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1、英語長難句分析100句在MBA聯(lián)考英語試卷中,閱讀理解和翻譯共有60分,占到了全卷分數(shù)的半壁江山以上。毫不夸張地說,把這兩部分做好,在英語考試中取得理想的成績便不再是奢望。那么怎么樣才能做好這一部分的試題呢?關(guān)鍵要通過大量的練習(xí),增強閱讀英文句子、尤其是其中長難句的能力。長難句一般是指結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難以理解的句子,也有一些其實結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,但因為句子很長也很容易讓人困惑。長難句出現(xiàn)不多,但是常常大大增加我們理解的難度,成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”。下面就近年試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長難句都列出來,分析它們的結(jié)構(gòu),指出其中的考查難點,并對如何恰當翻譯它們給出建議,希望廣大同學(xué)能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。1
2、. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsi
3、ble management of business.句子主干Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased shareholders as a class, (which was) an element語法難點本句是典型的非限定性定語從句,難點在其主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定,并且分句是由兩個and相連的3個部分組成的。分句an elementlandowners 又帶有兩個定語從句,一個是(which was)representing ,另一個是(which was)det
4、ached。 可見,定語從句的難點在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu),從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。句子翻譯 對資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數(shù)量和重要性。這個階層作為國計民生的一部分,代表了非個人責(zé)任的財富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離,而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。翻譯技巧 實際上定語從句并不符合漢語的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時遇上定語從句,一定不要機械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長的情況,把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個階層”開始另起一句。 2Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang
5、 up to house large. comfonable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management.句子主干Townssprang upclasses who, and who語法難點1)有并列從句
6、。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個典型的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu),分句由who,and who兩個并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語而是介詞短語作定語,真正的主句謂語是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名詞)”。 2)that of drawing dividends 結(jié)構(gòu)中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指紅利,that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的,that of sth相當于which is結(jié)構(gòu),目的都是修飾前面的名詞。注意后面還有attending是省略了which were的定語從句,把of sth結(jié)構(gòu)和定語從句交替使用是英語中長難句的慣用手法,目的是
7、避免行文的單調(diào),考生朋友們要注意分辨。句子翻譯 像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市興起了,大批隱退的享樂階層人士靠自己的收入,在這里過著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯(lián)系,只是分取紅利,偶爾參加股東會議,對管理人員發(fā)號施令。翻譯技巧同樣是為了避開定語從句,將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個短語的理解。retire on依靠退休/haverelationto與有關(guān)系/up to 達到的規(guī)模。3Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels,
8、 etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. 句子主干Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down, like a , considering them as, in which a”語法難點有省略。1)like分句是省略了who 的主語從句中的分句,consideri
9、ng分句是現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。這個狀語從句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般來說較長的狀語從句置于句尾,較短的置于句首,為的是使句子看上去顯得簡潔一些。 2)like分句中出現(xiàn)了比較多的省略,補全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters。英語中的從句之所以是難點就是因為大量地省略引導(dǎo)詞。句子翻譯羅博特富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道,機械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍,像詩人對待字母表中的每個字母一樣,把它們作為自己的思路展示,每一個新組合都傳送一個新概念。翻譯技巧如果嚴格地翻譯,like分句應(yīng)該譯為“像對待字母表中字母的詩人一樣”,原因是這個從句修飾的是機械
10、工,應(yīng)該用詩人來對應(yīng),但這樣一來,就不符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣了。4Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.句子主干Some of these causes are reasonable results, Others are consequences of advances語法難點主
11、語是some of these causes,實際的主語就是some,不過謂語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to是定語從句的分句結(jié)構(gòu),意為“屬于”。 句子翻譯在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求,另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。翻譯技巧 這個翻譯比較簡單,注意being to的翻譯即可。5This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific de
12、mands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.句子主干 This trend began during , when,that語法難點1)有套和從句。這個句子實際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長難句時一定要注意找出句子的主干,關(guān)鍵是確定句子的主語和謂語,只有這樣才不會被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。 2)When引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句。第一個that引導(dǎo)的是修飾conclusion的定語
13、從句,第二個that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語從句,wants前省略了which,是引導(dǎo)的修飾a government的主語從句。句子翻譯這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當時一些國家的政府下了結(jié)論,認為:政府向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。翻譯技巧此句中短語較多。come to the conclusion形成某種結(jié)論/make of提出/in detail詳細地6This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goa
14、ls but of possible consequence in the future.句子主干 This seems done by supporting a certain amount of research notbut語法難點 注意notbut句型,意為“不是而是”句子翻譯給某些與當前目標無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持,看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。翻譯技巧嚴格說來,notbut結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)譯為“不是而是”,但這樣就顯得羅嗦,所 以譯為“與無關(guān)”,但(另一些有關(guān))。a amount of指“數(shù)量達到”。be related to指“與有關(guān)”。7However, the world
15、is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects. 句子主干However, the world is so made thatsystems are unable to deal with some of the aspects 語法難點so made指“如此構(gòu)成”,so和后面的that構(gòu)成sothat結(jié)構(gòu),意為“如此以至于”。be(un)able to指“可以(或不可以)”。句子翻譯然而
16、,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。翻譯技巧be so made that意為“如構(gòu)成”,不符合漢語表達習(xí)慣,所以譯為“就是如此”。in principle 總的說來/deal with應(yīng)付8New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.句子主干New formsas well as new subjects
17、must ariseas they have in the past, giving rise to語法難點有并列從句。1)主語較為復(fù)雜,為并列結(jié)構(gòu),分別是new forms和new subjects,中間用as well as連接。 2)as在這里引導(dǎo)了一個介詞結(jié)構(gòu)(as they have in the past),have的賓語省略了,其內(nèi)容與本句主語一致。 3)giving rise to分句為非限定性定語從句的從句,省略了which are。句子翻譯同過去一樣,將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象,給完美以新的標準。翻譯技巧as well as 和,以及/give rise to
18、給以機會9For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.句子主干For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rightsmeans he can get on with
19、 living without語法難點插入成分很多。此句實際上是個簡單句,其核心結(jié)構(gòu)為Rights means,只不過添加了諸多限制結(jié)構(gòu)使句子看起來很復(fù)雜?!盕or Lolyd Nicks”為主句的狀語成分,“a 54years oldcancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語。句子翻譯對于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達爾文的的肺癌患者尼克遜來說,這個法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去,而無須終日擔(dān)心將要來臨的折磨:因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。翻譯技巧同位語從句在漢語中很少出現(xiàn),對同位語從句的處理就把它當作定語從句即可。如此句中就將同位語成分作為前置狀語成分的主語的修飾成分即可。haunting fear指
20、“向看到鬼一樣恐懼”,表示非??謶帧?0Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.句子主干Someone, if, often had nowhere to turn except 語法難點有省略現(xiàn)象。traveling不是現(xiàn)在分詞,而是引導(dǎo)修飾someone的定語從句。if引導(dǎo)的從句中均省略了“主語be動詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),這樣顯得句子簡潔。句子翻譯獨自旅行時,如果沒有了食物,受傷了或者生病了,通常只能
21、向最近的小屋或者村落求救。翻譯技巧直譯的話,應(yīng)該說人們“沒有其他地方,只有”可得到幫助,但這樣寫的話顯得冗長而且費解,這里根據(jù)句意,譯為“只能向求助”就比較準確了。“turn”的用法比較靈活,意思很多,這里依據(jù)上下文,譯為“向求助”。 11We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the mor
22、ning, a cigarette for the nerves.句子主干We live in a society in whichsubstances is pervasive語法難點實際是簡單句。此句句子雖長,但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,可以從冒號開始分為兩個部分。理解的時候要有意識地把兩部分分開,個個擊破。in which引導(dǎo)了一個定語從句。該從句的分句謂語動詞是is而不是are,是因為在這個從句中主語是use,而不是substances,這一點要注意分辨。句子翻譯 在我們生活的社會里,物質(zhì)(藥品)被廣泛地運用于社交和醫(yī)療:服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼,喝酒來應(yīng)酬,早晨和咖啡來提神,吸煙鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。翻譯
23、技巧該句冒號以后的內(nèi)容寫得很輕巧,很有文學(xué)性,我們翻譯的時候也不要強求字字照應(yīng),而應(yīng)該也是比較靈活。如quiet不是“安靜”的意思,而是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。12Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontin
24、ued.句子主干Dependence is marked first by, with, and then by語法難點有并列從句和省略。with引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,修飾的是整個第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導(dǎo)的分句省略了謂語動詞marked ,所以要注意其實該分句并不隸屬于第一分句,而是與之并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。句子翻譯依賴的最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力增強,用量越來越大才能達到預(yù)期效果,一旦停用就會產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。翻譯技巧有些同學(xué)遇上伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)就不知道如何翻譯了,其實只要按照原來的語序順次翻譯就是。13But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” be
25、tween creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.句子主干But he talked as well about , and he announced that語法難點該句沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu),而是由and連接的兩個并列成分構(gòu)成。用would是因為表達了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。
26、句子翻譯 但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對可能招致大眾反對的音樂制定各種發(fā)行和標識的標準翻譯技巧雖然沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu),但是由于句子太長,有眾多的修飾成分,所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。14Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.句子主干Average inflati
27、onfell to a mere, close to its, before語法難點有省略。close to分句是非限定性定語從句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對全句的補充說明,是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并無定規(guī)。之所以用rising,是因為這里需要一個名次性的結(jié)構(gòu)the inflation which was,這樣顯得簡潔得多。句子翻譯七大工業(yè)國家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年來最低水平,今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%,比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。翻譯技巧the big seven industrial economies
28、是指西方七大工業(yè)國。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至”的意思。15Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack.句子主干Economists have beensurprised by
29、and, since,and especially, have 語法難點主句用現(xiàn)在完成時have been是因為經(jīng)濟學(xué)家長時間以來關(guān)注,現(xiàn)在也在關(guān)注,是一個從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語從句。句子翻譯 特別讓經(jīng)濟學(xué)家感到詫異的是,英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結(jié)果,因為傳統(tǒng)的分析方法表明,兩國尤其是美國的經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。翻譯技巧favorable表示的是“非常好的”,不是“非常喜歡的”,與個人取向沒有關(guān)系。productive slack是“生產(chǎn)滑坡”的意思。16Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there
30、 is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.句子主干Actually it isn t, because it assumes that, which is語法難點有套合從句。本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句很簡單,而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中,又有一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。這個從句中,主語an agreed account of human rights由一個which引導(dǎo)的飛行定性定語從句修飾,而這個非限定性定語從句中又有一個限定性定語從句the world does n
31、ot have來修飾something。句子翻譯 事實并非如此,因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有共同的認識為基礎(chǔ)的,而這種共同認識并不存在。翻譯技巧agree為“約定的”意思,agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”,意譯為“共同的認識”??梢姺g中一定要結(jié)合漢語的語言習(xí)慣靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權(quán)記錄”。此外,將不定代詞具體化,也更符合漢語習(xí)慣。17Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of
32、 an exchange of duties and entitlements.句子主干Some philosophers argue that, as part of an exchange of語法難點該句仍為主從復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當了補充語的角色。句子翻譯 有些哲學(xué)家論證說,權(quán)利只存在社會契約中,是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。翻譯技巧要正確選擇contract的詞義,不要譯成從此“收縮,縮小”。argue不要譯成“爭論”,而要靈活處理成“論證說”。18It leads the
33、 discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.句子主干It leads the discussion: it invites you to think that, or with語法難點有并列從句和省略。冒號把句子分成兩部分,后一部分對前面部分作進一步解釋說明。前面部分是
34、簡單句。后面部分是復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,主語是animals,謂語是should be treated,either or引導(dǎo)兩個介詞短語作狀語,either引導(dǎo)的介詞短語中,humans extend to other humans是一個省略引導(dǎo)詞that的定語從句。句子翻譯 這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端,它使人們認為應(yīng)這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒,要么完全冷漠無情。翻譯技巧it 的所指要明確。leads the discussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個極端”,at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動句譯為主動句,更合乎
35、漢語習(xí)慣。19Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.句子主干Arguing from the view that humans are, extremists of this語法難點有套和從句。逗號前面是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語,作狀語,里面又有一個that從句作the view的同位語,逗號后面的that從
36、句是一個賓語從句。句子翻譯 這類人持極端看法,認為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同,對待動物無須考慮道德問題。翻譯技巧in every relevant respect譯成“各相關(guān)方面”,不要把respect 譯成“尊重”;extremists為極端主義者;let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內(nèi),不關(guān)乎道德”。20When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that shoul
37、d be encouraged rather than laughed at.句子主干When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is .instinct, an instinct that should be語法難點以冒號為界,將全句分成兩個復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里,時間狀語從句when that happens敘述的是前一句to see的情形的出現(xiàn)。That修飾這種行為,主句表明這種行為并不錯。冒號后面的復(fù)合句解釋為什么。這里有一個that從句,作instinct的定語。句子翻譯 這種反應(yīng)并不錯,這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用,這種本能應(yīng)得
38、到鼓勵而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。翻譯技巧將that,it等代詞具體化,使譯文表達明確;reasoning不能譯成“原因”,而應(yīng)譯為“推理,推論”;in action不能譯成“在行動中”,而譯成“在起作用”,action在此是“作用,性能”的意思;翻譯被動語態(tài)時,使用“得到”,“遭到”等,使譯文流暢自然。21The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of d
39、isease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.句子主干The Aswan Dam, stopped the Nile floodingbut語法難點有插入語。for example是個插入結(jié)構(gòu),不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意sothat結(jié)構(gòu),是“如此以至于”的意思。句子翻譯 以阿斯旺大壩為例,它擋住了尼羅河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水沖積的肥沃土壤,換回來的卻是一個病態(tài)的大水庫?,F(xiàn)在水庫積滿泥沙,幾乎不能用于發(fā)電了。翻譯技巧the Nile是尼羅河。All
40、in return意思是“換回來的全部則是”。22The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.句子主干The trouble is thatis due to , and so is not 語法難點有套和從句。the trouble is tha
41、t是表語從句結(jié)構(gòu)。后一個that引導(dǎo)的是修飾rebound的定語從句。句子翻譯 問題在于,近期的增長一定程度上是因為商業(yè)運作周期漲落的結(jié)果,因此還不能得出經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇態(tài)勢這一結(jié)論。翻譯技巧part of the recent acceleration不可譯為“一部分的最近的加速”,而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商業(yè)周期”。23New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall
42、productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.句子主干New ways of workplaceare only one contribution to, which is, and語法難點有插入語。兩個破折號中間的成分為插入結(jié)構(gòu),可以視為括號里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對many
43、other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時候基本可以跳過不看,除非后面有細節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。句子翻譯 組織工作場所的新方法包括機構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)模只是促進某個經(jīng)濟實體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項措施,還有其他許多因素促進生產(chǎn)率的提高,比如對機械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對教育培訓(xùn)投資等。翻譯技巧all that譯為“這一切包括”。overall productivity譯為“綜合生產(chǎn)力水平”。Joint investment譯為“聯(lián)合投資”。Drive譯為“驅(qū)動”。24His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies ha
44、ve applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.句子主干His colleague, says that ,chopping out costs without giving語法難點有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient 分句是非限定性定語從句。修飾的是前一分句的整體意思。without后面要跟現(xiàn)在分詞giving。句子翻譯
45、 他的同時邁克爾比爾說,為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡單機械的方式進行機構(gòu)重組,降低了成本,但卻未能充分考慮長期贏利。翻譯技巧far too many譯為“太多的(比實際需要)”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion應(yīng)譯為“以簡單機械的方式”。chop out譯為“削減”。25A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals
46、 with dogs illegal.【解釋】:句中的人名做插入語,謂語動詞approve所接賓語有一個定語從句修飾,形容詞illegal做the hunting補語。【翻譯】:議會工黨成員,Mike Foster先生正竭力使議會通過一項新的法律,這項新的法律規(guī)定帶著獵狗去捕殺野生動物是違法的。26Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.【解釋】:謂語sa
47、ys 后面是省略了that 的賓語從句;an achievement是對這個賓語從句的補充說明;that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾achievement一詞。【翻譯】:馬丁說自1990年以來,這個數(shù)字可能降得還要低一些,巴西降低人口增長的成就成為很多第三世界國家的羨慕對象。27In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers.【解釋】
48、:這是一個并列句,分句二省略了謂語pattern和賓語play。在修飾這個并列句的狀語In societies中,where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾societies一詞?!痉g】:他們的社會角色在社會中被嚴格地規(guī)定下來,男孩按照父親扮演的角色行事,女孩做母親做過的事情。28Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are p
49、rotected.【解釋】:by which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾means ,該從句中的 such as individual freedom,是對values 的舉例說明,這些舉例說明造成了從句的謂語分隔。【翻譯】:競爭不僅是好事,而且是維護美國人其他一些基本的價值觀念和個人自由、機會平等和勤奮工作等價值觀的手段。29The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient s
50、ystem for teaching themselves to read.【解釋】:that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾conditions和climate,從句中的it是形式賓語,真正的賓語是to devise to read?!痉g】:教學(xué)的作用就是提供各種條件,創(chuàng)造一種氛圍,使得孩子們有可能用最有效的方法自己教育自己閱讀。30It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism i
51、nto those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.【解釋】:本句的真正主語是并列的不定式結(jié)構(gòu):to distinguish和to separate,it是形式主語;兩個that引導(dǎo)兩個并列的定語從句,分別修飾其前的those。【翻譯】:區(qū)別有機物與周圍環(huán)境,以及把作用于有機物上的力分為內(nèi)部的和生物的與外部的和環(huán)境的,這樣做似乎非常容易。31Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily
52、on the assumption(設(shè)想)that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.【解釋】:who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾those;that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾assumption。and on the high cost前面省略了base their。【翻譯】:那些反對建造公寓的人將其主張基于以下設(shè)想:人們更喜歡住帶花園的個人私宅,而且公寓的單元造價很高。32But my own worry today is less that of the
53、 overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of he middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the c
54、lassic act of reading.【解釋】:than后的代詞 it指代worry,前后都是同等結(jié)構(gòu),而problem分別帶了兩個介詞短語decline和unwillingness,句末的非限制性定語從句仍修飾problem。【翻譯】:但我今天擔(dān)憂的不是美國人最基本的認字問題,而是另外一個更奢華的問題,即美國中產(chǎn)階層讀者閱讀藝術(shù)的衰退,他們不愿意給自己留出安靜的空間,呆在家里,花費時間專注地閱讀,這是圍繞著古典閱讀技巧形象的問題。33In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the ani
55、mals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died.【解釋】:本句有兩個并列謂語reexposed和was astonished to;第一個that引導(dǎo)的是find的賓語從句;第二個that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句,修飾mice,請注意這個定語從句造成了賓語從句中的主語mice和謂語died的分隔
56、?!痉g】:為了消除老鼠對甜物的厭惡,Ader又將老鼠暴露在糖精面前,這一次卻沒有給它們注射藥劑,他驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn),在前面的試驗中食入大量甜物的老鼠死掉了。34Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain.【解釋】:students should contribute to是賓語從句;something是對從句的補充說明;that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾something一詞?!痉g】:多數(shù)學(xué)院認為,學(xué)生應(yīng)當交納學(xué)費,這是一樁在世界其他地方很普通,在英國卻標志著一場革命的事情。35Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried.【解釋】:that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾sou
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