大學(xué)英語四級備考

1、大學(xué)英語四級備考,閱讀專項,1,大學(xué)英語四級閱讀五大題型解析,篇章閱讀理解題是四級考生最熟悉的題型，兩篇文章，10道選擇題，文章的長度350字左右，題材主要有說明文、議論文。其中說明文占比例較大。內(nèi)容涉及科普、教育、生活、環(huán)保、職場、健康和學(xué)習(xí)等。 四級考試大綱要求考生能讀懂中等難度的文章，掌握中心大章，能進行一定的分析和推理，領(lǐng)會文章的觀點和態(tài)度。具體主要測試以下幾個方面的能力： l. 理解明確或隱含表的概念和細節(jié)； 2. 在理解事實的基礎(chǔ)上進行正確的推理和判斷； 3. 理解文章的中心思想； 4. 理解文章的觀點和態(tài)度； 5. 猜測詞、短語以及句子在特定語境中的語義。,2,具體?？嫉念}型有五

2、種： 細節(jié)題、推理題、主旨題、態(tài)度判斷題和語義題。其中細節(jié)題和推斷題出題頻率較高。 閱讀考試的核心是檢測學(xué)生對同義轉(zhuǎn)述的把握能力。,3,同義轉(zhuǎn)述,同義轉(zhuǎn)述是英語閱讀考試的核心。同義轉(zhuǎn)述就是指語言重現(xiàn)。語言重現(xiàn)不僅對于定位答案所在句子或段落起到重要作用，而且對確定選項起到至關(guān)重要的作用。 三種語言重現(xiàn)： 1、AA語言重現(xiàn) 2、AB語言重現(xiàn) 3、因果關(guān)系重現(xiàn),4,AA語言重現(xiàn)定義：關(guān)鍵詞在原文中以原文形式出現(xiàn)。它以特殊關(guān)鍵詞為主，包括人名、地名、時間、數(shù)字和生詞。 AB 語言重現(xiàn)定義：關(guān)鍵詞A 在原文中以同義詞B的形式出現(xiàn)。AB 語言重現(xiàn)考察學(xué)生的單詞量。 因果關(guān)系重現(xiàn)定義：所謂因果關(guān)系重現(xiàn)是把定

3、位對象從詞上升到存在因果關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)層面，從而越過生詞造成的閱讀障礙尋找因果關(guān)系在原文中的重現(xiàn)。這是四級英語閱讀比較重要的一類語言重現(xiàn)，是閱讀技巧的完美體現(xiàn)。,5,Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but regardless of whether it is or isnt we wont do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly

4、solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.（專家的觀點） But the real truth is that we

5、dont know enough to relieve global warming, and without major technological breakthroughswe cant do much about it.（作者的觀點） From 2003 to 2050, the worlds population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total ener

6、gy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. but thats too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the worlds poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone elses living standards. With modest growth, ener

7、gy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.,6,No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show theyre “doing something.” Consider the

8、 Kyoto Protocol (京都議定書). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didnt. But it hasnt reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (簽字國) didnt adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets. The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a pot

9、ential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when its really an engineering one. Th

10、e inconvenient truth is that if we dont solve the engineering problem, were helpless.,7,58. According to the authors understanding, what is Al Gores view on global warming? A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of. B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences. C) It

11、is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized. （C） D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.,8,1、通過題干中的人名Al Gores view定位到第二段的首句，是AA語言重現(xiàn)。 2、原文中recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.與選項C It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.也是同義轉(zhuǎn)述關(guān)系，故選C。是AB語言重現(xiàn)

12、。,9,59. Green house emissions will more than double by 2050 because of _. A) economic growth B) the widening gap between the rich and poor C) wasteful use of energy D) the rapid advances of science and technology,10,1、通過題干because of確定本題考的是因果關(guān)系。 2、通過數(shù)詞2050定位到第三段的最后一句話。介詞 with 是表因果關(guān)系的信號詞，與選項A是同義轉(zhuǎn)述，由此確

13、定原因是economic growth，故選A.。是因果關(guān)系語言重現(xiàn)。,11,三大細節(jié)題,細節(jié)題的提問方式靈活多變，對象涉及短文的各種具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、原因結(jié)果、方式等。這類題目的一個共同特點是，答案一般都能在文章中直接找到。但有時出題者為了增加題目的難度，會有意避開文中所用詞匯，而用這些詞的同義詞。在這種情況下，我們就要依據(jù)題干提及的關(guān)鍵詞，定位文中相關(guān)出處，再對比選項確定答案。,12,1）解題思路 細節(jié)題是每篇文章中最多的一種題型。做此類題的要點是：在題干中確定關(guān)鍵詞，返回原文，找準出處。 步驟： 1 讀懂題干； 2 根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位原文段落， 3 定位原文后，仔細閱讀； 4

14、對照選項，找出與原文是同義轉(zhuǎn)述的選項，確定答案； 5 如選項中的內(nèi)容與原文無關(guān)的可首先排除； 切記： 大部分細節(jié)題的正確選項都是原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。,13,正確選項的特征：一般不會與原文一模一樣，通常是原文的“同義轉(zhuǎn)述” 1 如文中是雙重否定，答案一般會以肯定形式出現(xiàn)；文中肯定，答案是雙重否定； 2 換詞法，把關(guān)鍵詞換為其同義詞或近義詞； 3 很多時候，正確選項為段落的主旨句或強轉(zhuǎn)折、強對比之后的觀點。,14,2）細節(jié)題考點出處 （1）列舉、舉例、比喻處 例證題： 例證題考察的是文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣的文章結(jié)構(gòu)一般是“先論點后舉例”或“先舉例后論點” 切記：遇到問“作者舉xx例子的目的”時，有關(guān)例子

15、本身的選項一定不是答案。正確答案的特征：跳出例子本身，從宏觀上概括，全面而合情合理。但有的時候會專門考所引的話的意思，這樣的題就屬于例子本身題，可具體問題具體分析。,15,2007年6月 Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. （論點） If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while yo

16、u are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is

17、.（舉例） 58. What prevents people from writing on is _. A) putting their ideas in raw form B) attempting to edit as they write C) ignoring grammatical soundness D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts,16,on the fly: while the programme is running (在匆忙中)，在此語境中表示在“寫作期間”。學(xué)生可能不認識這個短語，這時就只能從下面的例證、舉例、說明中獲取答案。

18、兩個if從句用來表明，邊寫邊編輯是寫作最大的障礙。故選B。,17,（2）引用人物論斷處 引證題： 引證題是指對關(guān)于于文章中作者引用別人的話或是名言，或是他人的觀點等等而設(shè)置的問題。做此類題一定要注意看作者所引用的觀點與作者自己的觀點是否一致，如果一致，可從整篇文章的思路推理，如不一致，可從文章的反向考慮。,18,2008年6月 Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but regardless of whether it is or isnt we wont do

19、 much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recogniz

20、ing it could put us on a path to a solution.（專家的觀點） But the real truth is that we dont know enough to relieve global warming, and without major technological breakthroughswe cant do much about it.（作者的觀點） 58. According to the authors understanding, what is Al Gores view on global warming? A) It is a

21、reality both people and politicians are unaware of. B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences. C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized. D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about. Answer： （C）,19,（3）特殊標點符號處 由于特殊標點符號后內(nèi)容是對前面內(nèi)容的進一步解釋和說明，因此命題者常以標點符號后的內(nèi)容進行提

22、問。具體說，特殊標點符號包括：（a）破折號(表解釋)；（b）括號(表解釋)；（c）冒號(表解釋)；（d）引號(表引用)。題型一般有推理題，主旨大意題，細節(jié)事實題等。 2007年12月 A revelation（啟示）came last week when I asked her, “Dont you want to win again?” “No,” she replied, “I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.” 64. Why did Rebecca want to enter this years

23、 writing contest? A) She believed she possessed real talent for writing. B) She was sure of winning with her mothers help. C) She wanted to share her stories with readers. D) She had won a prize in the previous contest.,20,本題在引號處命題，當作者問他的告兒是否想再贏得比賽時，她得女兒回答是“I just want to tell the story of an angel

24、going to first grade.” 即她參加今年的比賽是想與讀者分享她的 故事。故選 C。,21,（4）因果關(guān)系處 表示因果關(guān)系的詞有：because, since, for，as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from 等。命題者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中兩個事件內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系的試題。（題型一般有細節(jié)題和推理題）,22,2007年12月 The attraction for students might at first seem obvious . Primarily , theres the convenien

25、ce promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say , in your pajamas(睡衣). But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course . While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent , the rate for online students is

26、 35 percent . Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup . In a survey conducted for eCornell, the DL division of Cornell University, less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course. Cleary from the

27、 schools perspective , theres a lot of money to be saved . Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software , most DL courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded(升級)systems . The more students who enroll in a course

28、but dont come to campus , the more the school saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms , paying doorkeepers , and maintaining parking lots , And theres evindence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of reasons , wont be paid any more , and might well be paid les

29、s. 61. According to the passage, universities show great enthusiasm for DL programs for the purpose of_ A) building up their reputation C) upgrading their teaching facilities B) cutting down on their expenses（B） D) providing convenience for students,23,for the purpose of 表明本題考目的，通過題干中的universities定位

30、到第二段schools, 通過閱讀此句可以得知，目的是節(jié)省開支。,24,3) 細節(jié)題干擾項特點 1) 與短文細節(jié)部分相吻合，部分相悖；2）偷梁換柱，張冠李戴； 3) 是短文細節(jié)，但不是要點或主要論據(jù)； 4) 是短文細節(jié)，但不符合題干要求，題干指向的應(yīng)在短文其他位置； 5) 與常識相吻合但短文未提及； 6) 明顯與短文細節(jié)不符，相反或短文未提及； 7）將文章中的非絕對的觀點絕對劃，非具體的內(nèi)容具體化。,25,三大推斷題,推斷題要求我們根據(jù)自己從文中獲取的信息進行推理判斷.要求我們不但要掌握文章所表達的字面含義，還要有一定的邏輯判斷能力，從文章表面推出更深層的含義。 這類題的答案一般不會直接出現(xiàn)在

31、文章的文字里，文字表面往往沒有明顯反映作者的全部意圖，有些含義需要我們從字里行間去體會，靠自己的邏輯推理能力去判斷，從上下文的連貫及文中有關(guān)部分的暗示去分析作者隱含的意思。這類題常見的主要是對原因、結(jié)果、觀點、立場等的判斷。需要特別指出的是，做這類題時必擁把握住問題的關(guān)鍵，緊緊圍繞原文，千萬不能脫離原文，憑主觀臆斷進行無依據(jù)的推論。,26,解題思路 這類題要求學(xué)生在理解事實的基礎(chǔ)上，進行推理判斷，找出文章字里行間的意思。還要注意把握作者的態(tài)度和語氣。既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度去考慮，不要固守自己

32、的看法或觀點。 步驟： 1 讀懂題干； 2 根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位原文段落； 3 定位原文后，仔細閱讀； 4 對照選項，找出是原文引申的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，確定答案；,27,這類試題常以如下句式發(fā)問： What can you conclude from this passage？ Whats the authors attitude towards？ We can infer from the passage that. Which statement is(not) true？ 這就要求考生首先在閱讀時，要抓住文章的主題和細節(jié)，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義。其次，對于暗含在文

33、章中的人物的行為動機、事件中的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀點等要進行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，進一步增強理解能力，抓住材料實質(zhì)性的東西。,28,推理題考點出處 （1）篇首、 篇尾、 段首、 段尾處 2007年12月 By almost any measure , there is a boom in Internet-based instruction . In just a few years , 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning (DL

34、), and among the larger schools , its closer to 90 percent . If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably havent heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90,000 student , a statistic used to support its claim to be the la

35、rgest private university in the country. 57. What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix? A) All its courses are offered online. B) Its online courses are of the best quality. C) It boasts the largest number of students on campus D) Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get

36、a degree.,29,通過題干中的the University of Phoenix定位； 在通過閱讀It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. 得知，A選項是它的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。故選A. 答案是經(jīng)過推理得出的。,30,（2）因果關(guān)系處 2007年12月 The attraction for students might at first seem obvious . Primarily , theres the convenience promised by courses on the Net: you can

37、 do the work, as they say , in your pajamas(睡衣). But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course . While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent , the rate for online students is 35 percent . Students themselves seem to

38、understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup . In a survey conducted for eCornell , the DL division of Cornell University , less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course. 59. Many students take Internet -based courses mainly b

39、ecause they can_ A) earn their academic degrees with much less effort B) save a great deal on traveling and boarding expenses C) select courses from various colleges and universities D) work on the required courses whenever and wherever,31,（D） 題干問的是學(xué)生選擇網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程的主要原因。文章指出網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程 吸引學(xué)生的地方是 很明顯的，網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供的 課程很方便：你可

40、以 穿著睡衣做你的功課。換言之，就是 無論你在何時、何地，你都可以做你的功課。答案是經(jīng)過推理得出的。,32,（3）語義轉(zhuǎn)折處 2008年6月 Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but regardless of whether it is or isnt we wont do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sound

41、ing commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. 57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph? A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all. B) It is an issue requiring world wide commitments. C)

42、Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it. D) Very little will be done to bring it under control.,33,(D) 本題在語義轉(zhuǎn)折處命題。雖然溫室效應(yīng)可能是二十一世紀面臨的巨大環(huán)境危機，但是在控制溫室效應(yīng)方面，我們能做的很少。故選擇(D)。,34,（4）論點論據(jù)之處 論點論據(jù)題考察的是文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣的文章結(jié)構(gòu)一般是“先論點后舉例”或“先舉例后論點” 切記：遇到問“作者舉xx例子的目的”時，有關(guān)例子本身的選項一定不是解。正確解的特征：跳出例子本身，從宏觀上概括，全面而合情合理。但有

43、的時候會專門考所引的話的意思，這樣的題就屬于例子本身題，可具體問題具體分析。 2007年6月 Ive been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you ne

44、ed to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.（論點） Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher co

45、rrect your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the t

46、ool for thinking that it is.（論據(jù)） 57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means _. A) no one can be both creative and critical B) they cannot be regarded as equally important C) they are in constant confli

47、ct with each other D) one cannot use them at the same time （D）,35,3）邏輯推理題干擾項特點 1）不是在文章事實或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上進行推理而得出了觀點； 2）雖然可以以文章提供的事實或內(nèi)在推理為基礎(chǔ)進行推理，但推理過頭，概括過度； 3）是短文內(nèi)容的簡單重述，而非推而論之； 4）似推論得知，但實與原文內(nèi)容主題相矛盾； 5）與常識相吻合，但非從短文內(nèi)容推論得出； 6）偏離文章主題，屬主觀臆斷的結(jié)論，推理過頭，概括過度,36,三種主旨題,主旨題測試的是對整篇文章的理解能力。解答主旨題時，最有效的辦法是找到并仔細研語文章的主旨句和各段的主

48、題句。主旨句一般出現(xiàn)在比較重要的位置，如文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在各段首。 主旨句和主題句由兩部分組成：話題和作者對該話題表達的思想(topic+controling idea致力點)。文章主題之外的其他內(nèi)容都是對主旨句和主題句的解釋、補充和說明，或例舉事實等。這些信息都是主旨句和主題句的支撐句(supporting ideas)。 另外，有時文章的主題 思想不是十分明確，需要通讀全文，抓住主要論點或論題來歸納出中心思想。應(yīng)該注意的是，在歸納中心思想 時，要從文章實際內(nèi)容出發(fā)，在事實依據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上進行判斷、推理和歸納。,37,1) 解題思路 主旨題一般會放在第一個或最后一個考。如果放在第

49、一個，則看完全文再做。主旨題一般會涉及文章最中心的東西。應(yīng)注意看文章的第一段和每段首句進行總結(jié)。正確答案的特征：含有文章所涉及的中心詞，簡明扼要但概括全面。 切記：（1）只反映文章某一細節(jié)或某一段落的選項一定不是答案；（2）如果文章用了大量的篇幅闡述一個問題或說明一個事物，只在最后用少量的文字提及了一些與前面所論相反的內(nèi)容或其他與前面所論關(guān)系不很緊密的內(nèi)容，文章的主旨不受后面的影響。能概括文章主要闡述內(nèi)容的為答案。 步驟： 1 讀懂題干； 2 根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位原文段落； 3 定位原文后，仔細閱讀； 4 對照選項，找出是概括原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，確定答案；,38,2) 主旨題出題形式 （1）主題

50、型 While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructions post syllabi(課程大綱), reading assignments , and schedules on Websites , and students send in their assignments by e-mail . Generally speaking , face-to-face communication wit

51、h an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether. 58According to the passage , distance learning is basically characterized by_. A) a considerable flexibility in its academic requirements B) the great diversity of students academic backgrounds C) a minimum or total absence of face-to-face instr

52、uction D) the casual relationship between students and professors,39,該段介紹了遠程教育的形式和特點。最后一句是該段的主旨，闡述了遠程教育的特點：與教師面對面的交流會減到最少或根本消失。（C）項原文屬同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選擇(C)。,40,（2）標題型 大學(xué)英語四級考試710分快速突破預(yù)測試卷Test 3 When one looks back upon the 1500 years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice

53、a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change- at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, and it has never been static. Anot

54、her significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their

55、 animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.,41,As we consider o

56、ur changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old Engl

57、ish) was a language of many inflections. Modem English has few inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions,

58、 conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our at

59、tention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and I or ME. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The 18th century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to re-study and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write. 57. Which of the following can be b