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1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文 學(xué) 院 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 工商管理 年級(jí)班別 學(xué) 號(hào) 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 年 月 日目 錄1緒論.12銷售倫理問(wèn)題.23影響技術(shù).54傳統(tǒng)的銷售管理問(wèn)題研究.75 銷售管理和語(yǔ)境問(wèn)題96外文文獻(xiàn)原文11銷售與銷售管理leslie m. finea1緒論這篇文章是圍繞四個(gè)主要議題,首先是道德和銷售隊(duì)伍。除了研究的困難和緊迫的道德兩難問(wèn)題,面對(duì)真正的推銷員,我檢討挑釁文件學(xué)習(xí)的負(fù)面成見(jiàn),為傳銷行為被媒體曝光。這個(gè)檢討的結(jié)果顯示出藝術(shù)與生活常常模仿,這種倫理問(wèn)題仍是雙方從實(shí)踐和理論上重要。第二個(gè)課題是研究刊登在該地區(qū)的營(yíng)業(yè)策略的影響。這個(gè)題目很重要,因
2、為其中的獨(dú)特競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的推銷員,作為營(yíng)銷工具,是他 或者她有能力實(shí)際影響的行為,買方通過(guò)戰(zhàn)術(shù)的影響。第三個(gè)專題研究的緣起和成果,營(yíng)業(yè)業(yè)績(jī),我稱之為傳統(tǒng)的核心研究銷售和銷售管理。第四個(gè)專題研究銷售和銷售管理,在規(guī)模較大的組織制度和環(huán)境背景。如果有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的因素,在研究審查在這里,這就是管理,銷售和銷售的人是一個(gè)高度復(fù)雜與語(yǔ)境的挑戰(zhàn),發(fā)生在組織,爭(zhēng)取實(shí)現(xiàn)更大的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo),通過(guò)客戶滿意度。不管他的問(wèn)題,也沒(méi)有人回答這個(gè)工作,將全國(guó)銷售機(jī)構(gòu),銷售工作,個(gè)別推銷員,甚至各地的營(yíng)業(yè)員的生涯。2銷售倫理問(wèn)題這項(xiàng)檢討開始了不尋常的方式:考慮到媒體形象推銷和銷售。我相信這是一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞介_始對(duì)銷售管理進(jìn)行思考研究。
3、一般市民都知道,并認(rèn)為本科生是主要營(yíng)銷人口,而且往往被視為銷售的明天。盡管用人單位的乞求他們接受有利可圖而有趣的銷售工作。無(wú)疑,他們已經(jīng)觀看電影和電視節(jié)目的整個(gè)生命,影片和節(jié)目,其中強(qiáng)化負(fù)面的刻板印象??窃?006年夏季,挑釁審查兆哈特曼的寫照推銷員在媒體有助于解釋為何賣文章。人們普遍認(rèn)為推銷員刻板印象造成的媒體已被各國(guó)普遍否定的。哈特曼直到她出版審查,但這種假設(shè)到驗(yàn)證。學(xué)習(xí)的寫照推銷員期間,1903年至2005年,哈特曼劃分跨度分為四個(gè)時(shí)代:(1)1903年至1940年,包括時(shí)代誕生的電影的成長(zhǎng)與好萊塢的制片廠。(2)1941年至1970年時(shí)代的來(lái)臨,電視的增長(zhǎng)和史詩(shī)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)片,和開始的獨(dú)立電
4、影運(yùn)動(dòng)。(3)1971年至1995年見(jiàn)證時(shí)代的流行風(fēng)靡一時(shí)的電影及后遺癥,成長(zhǎng)與有線電影頻道和家庭錄像。(4)最后階段的研究,1996年至2005年,其特點(diǎn)是先進(jìn)的特技效果,電腦產(chǎn)生的影片,而越來(lái)越受歡迎的獨(dú)立影片。累積的時(shí)間內(nèi)創(chuàng)造出豐富的資料庫(kù),對(duì)其中的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究。哈特曼研究211片,44片短褲,26電視電影或一系列橫跨音樂(lè)(喜劇,戲劇等),在總共284名推銷員文字描繪。有趣的是,許多鮮明的觀念被歸類。例如, antihero 往往被描繪成一個(gè)可愛(ài)的輸家是誰(shuí)無(wú)能或過(guò)著平凡的生活。騙子是一個(gè)喜劇的主角無(wú)意中或按設(shè)計(jì)在一出喜劇的錯(cuò)誤。演員經(jīng)歷了角色轉(zhuǎn)換的情節(jié),無(wú)論是學(xué)習(xí)生活中的教訓(xùn)或者逃避銷售
5、角色本身。在284字的研究,39個(gè)被列為壞人,描繪不利或非常不利,因?yàn)槿似垓_或欺騙他人。大約有一半的字被認(rèn)定為不利或非常不利,往往同卑劣的特點(diǎn)。從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看,這也難怪,介紹銷售或銷售管理階層往往開始企圖推翻部分的負(fù)面印象。鑒于公關(guān)道德丑聞世界上幾個(gè)最顯著的企業(yè),仿佛一些負(fù)面刻板媒體是基于不舒服的現(xiàn)實(shí)。即使在高度倫理的公司,銷售人員是從事不道德行為。如何是違反道德知覺(jué)的銷售經(jīng)理。約瑟夫(2006年)的研究,這個(gè)問(wèn)題在美國(guó)的銷售經(jīng)理,從不同的行業(yè)。約瑟夫的指出,以往的研究表明,當(dāng)不道德的行為回到銷售演員通常紀(jì)律較寬較窮的演員。這可能是因?yàn)榘l(fā)生了激烈的壓力,銷售經(jīng)理生產(chǎn)銷售量。此外,侵犯程度較輕可
6、能受到的待遇不如侵犯性質(zhì)較為嚴(yán)重。進(jìn)行他的研究,約瑟夫頒發(fā)經(jīng)理情景描繪不道德行為,并為他們提供選擇,以決定如何回應(yīng)推銷員行為,有選擇的,從挑選營(yíng)業(yè)員晉升為推薦營(yíng)業(yè)終止。有兩種不同的情況較嚴(yán)重的違反道德,兩種不同的情景,描繪的嚴(yán)重后果的不道德行為。在一半的情況下,該營(yíng)業(yè)員被形容為一個(gè)出色的演員; 在另一半 推銷員被描述為一個(gè)貧窮的演員。預(yù)期的主要作用確曾發(fā)生。頂部表演者更為寬大的待遇,因?yàn)橛心敲磭?yán)重違規(guī)及患有較嚴(yán)重的后果。所有情景,回到表演者們始終面臨著治療少刮。因此,有證據(jù)表明,在交叉口之間的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和壓力的表現(xiàn),壓力表現(xiàn)可能會(huì)贏。最近的研究已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了混雜在幫助我們理解如何組織可以鼓勵(lì)或支持倫
7、理 行為準(zhǔn)則。研究結(jié)果支持這一想法,強(qiáng)有力的組織文化,吸引推銷員其自身的價(jià)值觀是一致的,與文化這種價(jià)值相配,是一種積極成果。文化力量提供了機(jī)制,創(chuàng)造和錨固社會(huì)身份人的銷售隊(duì)伍。反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō),組織價(jià)值觀,沒(méi)有認(rèn)真地制定和明確可能混淆營(yíng)業(yè)的意識(shí),組織的期望和責(zé)任。在消極方面,耶利 (2006年)研究不道德行為推銷員的形式越軌的定義為自愿行為,違反組織規(guī)范,并威脅人民的福祉的組織。據(jù)作者,官僚組織似乎寄養(yǎng)形式越軌行為。本研究中,91.9%的銷售人員來(lái)自不同行業(yè),顯示官僚鼓勵(lì)越軌行為,針對(duì)組織(例如開辦個(gè)人差事工作時(shí)間) 或其客戶(如使用欺騙性銷售戰(zhàn)術(shù))。經(jīng)理可以作為榜樣勸阻越軌針對(duì)組織 但仍然無(wú)效,在人
8、際關(guān)系抑制越軌行為(如接受信用的工作,同事)。在積極方面,有證據(jù)顯示,氣候倫理創(chuàng)造這樣的環(huán)境中,銷售人員可以更快樂(lè),更富有成效。哈拉米略 ( 2006 年)研究了推銷員一個(gè)全球性制藥公司在美國(guó)運(yùn)作。這些作者發(fā)現(xiàn)一種倫理氣候呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,信任的上司,工作滿意度,組織承諾。具體來(lái)說(shuō),信托在上司是一個(gè)非常關(guān)鍵的因素在這一過(guò)程中,通過(guò)倫理氣候產(chǎn)生積極成果 工作滿意度與組織承諾。此外,倫理氣候預(yù)測(cè)的不信任上司。這意味著銷售機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)建立和樹立的道德行為守則。雖然這些代碼可能不會(huì)阻止任何不道德的行為,規(guī)范和價(jià)值觀所表達(dá)的行為是有積極成果。本著同樣的精神,馬丁內(nèi)斯調(diào)查緣起與結(jié)果的道德氛圍中的美國(guó)和墨西哥銷售。推
9、銷員從兩國(guó)報(bào)道正面協(xié)會(huì)知覺(jué)組織的道德氛圍和個(gè)人承諾品質(zhì)。有趣的是,這種關(guān)系正在加強(qiáng)對(duì)美國(guó)的樣本比對(duì)墨西哥的樣本。對(duì)美國(guó)樣品,知覺(jué)的組織倫理氣候呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。作為一個(gè)整體,近期研究銷售組織和道德行為提供下列處方。任何組織要以強(qiáng)烈的文化是可能吸引推銷員有相似的價(jià)值觀。因此,一個(gè)組織的強(qiáng)大圍繞規(guī)范道德行為,應(yīng)施以道德的推銷員。一個(gè)組織以尋求更多的承諾其銷售人員應(yīng)提高自己的道德氣氛??蛻魧⑹芤嬗谶@種改善的形式,更高質(zhì)量的服務(wù)。這些結(jié)果表明,銷售員培訓(xùn)方案應(yīng)包括討論該組織的道德準(zhǔn)則和道德行為守則。耶利的研究是組織應(yīng)注意遵守的行為準(zhǔn)則,道德規(guī)范和其他進(jìn)程,營(yíng)造道德氛圍不創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更加職業(yè)官僚。最后,壓力表現(xiàn)
10、有時(shí)可能取代倫理規(guī)范,尤其是當(dāng)推銷員知道,性能優(yōu)越的保護(hù),使其不受惡劣后果是道德的行為。3影響技術(shù)幾個(gè)有意思的論文發(fā)表在2006年研究的問(wèn)題或模式,首次提出了早期的努力,在銷售隊(duì)伍管理研究,在具體領(lǐng)域的影響力技巧。這很重要,因?yàn)殇N售文學(xué)是年輕(開始熱衷于七十年代),比營(yíng)銷文學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō),并發(fā)展核心知識(shí)體需要這種長(zhǎng)期的,系統(tǒng)性工作。重要性推銷員自適應(yīng)行為是首先指出,在銷售和銷售管理的文獻(xiàn)超過(guò)20年 前。據(jù)韋茨研究,自適應(yīng)行為是變?cè)斓匿N售行為,在客戶互動(dòng)或橫跨顧客互動(dòng)基于感知信息 約性質(zhì)的銷售情況。自適應(yīng)出售被認(rèn)為是由學(xué)者和從業(yè)人員認(rèn)為提高預(yù)見(jiàn)性方差銷售業(yè)績(jī)?yōu)樽償?shù),如個(gè)人特征和職業(yè)屬性通常占不到10%的
11、差異,在大多數(shù)的研究。2006年提供了機(jī)會(huì),讓研究者反思20年歷史的概念。約瑟夫進(jìn)行了匯總分析,以測(cè)試前因和后果自適應(yīng)銷售行為和顧客導(dǎo)向,綜合文獻(xiàn)庫(kù)自適應(yīng)買賣。主要發(fā)現(xiàn)是,自適應(yīng)銷售行為是與高業(yè)績(jī),而這一結(jié)果時(shí)認(rèn)為性能由自己的銷售人員,由經(jīng)理評(píng)級(jí),并以客觀的措施。一般而言,規(guī)模效應(yīng)還小,但關(guān)系自適應(yīng)銷售行為和自測(cè)的表現(xiàn)。推銷員誰(shuí)搞推銷自適應(yīng)銷售,他們都取得較好業(yè)績(jī),此外,自適應(yīng)銷售行為呈正相關(guān)與滿足感。同樣,推銷員的人都擺在顧客導(dǎo)向(關(guān)心別人的解題方法)也有較高的自我評(píng)鑒的業(yè)績(jī)和較高的滿足感。毫不奇怪,自適應(yīng)銷售行為和顧客導(dǎo)向也有關(guān)系 表彰問(wèn)題的研究自適應(yīng)出售,深入探索具體戰(zhàn)術(shù)的影響,銷售人員
12、使用不同的銷售情況。這項(xiàng)研究的目的是為了填補(bǔ)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)有關(guān)具體戰(zhàn)術(shù)的影響,可以最有效地使用不同類型的買家。過(guò)去的研究曾考慮是否適應(yīng)推銷員,而不是是否適應(yīng)是否合適。約瑟夫和同事采用現(xiàn)有的框架類的影響及對(duì)策為買方類型 允許這項(xiàng)研究是比較以往的研究。買方式架構(gòu)引入到文學(xué),30多年前研究仍在證明有用。此外,這項(xiàng)研究采用了配對(duì)樣本 所以,分析的單位是矢關(guān)系推銷員和他或她的買主。作者能夠證明買方類問(wèn)題時(shí),不同技術(shù)的影響也考慮在內(nèi)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),當(dāng)買方具有很強(qiáng)的工作方向,建議(論據(jù)來(lái)說(shuō)服客戶,產(chǎn)品或服務(wù),將有利于客戶的公司)工作,但需更上一層樓的承諾,并呼吁啟發(fā)。當(dāng)買主有一個(gè)高層次的自我定位,承諾是否有效。
13、當(dāng)一個(gè)買主是互動(dòng)為本,并呼吁靈感提供最佳的成果??傊?,作者總結(jié)說(shuō),沒(méi)有銷售策略是普遍無(wú)效。雙方的影響力策略研究討論上述含蓄取決于形成的某種關(guān)系的營(yíng)業(yè)員和顧客。比如,自適應(yīng)出售行為可以發(fā)生的發(fā)展過(guò)程有關(guān)系,作為一個(gè)推銷員更深入了解客戶并能夠改變行為習(xí)慣和知識(shí)的積累。同樣,了解買方類型或方向,是可能發(fā)生的一系列互動(dòng)。近20年來(lái),買家和賣家可以建立關(guān)系,而影響和適應(yīng)發(fā)生在那些關(guān)系。大量的現(xiàn)有研究,但只是假設(shè)一個(gè)關(guān)系已經(jīng)到位。鑒于此,有意思的是,有什么問(wèn)題發(fā)生必須在開始一種關(guān)系,以期成功地進(jìn)入它稍后階段實(shí)際交易發(fā)生。坎貝爾,美國(guó)戴維斯和斯金納( 2006年 )研究建設(shè)和諧初期營(yíng)業(yè)員/客戶關(guān)系,通過(guò)口頭
14、選擇推銷員。雖然作者提供不實(shí)證結(jié)果,他們現(xiàn)在做的模型建立融洽的,是假想導(dǎo)致信任和承諾。比如,他們提出,接受買方的異議加融洽,而僅表示尊重客戶的公司或產(chǎn)業(yè)能夠適度銷售可讀的拒絕顧客索賠在融洽的建設(shè)。這些具體建議,借助身體的結(jié)果對(duì)于自適應(yīng)銷售行為(包括工作濁和他的同事審查段),描述具體行為的影響,有可能取得成功,在早期的關(guān)系。4傳統(tǒng)的銷售管理問(wèn)題研究在研究領(lǐng)域,稱之為傳統(tǒng)銷售管理研究也就是探討有關(guān)影響因素,營(yíng)業(yè)業(yè)績(jī)和結(jié)果營(yíng)業(yè)業(yè)績(jī)。很多這樣的研究是基于模型的銷售隊(duì)伍的表現(xiàn)提出了邱吉爾,福特哈特利。大量的研究都集中于對(duì)應(yīng)力作用和對(duì)營(yíng)業(yè)員的表現(xiàn)。在這個(gè)傳統(tǒng),約瑟夫?qū)F(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的研究具有調(diào)節(jié)作用的類型銷售情
15、況和相互之間的推銷員角色壓力,態(tài)度和結(jié)果。廣為大家接受的銷售一般職位分類工作,作為傳教出售(關(guān)系建設(shè)),貿(mào)易銷售(銷售世界衛(wèi)生組織再轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)品),技術(shù)和銷售(往往是復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品,滿足特定需要的買家),這三種情況的檢查為基礎(chǔ)。結(jié)果表明,銷售情況也有所不同了三者之間的角色壓力和其他種種變數(shù)。比如,角色沖突呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,意向成交額為技術(shù)銷售,但是,有一個(gè)負(fù)相關(guān)的意向成交額之間的貿(mào)易和銷售是沒(méi)有關(guān)系的意向成交額各傳教推銷員。角色模糊是唯一重要的預(yù)測(cè)工作績(jī)效之間傳教,傳銷,而角色沖突預(yù)估業(yè)績(jī)技術(shù)銷售??傊煌匿N售陣地牽涉到復(fù)雜的權(quán)衡正面和負(fù)面的后果。這項(xiàng)研究突出了潛在的困難和管理銷售隊(duì)伍由不同的銷售角色。
16、它還表明,沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)公式銷售隊(duì)伍管理的成功。所幸的是,作者提出了一些具體建議,為管理者每種銷售的角色。獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的一個(gè)重要方面,模型,銷售管理,正如他們所預(yù)料的影響銷售行為的,可以成為一種極具吸引力方面的銷售作用。洛佩斯和霍普金斯進(jìn)行了研究偏好推銷員傭金較其他獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),測(cè)量樣品250個(gè)技術(shù)銷售。給出了一個(gè)很完備的結(jié)果,詳細(xì)的偏好不同,不同類型的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),和全國(guó)推銷員在不同職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展階段。作者發(fā)現(xiàn),總體而言,較高的傭金和加薪的人最喜歡的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),雖然承認(rèn)和推廣是最可取的。受訪者也傾向補(bǔ)償計(jì)劃,更依賴于委員會(huì)關(guān)于基薪突出的吸引力推銷員以賺取傭金的計(jì)劃。但是,那些主張傭金的增加往往是年長(zhǎng)的,更高的收入。建立高績(jī)效
17、無(wú)疑是舒適與有利可圖的委員會(huì)性質(zhì)的激勵(lì)。再次,一貫主題,這一銷售業(yè)績(jī)研究似乎是,沒(méi)有一個(gè)放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的辦法來(lái)管理銷售隊(duì)伍有效。多領(lǐng)域的研究,銷售及銷售管理的重點(diǎn)是對(duì)營(yíng)業(yè)員的表現(xiàn),但總的來(lái)說(shuō),該項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為,業(yè)績(jī)水平,而不是失敗。所有推銷員接受 10-2 的規(guī)則,這意味著10個(gè)來(lái)電需獲得兩項(xiàng)任命時(shí),這將導(dǎo)致一個(gè)出售。從第一天起,推銷員訓(xùn)練后,能明白有些勘查來(lái)電將失敗。推銷員失敗是多方面的:他們可以不支付限額,不符合客戶的要求,報(bào)告期限,或遲到任命。因此,不賣是一個(gè)內(nèi)在部分銷售的角色。洛佩斯研究脫售現(xiàn)象,要研究如何使推銷員屬性的失敗。他們聘請(qǐng)養(yǎng)護(hù)資源理論研究的失敗歸因。人們努力維持保護(hù)和建設(shè)資源價(jià)
18、值。應(yīng)力發(fā)生時(shí),是有潛在或?qū)嶋H的資源損失; 在面對(duì)這樣的損失,很多人試圖更換或重新什么已經(jīng)消失。此外,人們的屬性時(shí)失敗。他們可以歸結(jié)為失敗的內(nèi)部或外部(軌跡因果關(guān)系),穩(wěn)定或不穩(wěn)定(因果穩(wěn)定),可控或失控。作者研究如何使推銷員歸因節(jié)約資源后失敗。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)撞擊了銷售失敗率高(定義為損失了許多資源),推銷員歸咎于外在因素。節(jié)約資源理論可以用來(lái)解釋這個(gè)問(wèn)題,作為推銷員節(jié)約資源,不持有自己的責(zé)任,從而維護(hù)個(gè)人資源。作者總結(jié)指出,節(jié)約資源理論可能更加有用帳戶歸因于那些銷售情況 其中推銷員所遇到的資源管理問(wèn)題。這些情況包括:早期的銷售生涯或后期稍微成功的推銷員。此外,可以將資源稀缺,在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)十分激烈的環(huán)境
19、中或處于長(zhǎng)期銷售周期。顯然,銷售經(jīng)理要深刻理解推銷員的看法,雙方的資源和屬性進(jìn)行有效交流,這樣才能使銷售不失敗。論文審查上述經(jīng)常提及的重要性,職業(yè)生涯階段,在管理營(yíng)業(yè)員,研究探討銷售隊(duì)伍的職業(yè)發(fā)展是很有意義的。為此,杰克遜提出了概念模型銷售生涯發(fā)展的學(xué)者和從業(yè)人員。該模型包括一個(gè)評(píng)估過(guò)程,以確定個(gè)人的和組織的需求。評(píng)估的結(jié)果決定過(guò)程中的方向,這是信息推銷員接受職業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。方向可包括社會(huì)化,職業(yè)講習(xí),生涯輔導(dǎo)等。第三部分是發(fā)展,即建設(shè)過(guò)程中的優(yōu)勢(shì),克服弱點(diǎn),采取行動(dòng)??赡艿陌l(fā)展包括技術(shù)指導(dǎo),技術(shù)指導(dǎo),培訓(xùn)和學(xué)費(fèi)援助。作者還提出了確保一個(gè)成功的生涯發(fā)展規(guī)劃。文章是有用的,因?yàn)樗峁┝艘粋€(gè)框架,連接在
20、一起的許多領(lǐng)域事業(yè)的發(fā)展,審議獨(dú)立的銷售管理文獻(xiàn)。它可以幫助醫(yī)生,研究人員和教師了解多方面的銷售生涯的發(fā)展。5 銷售管理和語(yǔ)境問(wèn)題傳銷存在,作為較大規(guī)模的組織和環(huán)境背景下,在本節(jié)討論考慮兩方面銷售及銷售管理有較大范圍內(nèi)。洛佩斯考察了關(guān)系銷售經(jīng)理和銷售經(jīng)理。作者指出,在日益復(fù)雜的商業(yè)市場(chǎng),一個(gè)有效的跨職能關(guān)系營(yíng)銷越來(lái)越重要,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)決定的成功,雖然是一個(gè)缺乏這方面的研究。進(jìn)行了研究,作者審查銷售經(jīng)理,在澳大利亞和英國(guó)調(diào)查之間關(guān)系的性質(zhì)和銷售營(yíng)銷經(jīng)理??傮w而言,洛佩斯發(fā)現(xiàn)銷售經(jīng)理普遍報(bào)高效益,他們與銷售經(jīng)理認(rèn)為它們之間的相互依賴性很高,也有積極的關(guān)系,相互依存和相互信賴。信任有正面影響和效益的關(guān)系
21、。雖然這項(xiàng)工作的結(jié)果是不足為奇的,什么令人驚訝的是,一直以來(lái)沒(méi)有重視這一關(guān)系是在過(guò)去的時(shí)候。如果組織是如何有效地工作,各職能管理戰(zhàn)略,例如:隨后積極的工作關(guān)系,營(yíng)銷和銷售似乎是一個(gè)起碼的要求是成功的關(guān)鍵。協(xié)調(diào)意志堅(jiān)定要發(fā)生關(guān)系管理范圍外的該律師事務(wù)所。洛佩斯檢視帳客戶的管理,由一個(gè)綜合業(yè)務(wù)流程的角度來(lái)看,而不是簡(jiǎn)單地從一個(gè)銷售或營(yíng)銷管理的角度來(lái)看。根據(jù)這些作者,客戶管理源于一種壓力作出反應(yīng)的重要工業(yè)客戶。組織用他們的購(gòu)買力來(lái)迫使供應(yīng)商創(chuàng)造協(xié)調(diào)一致和客戶特定的銷售和服務(wù)渠道,讓最重要客戶滿意。這種方法主要是防守,保護(hù)銷售的最大客戶。洛佩斯并提出戶口分類制度的特點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系,賣方與客戶之間基于賣方
22、的能力發(fā)展傾向(能力創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的客戶)和關(guān)系傾向的顧客。換句話說(shuō),是一個(gè)關(guān)系的發(fā)展不僅是因?yàn)榕Φ囊环?,但由于現(xiàn)行的能力和動(dòng)機(jī)對(duì)雙方都有利。此外,作者們認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益計(jì),從戰(zhàn)略客戶戰(zhàn)略(買方和賣方都容易發(fā)展關(guān)系),從交易賬戶(這些賬戶中有一方很容易建立一種長(zhǎng)期的關(guān)系)。有趣的是,討論的關(guān)鍵戶口 (這些賬戶中賣方的利益關(guān)系是高,但是買方的是低),而被解雇的作者為失蹤的關(guān)鍵要素,使雙方應(yīng)建立某種關(guān)系。這些類型的客戶常??瘁t(yī)生,因?yàn)榭蛻粲泻艽蟮臐摿?。在他們看?lái),洛佩斯認(rèn)為賬戶管理是一個(gè)積極的姿態(tài),這有助于建立競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),提高公司績(jī)效和股東價(jià)值。作者們提出了一個(gè)模型,說(shuō)明如何配合的權(quán)利,客戶可以創(chuàng)造股東價(jià)值
23、,通過(guò)客戶忠誠(chéng)度創(chuàng)造進(jìn)入壁壘賣方競(jìng)爭(zhēng),創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟(jì)租金的關(guān)系,改善幅度,并增加現(xiàn)金流量超過(guò)生活的關(guān)系。他們形容該賬戶是最有可能的前景為重點(diǎn),及戰(zhàn)略關(guān)系建立在不同的情境關(guān)聯(lián)。最后,作者討論怎樣的戰(zhàn)略選擇,讓客戶,如何管理的影響內(nèi)部如何運(yùn)作的 銷售公司必須有組織地得逞。立場(chǎng)本文件所提出的是不是真正的革命,但它當(dāng)然應(yīng)該動(dòng)活潑的討論中的作用和重要性的關(guān)鍵賬戶。 賬戶管理對(duì)于現(xiàn)階段雙方的交易的成功起著至關(guān)重要的作用。selling and sales managementleslie m. finea 1 key topicsthis article is organized around four key
24、 topics, the first of which is ethics and the sales force. in addition to examining the difficult and pressing ethical dilemmas that face real salespeople, i review a provocative paper studying negative stereotypes of salespeople as perpetrated by the media. this review shows that art and life are o
25、ften imitators, and that ethical issues continue to be both practically and theoretically important. the second topic is research published in the area of salesperson influence tactics. this topic is important because one of the unique competitive advantages of the salesperson as a marketing tool is
26、 his or her ability to actually affect the behavior of the buyer through influence tactics. the third topic examines the antecedents and outcomes of salesperson performance, which i call the “traditional” core of research in selling and sales management. the fourth topic examines sales and sales man
27、agement in the larger organizational and environmental context. if there is one unifying factor in the research reviewed here, it is that the management of selling and sales people is a highly complex and highly contextual challenge, taking place within organizations seeking to attain larger strateg
28、ic goals through customer satisfaction. regardless of the question, there is no one answer that will work across sales organizations, sales jobs, individual salespeople, or even across the salespersons career.2 ethical issues: from fiction to factthis review begins in an unusual way: by considering
29、media portrayals of selling and salespeople. i believe this is an apt way to start thinking about research in sales management because much of what the general public knows and believes about selling has been shaped by characters in the movies and on television. the undergraduate student marketing-m
30、ajor population, often viewed as the salespeople of tomorrow, come to the discipline with a negative view of selling and sales management, even while recruiters are begging them to accept lucrative and interesting sales jobs. undoubtedly, they have been watching movies and television shows their ent
31、ire lives, films and programs which reinforce negative stereotypes. published in the summer of 2006, a provocative review by katherine hartman (2006) of the portrayal of salespeople in the media helps to explain why selling and salespeople have a “bum rap.”it is generally believed that the salespers
32、on stereotype created by the media has been universally negative. until hartman published her review, however, this hypothesis went untested. studying the portrayal of salespeople during the period 1903 to 2005, hartman divided the span into four epochs:(1) the 1903 to 1940 era included the birth of
33、 the cinema and the growth of hollywood studios.(2) the 1941 to 1970 era saw the advent of television, the growth of epics and war movies, and the beginning of the independent film movement.(3) the 1971 to 1995 era witnessed the popularity of blockbuster films and sequels, and the growth of cable mo
34、vie channels and home video.(4) the final era studied, that covering 1996 to 2005, was characterized by advanced special effects, computer-generated films, and growing popularity of independent films.the cumulative time period created a rich data base in which to examine the issues. hartman studied
35、211 movies, 44 movie shorts, and 26 television movies or series across genres (comedy, drama, etc.), in which a total of 284 salesperson characters were portrayed. interestingly, many distinct stereotypes were cataloged. for example, the “antihero” is often depicted as a lovable loser who is inept o
36、r living a mundane life. the “trickster” is a comedic protagonist who accidentally, or by design, gets caught up in a comedy of errors. the “shape-shifter” experiences a role transformation in the plot, either to learn a life lesson or to escape from the sales role itself. of the 284 characters stud
37、ied, 39 were classified as “villains,” portrayed negatively or very negatively as people who deceive or trick others. approximately half of the characters were identified as negative or very negative, often linked with despicable characteristics. viewed in this light, its no wonder that introductory
38、 sales or sales management classes often begin with an attempt to debunk some of the negative stereotypes.given the publicity surrounding ethical scandals involving several of the worlds most notable businesses, it seems as though some of the negative media stereotypes are based on uncomfortable rea
39、lities. even in highly ethical firms, salespeople do engage in unethical behaviors. how are those ethical breaches perceived by sales managers? joseph bellizzi (2006) examined this question among united states sales managers from a variety of industries. bellizzis noted past research indicates that,
40、 when behaving unethically, top sales performers are usually disciplined more leniently than poorer performers. this might occur because of the intense pressure on sales managers to produce sales volume. in addition, violations of a less serious nature might be treated less harshly than violations o
41、f a more serious nature.in conducting his study, bellizzi presented managers with scenarios depicting unethical behavior and offered them choices as to how to respond to the salespersons behavior, with options ranging from recommending the salesperson for promotion to recommending the salesperson fo
42、r termination. there were two different scenarios representing the seriousness of the ethical breach, and two different scenarios depicting the seriousness of the consequences of the unethical actions. in half the scenarios, the salesperson was described as an excellent performer; in the other half,
43、 the salesperson was described as a poor performer. the expected main effects did occur. top performers were treated more leniently, as were less serious breaches and those with less serious consequences. across all scenarios, top performers were consistently and significantly treated less harshly.
44、therefore, there is some evidence to suggest that, at the intersection between ethical standards and pressure for performance, pressure for performance might win out.recent research has produced a mixed bag in terms of helping us understand how organizations can encourage or support ethical standard
45、s of behavior. findings support the idea that strong organizational cultures attract salespeople whose own values are congruent with that culture, and that this value congruity is associated with positive outcomes (barnes, jackson, hutt, & kumar, 2006). culture strength provides the mechanism for cr
46、eating and anchoring the social identity of members of the sales force. conversely, organizational values that are not carefully formulated and clearly articulated may confuse the salespersons sense of organizational expectations and responsibilities.on the negative side, jelinek and ahearne (2006)
47、studied unethical salesperson behavior in the form of deviance, defined as voluntary behavior that violates organizational norms and threatens the well being of the organization. according to the authors, bureaucratic organizations seem to foster deviant forms of behavior. this research, conducted a
48、mong salespeople from diverse industries, demonstrated that bureaucracy encourages deviant behaviors targeted at both the organization (such as running personal errands on work time) and its customers (such as use of deceptive selling tactics). managers can serve as role models to discourage devianc
49、e directed at the organization, but they are ineffective at inhibiting interpersonal deviance (such as accepting credit for the work of colleagues).on the positive side, there is evidence that ethical climates do create environments in which salespeople can be happier and more productive. mulki, jar
50、amillo, and locander (2006) studied the salespeople of a global pharmaceuticals company operating in the united states. these authors found that an ethical climate is positively related to trust in the supervisor, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. specifically, trust in the supervisor
51、 is a critical element in the process through which ethical climate leads to the positive outcomes of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. additionally, ethical climate is a predictor of trust in the supervisor. this suggests that selling organizations should create and embrace codes of e
52、thical conduct. while these codes may not prevent all unethical behavior, the norms and values expressed by the codes do have positive outcomes.in a similar vein, weeks, loe, chonko, martinez, and wakefield (2006) investigated antecedents and outcomes of ethical climate among both u.s. and mexican s
53、alespeople. salespeople from both countries reported a positive association between perceived organizational ethical climate and individual commitment to quality. interestingly, this relationship was stronger for the u.s. sample than for the mexican sample. for the u.s. sample, perceived organizatio
54、nal ethical climate was also positively associated with organizational commitment.taken as a whole, the recent research on sales organizations and ethical behavior offers the following prescriptions. any organization with a strong culture is likely to attract salespeople with similar values. therefo
55、re, an organization with strong norms around ethical behaviors should attract ethical salespeople. an organization seeking to increase the commitment of its salespeople should improve its ethical climate. clients will benefit from this improvement in the form of higher quality service. these results
56、 indicate that sales training programs should include discussions of the organizations ethical norms and codes of ethical conduct. the caution from jelinek and ahearne (2006) is that organizations should take care that codes of conduct, ethical norms, and other processes that create an ethical clima
57、te do not also create a more bureaucratic workplace. finally, pressures for performance may sometimes supersede ethical norms, especially if salespeople know that superior performance protects them from harsh consequences of unethical acts.3 influence techniquesseveral interesting papers published in 2006 examined issues or models first proposed by early efforts in sales force management research, specifically in the area of influence techniques. this is important because the sales literature is younger (starting in earnest in the 1970s) than the marketing literature in general, and d
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