第四章英漢翻譯時詞匯的處理

1、第四章 英漢翻譯時詞匯的處理 英漢詞匯的對應(yīng)英語詞匯意義在漢語里的對應(yīng)程度，大致可分為以下幾種情況：（一）英語中有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語中可以找到完全對應(yīng)的詞來表達。這主要是一些已有通用譯名的專用名詞、術(shù)語和日常生活中的一些事物的名稱。如： Marxism=馬克思主義 Aspirin=阿司匹林 The U.S. State Department 美國國務(wù)院 tuberculosis=結(jié)核病（二）英語中有些詞與漢語中有些詞在詞義上只有部分對應(yīng)。它們在意義上概括的范圍有廣狹之分。如：marriage:娶，嫁 gun: 槍，炮brother: 兄，弟 morning: 早晨，上午（三）英語中有些詞

2、所表示的意義，目前在漢語里還找不到最后確定的對應(yīng)詞來表達。這主要是英語中一些新詞，包括專用名詞、術(shù)語以及一些反應(yīng)英美社會特殊風(fēng)氣及事物的詞。Teenager: (13至19歲的青少年)Clockwatcher: (老是看鐘等下班的人)mascon (mass concentration) （表示月球表層下高密度的）物質(zhì)聚集beddo （一種多用途的）床overkill （核彈超過軍事目的的）過度殺傷力（系資產(chǎn)階級渲染核武器威力了用語，現(xiàn)又用來表示宣傳活動等方面不必要的過度行為） plumber （形成于“五角大樓文件”泄密事件后白宮專門設(shè)立的特工機構(gòu)。“plumber”原意“鉛管工”，用以指特

3、工，系借用“鉛管工”堵漏、防漏之義（四）英語中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個意義，分別與漢語中幾個不同的詞或詞組對應(yīng)。多意詞的具體意義，有時不是從本身看得很清楚，而要通過這個詞在不同語境下的多次再現(xiàn)才能確定。如：President: 總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、會長、社長、校長Carry: 搬、運、送、提、拎、挑、擔(dān)、背、扛、摟、抱、端、舉、夾、捧Cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表姐、表弟、表妹詞義的選擇與確定 一般說來，詞義的選擇應(yīng)遵循以下幾個原則：（1）根據(jù)詞類/詞性確定詞義；（2）根據(jù)詞的搭配習(xí)慣確定詞義；（3）根據(jù)詞的使用場合確定詞義。一、根據(jù)詞類/詞性確定詞義有些

4、英語單詞具有幾種不同的詞性，而各種詞性的含義之間也沒有多少聯(lián)系。翻譯時應(yīng)首先確定該詞在句中屬于哪種詞類，語法功能是什么，然后根據(jù)詞性來確定其意義。如：1）Examples help show exactly what a word means. 例證有利于確切地表明一個單詞的含義。2) It is mean to spread gossip about others. 散布有關(guān)他人的流言蜚語是卑鄙的。3) Eight hours is a happy mean between too much sleep and too little. 八小時睡眠正合適，不算太多，也不算太少。4) The d

5、oor must have blown shut. 門肯定是被風(fēng)吹得關(guān)上了。5) The car had been blown to pieces. 那汽車被炸得粉碎。6) They dealt the enemy a deadly blow. 他們給了敵人以致命的打擊。二、根據(jù)詞的搭配習(xí)慣確定詞義英漢兩種語言的搭配習(xí)慣不同，而詞語的搭配意義往往是靈活多變的。漢譯時要對不同的搭配做具體的分析，按漢語的搭配習(xí)慣處理，切不可以不變應(yīng)萬變。以動詞play為例：play a joke開玩笑； play basketball 打籃球； play chess 下棋； play football 踢足球；

6、play the part of Hamlet 扮演哈姆雷特； play the piano 彈鋼琴； play the violin 拉小提琴； play traunt 逃學(xué) 再以形容詞delicate為例：delicate skin 嬌嫩的皮膚delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器delicate upbringing 嬌生慣養(yǎng)delicate living 奢侈的生活delicate health 虛弱的身體delicate stomach 容易吃壞的胃delicate vase 容易碰碎的花瓶delicate diplomatic question 微妙的外交問題delica

7、te difference 講不清楚的差別delicate surgical operation 難做的外科手術(shù)delicate ear for music 對音樂有鑒賞力delicate sense of smell 靈敏的嗅覺delicate touch 生花妙筆delicate food 美味的食物三、根據(jù)詞的使用場合確定詞義 同一個單詞用于不同的學(xué)科、專業(yè)或場合時其意義往往不同，翻譯時一定要根據(jù)原文的主題內(nèi)容、原句的使用場合來對詞義進行分析選擇，才能保證譯句的正確。以develop 一詞為例：The color TV sets developed by our company are

8、of high quality.我們公司研制的彩色電視機質(zhì)量上乘。The aim of this course is to develop the students reading skills. 這門功課的目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀技能。While in high school, I developed an interest in biology. 我上中學(xué)時就對生物學(xué)產(chǎn)生了興趣。再以base一詞為例：The base of the company is in New York, but its branches are all over the world.該公司總部設(shè)在紐約，但它的分公司卻遍

9、布全世界。Our warship returned to the base before dusk.黃昏前我們的戰(zhàn)艦返回了基地。The new invention was regarded as a base of further development.這項新發(fā)明被看做是進一步發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.線段AB是三角形ABC的底邊。5）He is on the second base. 他在二壘。6）As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt. 眾所周知，

10、堿與酸反應(yīng)生成鹽。7) The lathe should be set on a firm base. 車床應(yīng)安裝在堅實的底座上。Practice: 將下列漢語譯文加以改進，使之更符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。(1) We expressed our gratitude for the outstanding and challenging speech of Mr. Smith.我們對史密斯先生杰出而又有挑戰(zhàn)性的演說表示感謝。(2) He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned. 他提出了一些新見解，挑

11、戰(zhàn)有關(guān)人士的興趣。(3) None of them challenge the validity of those resolutions.沒有一個人挑戰(zhàn)那些決議的有效性。(4) Any man who was a man could travel alone.無論是誰，只要是人，就可以單獨旅行。(5) This was the last place the explorers would leave, for it lay riches and natural resources.這是探險家們最后離開的地方，因為那里蘊藏著財富和自然資源。(6) There is a definite lin

12、k between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer. But this doesnt make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.抽煙和心臟病以及肺癌的確有關(guān)系。但這并不能使人們感到太大的不舒服，因為你是在一個好的公司里。(7) From life to death is mans reach.從生到死是人所能達到的。(8) The essence of the mistake was the failure to carry out the principle.錯誤的

13、實質(zhì)在于執(zhí)行該原則的失敗。(9) It is very necessary for you to have a sound sleep.你非常需要熟睡。(10) He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. 他又一次傳授了他淵博的學(xué)識、豐富的經(jīng)驗和無窮的智慧。assignment：Put the following sentences into Chinese.A.1. He was badly wounded in the head. 2. You should use your head a

14、 bit.3. He has a god head for mathematics.4. The dinner cost us five dollars a head.5. Prick with the head of a needle.6. He was standing at the head of the staircase.7. Lets discuss the question under five heads.8. The head of his bed was piled with books.9. Present at the meeting were the heads of

15、 government of the four countries.10. Go and ask the head of our department.11. Heads or tails?12. Where is the head?B.1. This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.2. It is quite another story now.3. Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.4. Hell b

16、e very happy if that story holds up.5. The Rita Hayworth story is one of the saddest.6. What a story! I dont believe a word of it.7. Last December the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.8. The story about him became sma

17、ller and by and by faded out from American TV. 英譯漢的詞語翻譯技巧一、增詞 （amplification）英譯漢的增詞主要是出于漢語表達的考慮，用增詞法譯出原文所省略的詞語，增添必要的連接詞、量詞或復(fù)數(shù)概念，或從修辭連貫方面考慮，使譯文符合漢語習(xí)慣表達法。【譯例】1. We can imagine what a world without water would be like.我們可以想象沒有水的世界是個什么樣子。（增譯名詞）2. The latest type of TVR system is light, inexpensive and e

18、asy to manipulate.這種最新型電視錄像裝置重量輕、價格便宜、操作簡便。（增譯名詞）3. Atomic cells are very small and very light as compared to ordinary dry cells.與普通干電池相比，原子電池的體積非常小，重量非常輕。（增譯名詞）4. All matter is known to possess weight.大家知道，所有物質(zhì)都具有重量。（增譯出行為的發(fā)出者）5. In the past, it was generally believed that the earth was flat.過去人們大都

19、認為地球是平的。（增譯出行為的發(fā)出者）6. Mary hates to be treated as a child. She thinks herself a grown-up.瑪麗討厭別人拿她當(dāng)小孩子看待。她覺得自己長大了。（增譯非謂語動詞的行為發(fā)出者）7. The computers you ordered will be delivered in a day or two.您所訂的那些計算機將于一兩日內(nèi)交貨。（增譯表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞語）8. This report summed up the new achievements made in our economy, culture and e

20、ducation.這份報告總結(jié)了我們在經(jīng)濟、教育和文化三方面所取得的成就。（增譯表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞語）9. Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers.速度快、可靠性強是電子計算機的主要特點。（增譯形容詞）10. The United States of America has been a melting pot ever since its beginning.美國自建國以來一直就是個民族的大熔爐。（增譯形容詞）11. After the football match, the player

21、s all shook hands with each other.足球比賽結(jié)束后，隊員們互相握手。（增譯動詞）12. He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were in a gentle and saintly smile.他看得出，她一生都很有耐心。因此現(xiàn)在，在經(jīng)過多年的忍耐之后，她的嘴邊總是掛著一絲溫柔、圣潔的微笑。（增譯動詞）13. Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.帶上把雨傘，免得下

22、雨挨淋。（增譯量詞）14. We saw two cars running towards us.我們看見有兩輛汽車朝我們駛來。（增譯量詞）15. The fox stopped, looked around and then sneaked into the yard.那狐貍停住腳，向四周望了一下，然后便悄悄地溜進了院子。（增譯量詞）16. Remember that science requires the efforts of a lifetime.要記住，科學(xué)需要人們付出畢生精力。（增譯語氣助詞）17. Be careful in making a chemical experimen

23、t.Contemporary natural sciences are now working for new important breakthrough.做化學(xué)試驗時一定要多加小心。（增譯語氣助詞）18. We can learn what we did not know.我們能學(xué)會我們原來不懂的東西。（增加表示時態(tài)的詞）19. Censorship has been in force since early in World War II.審查制度從第二次世界大戰(zhàn)初期一直實行到現(xiàn)在。（增加表示時態(tài)的詞）20. English prose is elaborate rather than

24、simple. It was not always so.現(xiàn)今英國散文華巧而非簡樸，過去卻并非如此。（增加表示時態(tài)的詞）21. Had there been no computers, there would have been no artificial satellites or rockets.假如沒有計算機的話，便不可能有人造地球衛(wèi)星和火箭。（增加狀語類的詞語）22. Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be cancelled.萬一明天下雨，會議就延期。（增加狀語類的詞語）23. Be the shape of a body comp

25、licated, it is possible to find out its volume.無論物體的形狀多么復(fù)雜，也能夠求出它的體積。（增加狀語類的詞語）24. Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能量，能量也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。（增加原文中省略的詞語）25. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，寫作使人嚴謹。（增加原文中省略的詞語）26. If we perm

26、it our economy to drift and deline, the vulnerable will suffer most.如果我們不采取適當(dāng)措施，任憑經(jīng)濟衰退，最大的受害者將是平民百姓。（增加原文中隱含的內(nèi)容）27. It was Friday and soon theyd go out and get drunk.星期五發(fā)薪日到了，他們馬上就要上街喝個酩酊大醉。（增加與歷史背景或其它情況相關(guān)的詞語）28. See Naples and die.看了那不勒斯奇景，就是死了也甘心。（增加與歷史背景或其它情況相關(guān)的詞語）29. People considered that what

27、he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas Kiss.人們認為他在那種場合所表演的不過是猶大之吻，居心險惡。（增加詞語解釋原文的文化特征或文化背景）30. It is the old story of the stich in time.還是那句老話，及時縫一針，可以省九針。（增加詞語解釋原文的文化特征或文化背景）Practice: Put the following into proper Chinese using amplification.1) In every Chinese city, we got into th

28、e street, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.2) With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!3) It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.4) Either you do it, or we will get somebody who will.5) Yugoslavia is one of the heroic countries, which struggled f

29、or independence.6) They say his father was a fisherman; maybe he was as poor as we are.7) The lion is the king of animals.8) Of visible light, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.9) He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.10) The press trip to Yanan will leave in the near futu

30、re.二、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法（Conversion）在翻譯過程中，由于兩種語言在語法和表達習(xí)慣上的差異，我們有時必須改變原文某些詞語的詞類或句子成分才能有效地傳達出原文的準確意思。漢語是一種動詞顯著的語言，因此英譯漢的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換最重要的一項就是將英語的各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞。此外，詞類轉(zhuǎn)換也包括各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞等操作方法技巧?！咀g例】(1) This article aims at discussing new development in component material and techniques.本文的目的在于討論元件材料和元件技術(shù)的新發(fā)展。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(2) Lets

31、 not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.不要讓羞怯成為我們多姿多彩和成功生活的絆腳石。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(3) After two years of study, they can express themselves in English now.經(jīng)過兩年的學(xué)習(xí)，他們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)能夠用英語表達自己的思想了。（代詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(4) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed although its form can be changed.雖然能量的形

32、式可以轉(zhuǎn)換，但能量既不能被創(chuàng)造，也不能被消滅。（代詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(5) History develops by the replacement of the old by the new.歷史是以新事物代替舊事物而發(fā)展的。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(6) She had a civilizing effect on her younger brother.她的文明舉止對她弟弟產(chǎn)生了影響。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(7) She is physically weak but mentally sound.她身體虛弱但智力健全。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(8) The illlustration shows sche

33、matically an air conditioning unit.該圖解為一臺空調(diào)裝置的簡圖。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）(9) The famers working in the field came to her rescue.正在田里干活的農(nóng)民們來救她了。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(10) The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddedned Mr.s Brown.布朗太太想到丈夫?qū)⑻ど夏锹L而危險的旅途，而在這期間她又不能跟他在一起，心里不禁感到

34、難過。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(11) They seem content to sit in front of the TV all night. 他們似乎樂意在電視機前做一夜。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(12) The doctors were not sure they can save her life.醫(yī)生們不敢肯定能救她的命。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(13) When the speech was over, the audience all applauded. 演講結(jié)束時，全體聽眾一致熱烈鼓掌。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(14) His poor health forced him away from

35、 England. 健康情況不佳迫使他離開英國。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(15) Most people are in favor of reforming the tax law.大多數(shù)人都贊成改革稅法。（介詞或介詞短語轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(16) Papers must be in by Friday. 論文必須于星期五之前交上來。（介詞或介詞短語轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(17) Go to the shops without me, Ill catch you up later. 繼續(xù)逛商店吧，不要等我，我隨后就到。（介詞或介詞短語轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）(18) As a teacher you should be ful

36、l of enthusiasm.作為一名教師，你應(yīng)該十分熱情。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞）(19) Water is a necessity to life. 水對于生命來說是非常必要的。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞）(20) Conductors allow a large number of electrons to move freely. 導(dǎo)體容許大量的電子自由運動。（詞組轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞）(21) The new transmitter is sending out a series of short pulses. 新發(fā)射機正在射出一系列的短脈沖。（詞組轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞）(22) Day and night

37、 they work on their new invention. 他們夜以繼日地從事新發(fā)明的研究工作。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞）(23) Its a certainty that he will win. 他肯定會贏。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞）(24) She hurried through the novel and returned it to the library. 她匆匆看完了那本小說，便還給了圖書館。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞）(25) All the students in her class have succeeded in passing CET Band-4. 她班上的學(xué)生都已成功地通過了大學(xué)

38、英語四級考試。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞）(26) As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will take good care of him. 他對這做城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能好好照顧他。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞）(27) You must have dialed the wrong number. 你一定是撥錯了電話號碼。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞）Practice: Put the following into Chinese using the technique of conversion.1) The teacher told us t

39、o set a high value on our time.2) He had a firm convictin that situation will improve.3) He declared his countrys firm support for the African peoples resistance to foreign aggression troops.4) He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controvers

40、ies.5) His new car made him the envy of every boy in the neighborhood.6) “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch.7) Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.8) The pallor of her face indicated

41、 how she was feeling at the moment.9) This experiment was a success.10) A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.11) Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.三、其它翻譯方法引申法(Extension)英漢翻譯時常常會遇到這樣的問題：一些英語單詞的含義與詞典意義相差甚遠，如果把詞典意義照搬到譯文中，就會使譯文變得晦澀難懂，不僅不能準確表達原文的意思，甚至還會出現(xiàn)誤譯現(xiàn)象。這時就需要從句子的語境或邏輯關(guān)系出

42、發(fā)對這些單詞的意義進行引申，即根據(jù)它們的基本意義來考慮其內(nèi)涵意義、聯(lián)想意義或搭配意義，從而選擇出一個比較恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語詞匯來表達，這樣才能使譯文流暢自然，達到翻譯的基本要求。詞匯意義的引申有兩種情況，一種是將詞義作抽象化引申，另一種是將詞義作具體化引申。無論是哪一種引申，都是為了降低和消除由于語言差異而給譯文帶來的損失，使譯文產(chǎn)生與原文同樣的效果。（一） 單詞意義的引申【譯例】(1) Now you will be better able to appreciate their mastery.這時候你就能夠更深刻地領(lǐng)略大師們駕馭文字的技巧了。(2) China will be the large

43、st economy in the world within 20 years.中國在20年內(nèi)將成為世界上經(jīng)濟最強大的國家。(3) The professor is surveying his work for the finishing touches.教授正在通讀他的作品作最后的潤色。(4) This house is very cheap. There must be a catch somewhere.這座房子非常便宜。這里面一定有蹊蹺。(二) 短語和句子意義的引申(5) When we speak, sound waves began to travel and go in all

44、directions.我們說話時聲波就開始傳送，并向四面八方擴散。(6) Without his knowledge, the matchmakers were at work.在他自己不知道的情況下，媒人們已經(jīng)在為他穿針引線了。(7) I am sorry to say that I have never learned how to read and write.我狠遺憾地說我目不識丁。(8) He is wide-awake and knows what oclock it is.他是個機靈人，什么都知道。省略法(Omission) 一般來說，漢語較英語簡練。根據(jù)漢語的表達的需要，英語原

45、句中的一些可有可無、不符合譯文表達習(xí)慣的詞語可以省去，如實詞中的代詞、動詞以及虛詞中的冠詞、介詞、連詞等。當(dāng)然，省略要特別慎重，必須以忠實原文為前提，切不可草率地隨意刪減?！咀g例】(1) When the bell rang, the lights were turned off and all was silent.鈴一響燈就熄了，四周一片靜寂。(2) Because a new car was expensive, we bought a used one.買新車很貴，我們只好買了一輛舊的。(3) You are not allowed to smoke a cigarette in pu

46、blic places.公共場所嚴禁吸煙。(4) Your hands should be washed clean before you have your meals.飯前應(yīng)該把手洗干凈。(5) When heated, gases act in exactly the same way as liquid acts.氣體受熱時所發(fā)生的變化與液體完全相同。(6) After hearing his remarks, she just uttered a short laugh.聽到他的評論之后，她只是笑了一聲。(7) Rumors had already spread along the

47、streets and lanes.各種流言蜚語早就傳遍了大街小巷。(8) The moon was shining brightly in the sky.明月當(dāng)空。(9) There is a rapidly increasing range of users for oil products.石油產(chǎn)品的應(yīng)用范圍越來越大。(10) It takes a lot of power to make an airplane travel faster.使飛機超音速飛行需要大量的能。(11) He found it impossible to arrive there before dark. 他

48、發(fā)現(xiàn)天黑之前到達那里已不可能。(12) The change of the earth is slow, but, nevertheless, it is continuous. 地球的變化很緩慢，但這一變化卻是連續(xù)不斷的。(13) Except for the fact that he drank too much, he was rude to everybody present. 他除了喝酒太多之外，還對在場的每個人都很粗魯。Practice: Put the following into proper Chinese.1) Dust has a very important part

49、to play in the work of nature.2) He had a bitter hatred of waste, litte and rubbish.3) The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential.4) Try making one acquaintance at a time; eventually you will circulate in large groups with skill and self-assurance.5) H

50、e showered her with kindness and words of praise until she consented to be his wife.6) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.7) The moon was slowly rising above the sea.8) Smoking is prohibited in public places.9) When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.

51、10) Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs.【譯例評析】將下列漢語譯文加以改進，使之更符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。(1) A flunt speaker never lacks a word but an accurate speaker never lacks the word.一個講話流利的人從不缺少一個詞，但一個講話精確的人從不缺少那個詞。(2) He took the chair at the board of directors.他在公司的董事會上做過那張椅子。(3) The question became w

52、hether man could control the disease he had invented.因此，問題就成了人們能否控制住他們自己造出來的這種疾病。(4) The search went on in Europe, in the Americas, in Java, in China, in Malta.研究工作繼續(xù)在歐洲、美國、爪哇、中國、馬耳他進行。(5) No war has ever started with such a victory for one side at the very beginning of the hostilities.從未有一場戰(zhàn)爭在剛開始時有

53、敵對狀態(tài)的一方就取得了如此重大的勝利。(6) A successful scientist applies persistent and logical thought to the observations he makes.凡是有成就的科學(xué)家總是對觀察進行持續(xù)不斷的和合乎邏輯的思考。(7) As a result of those exonomies, many of our most important new projects in other fields became possible.由于這些經(jīng)濟，我們在其他方面的許多最重要的新工程才得以實施。(8) You are a good singer.你是一位很好的歌唱家。(9) Lincoln was a good speaker and student of plitical philosopher.林肯是一位杰出的演說家，又是一個政治哲學(xué)系的學(xué)生。(10) We have 365 days in a year.我們一年有三百六十五天。(11) We have shortcomings as well as good points.我們都有優(yōu)點也有缺點。(12) There is always some water in t