)作者mood system語氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陳語氣imperative祈使語氣mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）relational process(a process of being)關(guān)系過程（屬性過程）verbal process(a process of saying)言語過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程empiricism經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義（洛克，白板說）rationalism 理性主義（笛卡爾）mentalism心靈主義new empiricism新經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義(Bloomfield)priori先天綜合判斷（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡爾語言學(xué)派Syntactic structure (SS)早期轉(zhuǎn)換句法時(shí)期Standard theory (ST)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論時(shí)期Extended Standard theory (EST)擴(kuò)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論Revised Standard theory(REST)擴(kuò)展的休正標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管轄和約束理論時(shí)期（管約論）Minimalist program (MP)最簡方案時(shí)期Structural description結(jié)構(gòu)描寫式Performance system應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)Modular theory模塊理論Spell-out拼寫Language faculty語言機(jī)制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 語言知識Meaning potential 意義潛勢Context culture 文化語境Field語場Tenor語旨Mode語式pivot words軸心詞mental construct心理構(gòu)念theoretical cognitive psychology理論認(rèn)知心理學(xué)psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow語法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系統(tǒng)性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism類型學(xué)功能主義extreme functionalism極端的功能主義external functionalism外部功能主義integrative functionalism一體化功能注主義exceptional case marking例外格標(biāo)記specifier標(biāo)定成分fall-category maximal projection全語類的最大投射two-segment category兩節(jié)語類complement domain補(bǔ)足語區(qū)域minimal domain最小區(qū)域internal domain內(nèi)部區(qū)域checking domain檢驗(yàn)區(qū)域sisterhood姐妹關(guān)系minimizing chain link最小語鏈聯(lián)結(jié)representational system表達(dá)系統(tǒng)strict cyclic principle嚴(yán)格