詞匯學(xué)考試整理

1、詞匯學(xué)整理 一、選擇題25 題 25分 1. 從規(guī)約走向描述的里程碑詞典是：OED (P.237) 2. 同義詞的特征？（P.125） Synonymous word group a common denotative component brings the words together. 3. 習(xí)語的特征？(P.190) Idioms are usually semantically opaque and are characterized by structural invariability. 4. 古代英語 Archaic words are words no longer in c

2、ommon use, however they are retained for special purpose, they are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and prose, (marked arch. Or aic. ) whereas obsolete words just refer to the words completely out of current use . marked obs. (olete.) or dated in a

3、 dictionary. 5. 語境的分類(P.152-P155) Linguistic (or verbal )contexts or extra-linguistic （or nonverbal）can determine the meanings of words, esp. those of polysemous words. 1.Linguistic (or verbal )contexts: Lexical context, Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous wo

4、rd.(see the examples of make on p.153 ) Grammatical context, In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.(see the examples of ake in various settings on p.153 )However, it is not sufficient to indicate all the individual

5、meanings of a given word.(see the examples concerning the different meanings of the same pattern get+n. on p.154 ) Verbal context The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passag , or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting, as stated at

6、 the beginning of the chapter. 2.Extra-linguistic/context of situation: 1)The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs.(see the example of operation on p.155) 2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event has to b

7、e set (see the example of peasant and armer on p.156) 6. ?兩個(gè)單詞有相同的部分，根據(jù)什么來猜意義？ Componential analysis and semantic features 7. 理據(jù)？(P.94-95) Motivation can be classified into three types: 1) Phonetic motivation; Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunci

8、ation suggests the meaning. 2) Morphological motivation; We say that the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. If we know the meaning of the affix and the base, then we can immediately the meaning of th

9、is word. 3) Semantic motivation. Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors The figurative usage can provide semantic motivation; the figurative meaning can be readily understood by those who know the literal meaning. 8. 研究多義的兩個(gè)方法 They are : 1) diachronic ; 歷時(shí)角度2) synchronic

10、.共時(shí)角度(P.110) 1) diachronic The study of the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or the study of how the semantic structure of a word has developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state, i.e. with derived meaning springing from the original meaning. This way of study

11、 is called diachronic approaches.(primary meaning and the present polysemic meaning ) Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and secondary meaning. (P.206) 習(xí)語的文體特征？9.Stylistic feature Most idioms are stylist

12、ically neutral, but quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English. A few idioms suggest a dignified and elevated tone, and are used on formal occasions, e.g. Some idioms phrases are slangy. Stylistic feature of idioms, however, are constantly shifting, and what is slang today may informal

13、 tomorrow. 10. 詞義變化的內(nèi)部要素（原因）？Linguistic cause: (P172-175) Change of meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in a linguistic system; towards ellipsis and toward analogy. Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collection, such as adjective +noun, or attributive n

14、oun + noun, in which the noun is deleted and only the first element (the attributive) is left, but retaining the sense of the whole phrase. The analogical tendency is also constantly at work. New meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical ba

15、se. 11.(P.28) 詞素的分類？ Free morpheme Free root Prefix Morpheme Bound root Sufix Derivational affixes Bound morpheme Affix Inflection affixes 12.? 修辭It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements 明喻 Simile：)in common. To make the comparison, words like 性having at least on

16、e quality or characteristic (特 明喻as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 之間的相(tenor)和喻體(vehicle)（simile）是以兩種具有相同特征的事物和現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比，表明本體 like, as, as if, as though 等似關(guān)系， 兩者都在對(duì)比中出現(xiàn)。常用比喻詞It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elem

17、ents, but 暗喻） 2) Metaphor：(）這種比喻不通過比喻隱喻（metaphorunlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For 間的聯(lián)系和相似之處是暗含的。 詞進(jìn)行，而是直接將用事物當(dāng)作乙事物來描寫，甲乙兩事物之 example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. It is also a form of comparison, but unlike sim

18、ile or metaphor which usually uses 3) Analogy: (類比）comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal 4) Personification: (擬人） 擬人抽象) t

19、o inanimate(無生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions().賦予attributes(擬 personification（）這種修辭方法是把人類的特點(diǎn)、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物 人，以達(dá)到彼此交融，合二為一。5) Hyperbole: (夸張） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 夸張（hyperbole）這是運(yùn)用豐富的想象，過激的 言詞，渲染和裝飾客觀事物，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。 1、My blood fr

20、oze. 我的血液都凝固了。 6) Understatement: (含蓄陳述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It

21、is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as” pass away. 8) Metonymy (轉(zhuǎn)喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the

22、mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指兩種不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一種事 物名稱代替另一種。 9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻（synecdoche）又稱舉隅法，主要特點(diǎn)是局 部代表全體，或以全體

23、喻指部分，或以抽象代具體，或以具體代抽象。 1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 長城不僅是用石頭和土建 造的，而且是用幾百萬人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻為“the great sacrifice”（巨大的犧牲） For instance, they say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. 10）Anton

24、omasia (換喻/替代） It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. In?rhetoric,?antonomasia?is a substitution of any?epithet?or phrase for a proper name. The reverse process is also sometimes called antonomasia. Antonomasia is a particular form of?

25、metonymy. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor. 11) Pun: (雙關(guān)語） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. 雙關(guān)語（pun）是以一個(gè)詞或詞組，用巧妙的辦法同時(shí)把 互不關(guān)聯(lián)的兩種含義結(jié)合起來， 以取得一種詼諧有趣的效果。 Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, or I am

26、,” he declared. “Both，sir!” cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一詞一語雙關(guān)，既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子，又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過拿破侖指揮的兩 次戰(zhàn)役。 For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, o

27、r I am,” he declared. “Both，sir!” cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一詞一語雙 關(guān)，既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子，又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過拿破侖指揮的兩次戰(zhàn)役 Alliteration: (頭韻） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(間隔) and since the sound repeated is u

28、sually the initial consonant sound, it is also called ront rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 頭韻法 （alliteration）在文句中有兩個(gè)以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組，其開頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或聲音，以增強(qiáng)語言的節(jié)奏感。 押韻(rhyme)，A?rhyme?is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most o

29、ften used in?poetry?and?songs .?贅述(tautology)A?rhetorical?tautology can also be defined as a series of statements that comprise an argument, whereby the statements are constructed in such a way that the truth of the proposition is guaranteed or that the truth of the proposition cannot be disputed by

30、 defining a term in terms of another self-referentially. 13. 單詞的定義： A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. 14. root stem base 的區(qū)別(P.33)

31、A root is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional Root:morphology. It is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme.( i.e. desire is th

32、e root in the is the prefix ) -able is the suffix, un-undesirableword , orphology. Stem:Bauer defines stem as A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional mInflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it: it is the part of the word-form which remains ; in undesirablewhen all

33、inflectional affixes have been removed. (I.e. in the word, the stem is undesirable .)desire, the stem is desiredthe word Base may be defined as a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied .This means that Base: any root or stem can be termed a base . 15. etymology morphology， 搞清四個(gè)術(shù)語 terminol

34、ogy，neologism， Etymology: The study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Neologism: New words or new meanings for established words)(P.6) Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms. consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and

35、academic areas as in Terminology: 術(shù)語medicine: 16. ？根據(jù)什么來猜單詞的意思，一句話中來猜斜體單詞的意義？ From the context, guessing meaning of a word. 到時(shí)根據(jù)具體題目猜單詞。 17.(P.9-P.10) 本族語詞匯的特征？The typical feature of most native words in Modern English is monosyllabic (having only one syllable) . The fundamental features of the basi

36、c word stock: 1. National character 2. stability 3. word-formation ability 4.Ability to from colletction 18.(P.22) 詞素變體？ Allomorphs 1) An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds; 2) The allomophs such as -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation do not dif

37、fer in meaning or function but show a slight . difference in sound depending on the final phoneme of the preceding verbs3) Allomorphs may occur among the positional variants of the same suffix, like -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation ,they may also occur among prefixes. Their forms then depends on the first

38、 letter of the verb to occurring before p,b,or m (e.g. imperfect, Imbalance, which they will be added, for example, im ; immobile) Native words: 9 most frequently used : you, and, it, will, have, to, be, of, the 19.(p17-18) 功能詞和實(shí)詞Function wards: 1. often short words such as: determiners, conjunction

39、, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth 2.have no much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning, they serve grammatically more than any words-grammatical meaning 3.number: relatively small and permanent set of words compared with content words (154 total number) 4.closed in the sen

40、se that they cannot be extended by the creation of new words. closed lists: 5. high frequency of occurrence Content words : 1.r states(they re nouns, main verbs, adjectives, and used to name objects, qualities, actions, process oadverb of a language) 2.have independent lexical meaning. 3.number: lar

41、ge (one million-154) 4. Open lists: the list is open in the sense that its indefinitely extendible 5.low frequency of occurrence compared with function words 20. 搞清絕對(duì)同音同形詞和多義詞的區(qū)別？Perfect homonyms refer to the words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning (see the examples on p. 115

42、and p.116 ) .(it exists in two words though their spelling and sounds are identical) The word polysemy is of Greek origin. It has been defined as .A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. (its the one word which has a range of different mea

43、nings) 題 分 15 二、填空題 20 1.) 語境的分類(同選擇題第五題 2. ）P.239century 這本詞典是什么樣的詞典？（ encyclopedicThe first dictionary in the U.S. 百科全書類詞典 3.(P.93) 任意性和規(guī)約性 Arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense. Conventional: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has t

44、his or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other. 4.(P.111) 多義的兩個(gè)過程 1.Radiation 2. concatenation 5.(P.96-101) 詞匯意義和語法意義 Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm Lexical meaning can be subdivided into fo

45、ur types: 1) Denotative meaning; 2) Connotative meaning; 3) Social meaning; 4) Affective meaning 6.) 同選擇題14root stem base 的區(qū)別( 7. ?分析單詞定義的方法？ 8. 同音同形的分類English homonyms can be classified into: 1) Perfect homonyms; 2) Homophones; . 3) Homographs 9. ）同音同形詞四個(gè)起源？（P.117-119 1. Phonetic convergence 2. Sem

46、antic convergence 3.Foreign influence 4. Shortening 10. 歧義（定義）Ambiguities refers to a phenomenon that a word, a phrase, sentence or group of sentences may have more than one possible interpretation or meaning. Type: lexical ambiguity; grammatical ambiguity 11. 語法意義分類？ Grammatical meaning consists of

47、 word-class and inflectional paradigm 12.(P.214) 美國英語所獨(dú)有，起源于美國英語的單詞短語用法叫做？Americanisms, which means “a word, a phrase, or usage originating in or peculiar to American English” 13. verbal traffic(P.170) Social cause of changes in word meaning Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal tr

48、affic (or shift) between common words and various words is referred to as social cause of semantic change. As a result of this constant verbal traffic between common words and technical words, some technical words have lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in more general senses. Among the numerous new words connected with electricity, phy