高三英語基礎(chǔ)知識復(fù)習(xí)(中)

1、高三英語基礎(chǔ)知識復(fù)習(xí)（中） -復(fù)合句 高三考生對所學(xué)過的復(fù)合句進(jìn)行全面的梳理是英語語法備考的重要內(nèi)容之一。 復(fù)合句的學(xué)習(xí)貫穿于初高中全學(xué)段，因此是高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)，是高考過關(guān)的語法 項(xiàng)目。因?yàn)槲覀內(nèi)粘Ｉ畹慕涣?，如果沒有復(fù)合句，語言的表達(dá)可能就會比較平淡、 乏味。例如以下段落的比較，表達(dá)的效果截然不同。 English becomes more important. All of us know the fact. Our society is more open to the world. But it is difficult to learn. I have learned Englis

2、h for seven years. But I still can not master it well. And we havent an environment. （簡單句堆積，語義缺乏連貫。） It is well known that English has become increasingly important, especially to a society more open to the outside world. It is difficult, however, to have a better command of it-although I have learn

3、ed English for 7 years-because of the lack of an English- speaking environment. （修改后的段落，由于句式的變化使語義連貫、有層次，表 達(dá)生動有力。） 掌握各種從句的重要性還體現(xiàn)在日常生活中閱讀文章、書信往來、口語表述等。 并且在現(xiàn)實(shí)的語言交流中不都是單一類型復(fù)合句的運(yùn)用，因此在復(fù)習(xí)梳理的過程中 要重視復(fù)合句的綜合運(yùn)用能力的提高。例如以下高考閱讀中出現(xiàn)的長句理解（一句 話中使用了不同種類的復(fù)合句）： 1. Shed ask me if there was someone for whom I had done a s

4、pecial kindness. (全國 I卷 A 篇 Ph.2) 2. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into. (全國 I卷 A 篇 Ph.2) 3. This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to believe that they can make the natives of any country understand E

5、nglish if they shout loud enough. 4. “By refusing to sign the agreement, the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years,” Laupepa told the BBC. 復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn) 1、掌握基本概念 （各復(fù)合句概念，尤其要掌握關(guān)聯(lián)詞的使用） 2、學(xué)會綜合分析 （長難句分析） 3、課文

6、精讀時注意長句子的理解；課外閱讀每天必須保持一定數(shù)量，從中擇一篇準(zhǔn)精讀，其中一項(xiàng)是對長難句分析的領(lǐng)會，久而久之就會形成對復(fù)雜句領(lǐng)悟的能力；書面表達(dá)時注意使用較復(fù)雜的語言結(jié)構(gòu)，嘗試使用復(fù)合句，提高文章的檔次。 復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn) 關(guān)聯(lián)詞的靈活運(yùn)用 1 名詞從句： 連接代詞和連接副詞的靈活運(yùn)用 名詞性從句使用的連接代詞有：that, who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever； 連接副詞有：when, where, why, how。主句與從句間必須使用上述連接 詞（that除外）, that在從句中沒有任何意思，也不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何語法成分外，其他連 接詞在從

7、句中必須充任一個語法成分。名詞性從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞的使用要注意以下幾方 面： A. if, whether何時、如何使用 1) 我不知道珍妮今晚是否參加聚會。 I dont know if (whether) Jane will come to the party this evening. 2 ) 他是否能來關(guān)系不大。 Whether he comes or not does not matter too much. 3 ) 問題是新法律能否獲得通過。 The question is whether the law can be passed. 結(jié)論: 用在賓語從句，不起任何作用，作“是否”解。作“

8、是否”解時，Whether出現(xiàn)在主語從句和表語從句中，不能用if。 B. what在從句中的作用和解釋. 1) 錯誤：I dont know what the matter is. 正確：I dont know what is the matter. (主語)2）錯誤：Do you know what is happened? 正確：Do you know what is happening? （主語） 3）錯誤：Tell me what is your name. 正確： Tell me what your name is. （表語） 4）錯誤：He said what just now m

9、ade me sad. 正確：What he said just now made me sad. （賓語） 結(jié)論：保留“什么”這一意思；譯成中文時，用“所的”解釋。在句子中可以作主語、表語和賓語。when, where, how, why為連接副詞，在句子中的作用是比較明確的。例如： 1) Can you tell me how you came here? 2) When and where will the conference be held has not been decided yet. 主語從句: 形成固定句型，其實(shí)是被動語態(tài). 例如,表示“據(jù)說，據(jù)悉，據(jù)信，眾所周知，據(jù)報載”

10、的句型： It is said that.It is known that. It is believed that. It is well known that, It is reported that. 1）據(jù)報道,印度2004年軟件出口達(dá)到173億美圓,大約是中國的5倍。 It is reported that in 2004, Indias Software exports reached US$17.3 billion, about five times that of China. 2）據(jù)悉兩家著名法國影視學(xué)會4月8日在京開辦了第一個海外分支機(jī)構(gòu)。 It is believed t

11、hat two famous academies opened their first overseas branch in Beijing on April 8. 3）據(jù)說哪個女孩出國留學(xué)去了。 It is said that that girl has gone abroad for further education. =That girl is said to have gone abroad for further education. 但是It is well-known .就不這樣使用。比如，It is well-known that China is the largest d

12、eveloping country in the world.就不寫成 China is well-known to be the largest developing country in the world. 其他主語從句示例：4) That most of these languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to people in Britain. 5) What life will be like in the future is difficult to predict. 6）What s

13、he couldnt understand was why fewer and fewer showed interest in her lessons.(上海2000) 表語從句: 1) The reason why I plan to go is that she will be disappointed if I dont. 2) He didnt go cycling with us yesterday. Thats because there was something wrong with his bike. 3.) This is why chapters are discour

14、aged from raising money or doing something for themselves. 結(jié)論: 主語從句與出現(xiàn)在系動詞后邊的與表語從句若從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整，要用 that作連接詞，that無任何意思，也不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何語法成分，僅僅表示所引導(dǎo)的是個從句。若表達(dá)“是否”這一概念時要用whether,不能用if。前邊例句中用到what, why, because因?yàn)閺木浣Y(jié)構(gòu)不完整，分別缺少賓語、狀語。 同位語從句： 1)The idea that he could be chosen to do the job suddenly came to my mind. 2) My pr

15、oposal that every one in our unit should donate at least five books to those who study in rural places can be discussed before it is realized. 3) The idea that England stands for Fish & Chips, Speakers Corner, Big Ben and the Tower of London is past .(B.2A p.37) 遇到the fact, the idea, the news, the p

16、lan, the proposal, the suggestion, the thought,等詞匯時，后邊用引導(dǎo)一個同位語從句，對前邊的名詞作進(jìn)一步說明 賓語從句： 名詞作賓語-最基本的常識 1）I am good at English. He speaks Chinese. 賓語從句 2）The British Isles realize that it is of great value to record and teachthem to the younger generation. 3）Some people feel that Wales is an ancient fairy

17、land.(above two B.2A p.37) 4）能告訴我他為什么還沒露面嗎？ Could you tell me why he hasnt turned up? 5）我不清楚老師住在哪里。 I dont know where our teacher lives. 6）Do you know why he hasnt turned up? 以上例句中that沒有其任何語法作用，也沒有任何意思;而what, why ,where 分別作從句的主語、狀語。 注意： *Who do you think can do the work? *When do you suppose she wil

18、l come. 結(jié)論：在含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中主句與從句有時態(tài)要求；遇到有think, suppose, guess的問句時，連接詞提前到句首；介詞后邊的賓語從句應(yīng)特別注意： 1） Im satisfied with what you said. 2） I know nothing about him except that he lives downstairs. 3） I am interested in how you did the experiment. 2、定語從句： 形容詞作定語系基本概念 各類短語作定語 I have no jewellery to wear. This is

19、the best way to cure a headache. The man with glasses on comes from Peking University. The birds in the tree are singing. There are two rivers running through the city. The boy dressed in white is John. 結(jié)論：形容詞作定語時放在名詞的前邊分詞短語、介詞短語、不定式短語作定 語時，放在被修飾的名詞的后邊定語從句是每年必考項(xiàng)目關(guān)系代詞 that, which, as, who, whom,關(guān)系物主代

20、詞whose 被修飾詞的詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是名詞或代詞，叫做先行詞引導(dǎo)詞叫關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。例如： 1） I have an uncle. He works in Tsinghua University. I have an uncle who(that) works in Tsinghua University. 2） The book is lost. I bought it yesterday. The book (which, that) I bought is lost. 3）I live in a flat. Its windows fac

21、e south. I live in a flat whose windows face south. 4）This is the girl. His father is a famous artist. This is the girl whose father is a famous artist. 非限定定語從句： 1) My father, who lives in Shanghai will come back soon. 辨：My father who lives in Shanghai will come back soon. 2）His parents died in a tr

22、affic accident, which made it impossible for him to go abroad for further education. Which在非限定性定語從句中句中作“那”，“那就”或“那樣的話”解 。 2) As everybody knows, China is a country with a long history. =China is a country with a long history, which is known to all. =China is a country with a long history, as everybo

23、dy knows. =Chin is a country with a long history, as is known to all. which與as都可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句子前邊，而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在句子的后半部分。as在句子中作“正如”解。在許多情況下兩者都講得通。但是，His parents died in a traffic accident, which made it impossible for him to go abroad for further education. 只能用which,不能用as。同樣，Which is well-

24、known to all, China is a country with a long history. 就是錯句子了。 以上結(jié)論未必是單選考項(xiàng)，但這是基本概念，必須明白。 3、that使用的要點(diǎn)：1）先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時 This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read. 2）先行詞被序數(shù)詞限定時 You are the last one that I want to meet. 3）先行詞前邊有限定詞時， the only, the very, the right, just the時 The pretty girl

25、 is just the person that I am after. 4）先行詞同時有人和事時 They talked about the things and persons that they could remember. 5）以Who, Which等疑問詞開始的疑問句時 Who is the man that has white hair? Which is the book that you want to borrow? 4、介詞要點(diǎn) 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的用法 例：This is the house. (A) I once lived in it when I was a chil

26、d. (B) I once visited it when I was a child. This is the house in which (where) I once lived. ( A ) This is the house (which, that) I once visited when I was a child.(B) A句的謂語動詞live，是個不及物動詞，后邊是個地點(diǎn)狀語；B句的謂語動詞visit是個及物動詞，后邊是賓語。 注意流傳甚廣的兩句： *Is this the museum that we visited last month? *Is this museum

27、the one that we visited last month? 前者的主語是This,后者的主語是This museum,這樣他們的表語用詞就不同了。 狀語從句 常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞： 時間 when, as, as soon as, since, till, while, before, after 原因because, as ,since, (for不是) 結(jié)果sothat 目的so that 條件if 讓步although, now that, no matter. 地點(diǎn) where 狀語從句重點(diǎn)要掌握unless, although, before, until, in case等連詞

28、的使用（高考熱點(diǎn)）。例如06年高考試題： 1. I always take something to read when I go to the doctors _ I have to wait. (Nat.3-9) A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if 2. It is known to all that _ you exercise regularly, you wont keep good health. (chq- 21) A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if 3. Mark was a stud

29、ent at this university from 1999 to 2003, _ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union. (chq-32 ) A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time 4. It was some time _ we realized the truth. (Shd-24) A. when B. until C. since D. before 5. -Why didnt

30、you tell him about the meeting? -He rushed out of the room _ I could say a word. (sch35) A. before B. until C. when D. after Before的用法是高考中失分較高的詞：要關(guān)注它的多種表達(dá)法，避免受漢語干擾。 例如： *It is long before you take the entrance exam. 離高考還有好長時間 *He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他幾乎要把握撞到了這才看見我 *Three years pa

31、ssed before I realized.不知不覺都過去三年了 *It wont be long before you take the entrance exam.用不了多久你就得參加高考了 注意 1易混的地點(diǎn)狀語從句與定語從句；例如： 1）Put the book where it was.這是地點(diǎn)狀語從句 2）Put the book in the place where it was.這是定語從句2由before 語when 引導(dǎo)的句子在表述上的不同； 1）We sailed westward only several days before the engine broke down. 2）We sailed westward only several days when the engine broke down. 以上兩句表達(dá)了兩種不同意思。各自有可以預(yù)測的內(nèi)容。前者的潛臺詞是，發(fā)動 機(jī)怎么不早點(diǎn)兒出故障，；后者的意思則是，機(jī)器出毛病了，下一步我們該怎么辦？ 3初中，甚至高中同學(xué)都習(xí)慣于這樣的說法，“主將從現(xiàn)”，意思是，在含有時間狀