跨文化交際自主學習資料.doc.gzip

1、跨文化交際課程自學材料Part One Defining Culture一 討論題 1. How do you think culture and communication are related?2. What are the barriers you experienced in intercultural communication? And how did you handle them?3. Work in groups to decide which of the following belong to overt culture and which to covert:A. W

2、hat and how people eatB. How to keep healthyC. How to raise children D. How to do business E. How to use time F. How to introduce peopleG. How to participate in ceremonies H. Rules for facial expressions and eye contactI. RitualsJ. EtiquetteK. Work speedL. What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly,

3、clean or dirty, good or bad, etc.M. Theories of disease, sin, death, god or gods, sanity, self, etc.4. Can you add more to the above list? Which of them do you think are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication? And why do you think they are?二、分析、解答題Please read the following exam

4、ple (taken from Scollon & Scollon, 2000) and study how communication is affected by culture. Two men meet on a plane from Tokyo to Hong Kong. Chu Hon-fei is a Hong Kong exporter who is returning from a business trip to Japan. Andrew Richardson is an American buyer on his first business trip to Hong

5、Kong. It Is a convenient meeting for them because Mr. Chus company sells some of the products Mr. Richardson has some to Hong Kong to buy. After a bit of conversation they introduce themselves to each other.Mr. Richardson: By the way, Im Andrew Richardson. My friends call me Andy. This is my busines

6、s card.Mr. Chu: Im David Chu. Pleased to meet you, Mr. Richardson. This is my card. Mr. Richardson: No, no. Call me Andy. I think well be doing a lot of business together.Mr. Chu: Yes, I hope so.Mr. Richardson (reading Mr. Chus card ) : Chu, Hon-fei. Hon-fei, Ill give you a call tomorrow as soon as

7、I get settled at my hotel.Mr Chu (smiling): Yes, Ill expect your call.When these two men separate, they leave each other with very different impressions of the situation. Mr. Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr. Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They

8、 have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr. Chus smile seems to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr. Richardson is very particularly pleased that he has treated Mr. Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fei rather than us

9、ing the western name, David, which seems to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.In contrast, Mr. Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr. Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr. Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particul

10、arly bothered that Mr. Richardson used his given name, Hon-fei, instead of either David or Mr. Chu.How do you account for their different impressions? Does culture play a role in the communication between these two men? (You may turn to 跨文化交際自學參考答案)三、思考題：1. We have learned some characteristics of cu

11、lture. For example, culture is learned. Culture can be learned through diverse ways, proverbs being one of them. Now study the following proverbs and decide what value(s) they represent, which of them are still strong in the American culture and the Chinese culture respectively, and which dont apply

12、 any longer. Proverbs1. Blood is thicker than water.2. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.3. Too many cooks spoil the broth.4. The early bird catches the worm.5. God helps those who help themselves.6. Haste makes waste.7. Time is money.8. A mans home is his castle.9. Think three times befor

13、e you take action.10. Modesty makes you progress; conceitedness makes you lag behind.(You may turn to 跨文化交際自學參考答案)2. Read the following and think about the questions:Some years ago, several international businessmen were on a conference cruise when the ship began to sink. “Go tell those fellows to p

14、ut on life jackets and jump overboard,” the captain directed his first mate.A few minutes later the first mate returned. “Those guys wont jump,” he reported.“Take over,” the captain ordered, “And Ill see what I can do.”Returning moments later, he announced, “Theyre gone.”“Howd you do it?” asked the

15、first mate.“I told different things to different people. I told the Englishman it was the sporting thing to do, and he jumped. I told the Frenchman it was _; the German that it was a command; the Italian that it was _; the Russian that it was _; so they jumped overboard.”“And how did you get the Ame

16、rican to jump?”“No problem,” said the captain, “I told him he was _!”Questions:1) Can you decide to whom each of the following words was actually used by the captain?Revolutionary forbidden chic insured2) If there had been a Chinese businessman on board, what should the captain say in order to make

17、him jump overboard?3) What do you think of the story? Does it tell you something that is true of people of those different nations?(You may turn to 跨文化交際自學參考答案)Part Two Communication and Culture一、討論題 1. Study the following two versions of the same spoken discourse presented in a business meeting bet

18、ween a Hong Kong Chinese and an AngloNorth American businessman. Decide in small groups, which one might be given by a Chinese and which by an American. Why？A. Because most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I think a c

19、ertain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.(Scollon & Scollon, 2000)B. I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. Thats bec

20、ause I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997.( Scollon & Scollon, 2000)(You may turn to 跨文化交際自學參考答案)2.

21、 Can you find some cases in which 是 in Chinese does not mean “yes” in English?3. How would you put the following into Chinese?a) Do you like the new school?Yes, I will. b) Please dont say that. - Yes, I will.c) I know what he wants. - Yes? -Money!d) Waiter! - Yes, sir. e) Yes? - Id like two tickets,

22、 please.f) Everything will be all right soon, yes? Saying “no” seems to be more complicated.Sometimes “no” may mean “maybe” given the right time and circumstances. This is quite important in interpersonal relations and in politics. Look at the following sex-biased joke:Whats the difference between a

23、 lady and a diplomat?When a diplomat says “yes”, he means maybe.When a diplomat says “maybe”, he means no.When a diplomat says “no”, hes no diplomat.When a lady says “no”, she means “maybe”.When a lady says “maybe”, she means “yes”.When a lady says “yes”, shes no lady all!4. What are you going to do

24、 if you are in the following situations? Why or why not?A. When you are offered a drink the taste of which you find very unpleasant.B. When your friends ask if you will go to a picnic with them and you do not feel like going.C. When you are asked about the meaning of an English word that you do not

25、know.D. When you are asked whether you agree with a professors idea about learning English that you do not quite appreciateE. When you find yourself in class unable to answer the question the teacher asks you.F. When someone asks for your finished homework to copy and you do not like to comply.G. Wh

26、en you are asked by your parents about your problems in your studies and you do not really like to.5. Why do people in countries like Japan and China often refuse to say “no” directly?6. What problems may arise in intercultural communication because of such indirect ways of saying “no”?二、思考題1. The f

27、ollowing are two letters, one in Chinese and the other in English. Compare them to see if there is similarity in their discourse patterns.尊敬的節(jié)目主持人：我作為貴臺英語教學節(jié)目和你喜歡的歌節(jié)目的忠實聽眾已有好幾年的歷史了。我認為貴臺的這兩個節(jié)目辦得非常好。請讓我做個自我介紹：我是一名中學生，今年十八歲，我的家鄉(xiāng)是一個邊疆小城，文化活動辦得也不錯。由于我是喜歡學習英語，所這方面的電臺節(jié)目比較注意，但是因為中央人民廣播電臺的英語節(jié)目比較深奧，不適合我學習，所以

28、我一直從貴臺的英語節(jié)目里得到聽力、會話能力訓練。這種訓練使我受益匪淺。隨著課程難度一步步的提高，我深感沒有一本教材，學習回遇到很多困難。因為這個原因，我抽出時間給貴臺寫這封信，希望能得到一本貴臺英語節(jié)目的教材。教材的費用請來信告知。另外，我希望得到貴臺印制的年歷，并祝您們的節(jié)目辦得更加有趣。Dear Professor X,How are you? Please pardon me for bothering you while you are so busy. But there is one thing on which I need your help.I am a lover of E

29、nglish, but for a long time I have not been able to study English systemically. Now I am staying at home on sick leave and it occurred to me that I should take it up seriously. I went to the Foreign Language Book Store in our provincial capital and had a look. I found the English textbook, which you

30、 edited, suits my level. But the store had no tapes. Could you please tell me where I can get the tapes through mail order and how much I need to pay? Besides, the textbook has only two volumes. Is there supplementary material to accompany them? Can I get both the books and the tapes through mail or

31、der?I am almost thirty years old, but learned only at secondary school. I like it very much and it will be useful for future work. So I want to begin from the beginning and I wonder if the book is right for me.I look forward to hearing from you. Questions 1) What do you think of the two letters abov

32、e? What do they have in common though they are written in different languages?2) When you are making a request in English, will you do it in the Chinese way or not?2. Guess the meanings of the following statements originally intending to convey.A. Is forbidden to steal hotel towels please. If you ar

33、e not a person to do such a thing is please not to read notice. (from a Tokyo hotel)B. The lift is being fixed for the next day. During that time we regret that you will be unbearable. (In a Bucharest hotel lobby)C. The flattening of underwear with pleasure is the job of the chambermaid. (In a Yugos

34、lavian hotel)D. Our wines leave you nothing to hope for. (On the menu of a Swiss restaurant)E. Order your summer suit. Because is big rush we will execute customers in strict rotation. (In a Rhodes tailor shop)F. It is forbidden to enter a woman even a foreigner if dressed as a man. (In a Bangkok te

35、mple)G. Ladies are requested not to have children at the bar. (In a Norwegian cocktail lounge)H. We take your bags and send them in all directions. (In a Copenhagen airline office)I It is strictly forbidden on our black forest camping site that people of different sex, for instance, men and women, l

36、ive together in one tent unless they are married with each other for that purpose. (A sign posted in a German park)J. Specialist in Women and Other Diseases. (A sign outside a doctors office in Rome) K. Take care of the steps. (A sign in a scenic spot in China)3. What improvement will you make on th

37、e above mistranslations?4. Have you ever found some similar cases of mistranslation in our life? If you have, what are they?Part Three Comparing Cultural Patterns一、 討論題 1. We know that there are quite a few questions that you are not supposed to ask in the United States and some other western countr

38、ies. It is considered impolite to inquire a persons age, marriage status, income, religious belief, choice in voting, property, and others. If one of your American friends shows you something that he has just bought, you will, of course, say “What a nice skirt. It looks fabulous”, or something like

39、that but not inquire about the price. Of all the aspects, ones income is the top secret. People earns, except the boss. How would you account for this phenomenon? What concept is behind this? Discuss in small groups. 2. “Face” is a very important concept in China. See how many phrases you can think

40、that contain the term “face”. How important is “face” to you? Give some situations in which “face” is concerned. What do you think “face” means? Why is “face” important in China? Do other nations have such concept? Discuss in small groups these answers.(You may turn to 跨文化交際自學參考答案)二、分析、解答題1. Read th

41、e cases and answers the questions following each one. During the American Civil War, a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate. The farmer gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yardin fact it was not at all necessary to move the wood back to

42、 its original place. Seeing all this, farmers son was confused.Questions:1). Why did the farmer do that?2). What values are reflected in this story?(You may turn to 跨文化交際自學參考答案)2. A letter to a columnist:Dear Mary, We work in the typing pool of a large London store and are very concerned for the wel

43、fare of one of our young colleagues.She is only 19, unmarried, and has become very friendly with a young man who works in one of the departments of the store. He pops into the typing pool to see her and there. We know that he is engaged to a girl who lives near him.We feel for the protection of the

44、girl, that we should complain to the general manager. But we wouldnt like anybody to get the sack. Four Worried TypistsThe answer from the columnist:My advice is simple: Mind your own business. The girl is old enough to know what she is doing.Question:1) What value can we see behind the letter and a

45、nswer?(You may turn to 跨文化交際自學參考答案)3. Read the following and answer the questions.As a foreign student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Keiko Ihara was on a strict budget. She had all her tuition and books paid for by scholarships and grants and until recently was comfortably housed in the

46、 dormitory, she found a small apartment to share with a friend. Her college friends, knowing of her situation, offered to round up some of the necessary items for apartment living. Keiko politely declined, saying she could manage. Wanting to help out her friends found some old but still usable house

47、hold appliances and furniture. Mary had an old desk that was in her garage. Ed had some chairs from his uncle, and Joe and Marion had a few extra dishes. They cheerfully brought them over one day. Keiko seemed very embarrassed, but gracefully accepted them, sincerely and profusely thanked them.The f

48、ollowing week they were each presented with a gift from Keiko. Mary got an ornate jewelry box, Ed a volume of woodcuts by a famous Japanese artist, and Joe and Marion a beautiful Japanese case, all of which were of considerable worth and value, much more than the old things they had donated to her.

49、They all protested that she could not afford to give such elaborate gifts; they really expected nothing as the household items were not really being used and they would rather have her use them. Keiko, however, insisted that they take the gifts. In the end, they accepted the gifts, although they all

50、 felt uncomfortable as they knew she was really sacrificing to give them.Questions1) What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?2) How would you feel if Keiko presented you with a gift for your help?三、思考題Identifying difference: Living situationsThe Shinkanse

51、n or “blue train ” speeds across the rural areas of Japan giving a quick view of cluster after cluster of farmhouses surrounded by rice paddies. This particular pattern did not develop purely by chance, but as a consequence of the technology peculiar to the growing of rice, the staple of the Japanes

52、e diet. The growing of rice requires construction and maintenance of an irrigation system, something that takes many hands to build. More importantly, the planting and harvesting of rice can only be done efficiently with the cooperation of twenty or more people. The “bottom line” is that a single fa

53、mily working alone cannot produce enough rice to survive, but a dozen families working together can produce a surplus. Thus the Japanese have had to develop the capacity to work together in harmony, no matter what the forces of disagreement or social disintegration, in order to survive.For centuries

54、 and generations these people have lived in the same village next door to the same neighbors. Living in close proximity and in dwellings, which gave very little privacy, the Japanese survived through their capacity to work together in harmony. In this situation, it was inevitable that the one most c

55、entral social value, which emerged, the one value without which the society could not continue, was that an individual does not matter.Consider a flight over the United States. Looking out of the window high over the state of Kansas, we see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by fields, follo

56、wed by another single homestead surrounded by fields. In the early 1800s in the state of Kansas there were no automobiles. Your nearest neighbor was perhaps two miles distant; the winters were long, and the snow was deep. Inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence. Tho

57、se were the realities of that place and age that children had to learn to value.( From W. Ouchi: “Japanese workers and American Workers: Two Casts of Mind”) Questions 1. The above description of the Japanese and American living situations may account for some value differenced between the two cultur

58、es. Can you find something in the traditional living situations in China that will help explain certain characteristics of the Chinese culture?2. Do you think people living in big and people living in small towns will surely be different in some value orientations? Why or why not?Part Four Comparing Cultural Values一、討論題 1. Read the following story (taken from Levire & Adelman, 1982) and think about