手把手教你攻克GRE長閱讀

1、手把手教你攻克gre長閱讀 深入熟悉閱讀*的內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯關(guān)系,攻克gre長閱讀我們一起看看吧，下面就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。深入熟悉閱讀*的內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯關(guān)系,攻克gre長閱讀自從20xx年8月gre改革取消了類反題目，增加閱讀部分的比例(占verbal題目總數(shù)的50%)后，gre閱讀部分的重要性可想而知。但是，gre閱讀，特別是文學(xué)、社會科學(xué)等*類型一直以來都是廣大中國考生最頭痛的，也是最難提高的部分。于是，經(jīng)過多次考試實戰(zhàn)和多年閱讀*的研究，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)在gre閱讀的*里，還是有一些廣大考生所不熟悉的“規(guī)律”。因此，在*里，筆者將嘗試去解開gre閱讀中最讓考生頭痛的“閱讀規(guī)律”-邏輯、

2、結(jié)構(gòu)以及*的同一概念的同義替換-希望可以幫助廣大考生快速提高閱讀分數(shù)和閱讀能力。官方真題例3.1：建議考生先自己閱讀下面的*，閱讀完后再看后面我們給出的分析。notable as important nineteenth-centurynovels by women, mary shelleys frankenstein and emily brontes wutheringheights treat women very differently. shelley produced a “masculine” text inwhich the fates of subordinate fema

3、le characters seem entirely dependent on theactions of male heroes or anti-heroes. bronte produced a more realisticnarrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparentlyhigh-spirited, independent women. nevertheless, these two novels are alike inseveral crucial ways. many reader

4、s are convinced that the compelling mysteriesof each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, thoughshadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, thoughefforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated muchcontroversy. both novelists use a st

5、orytelling method that emphasizes ironicdisjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well asironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama andconcealed authorial intention, a method i call an evidentiary narrativetechnique.分析：notableas important nineteenth

6、-century novels by women, mary shelleys frankensteinand emily brontes wuthering heights treat women very differently. shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates ofsubordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of maleheroes or anti-heroes. bronte produced a more rea

7、listic narrative, portraying aworld where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independentwomen. nevertheless, these twonovels are alikein several crucial ways. many readers are convinced that the compellingmysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce,

8、though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions,though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated muchcontroversy. both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironicdisjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well

9、 as ironictensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealedauthorial intention, a method i call an evidentiary narrative technique.首先，該篇*的主題句分別為第1句和第4句。從結(jié)構(gòu)的角度而言，第1層結(jié)構(gòu)為*提到的2個作者在各自的作品中對待女性的不同點。接著用2個句子分別來具體描寫它們的不同之處。第2層結(jié)構(gòu)為*提到的2個作者在各自的作品中對待女性的相同點。接著還是用2個句子分別來具體描寫它們的相同之處。從邏輯的角度

10、而言，differently為對比邏輯關(guān)系里的不同邏輯。alike為對比邏輯關(guān)系里的相同邏輯。nevertheless,為轉(zhuǎn)折(也即是廣義的相反)邏輯。需要提醒的是，考生要注意到nevertheless轉(zhuǎn)折的并非是其最前面的那一句，而是該篇*的第1層邏輯的不同點，也就是第一句。筆者這樣說只是想時刻提醒讀者，閱讀的精髓本質(zhì)并非是簡單地對原文的中文翻譯，而是看到句子與句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系和聯(lián)系、*的主旨與細節(jié)。下面一起來題目：例題：theprimary purpose of the passage is toa. defend acontroversial interpretation of tw

11、o novelsb. explainthe source of widely recognized responses to two novelsc. delineatebroad differences between two novelsdpareand contrast two novelse. criticizeand evaluate two novels解析：該題很明顯為主旨題目。直接從剛才我們對*的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯分析不難得出，該篇*主要的邏輯是對比邏輯。因此考生在看選項的時候，切記要先看動詞。很快我們可以得出答案為d選項。例題2：accordingthe passage, frank

12、enstein differs from wuthering heights in itsa use of multiple narratorsb method of disguising theauthors real purposesc portrayal of men asdeterminers of the novels actiond creation of a realistic storye controversial effect onreaders解析：該題為細節(jié)中的不同邏輯關(guān)系的題目。具體而言就是問frankenstein 和 wutheringheights這2本小說不同

13、之處在于frankenstein(題目用代詞its表示)的什么?？忌@時候應(yīng)該思考一下，該題的答案應(yīng)該定位到原文哪一層結(jié)構(gòu)?沒錯，就在第1層。因為只有第1層才說的是不同之處。而題目更加詳細地問我們是frankenstein這本小說怎樣。于是回到原文對應(yīng)的地方：“shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates ofsubordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of maleheroes or anti-heroes.”我們不難得出，該句的大意是

14、在說：frankenstein這本小說描寫的是女性角色的命運完全依賴于男性的行為。從邏輯關(guān)系的角度而言，就是女性角色和男性角色的行為的邏輯關(guān)系。那么答案也必然是對該邏輯關(guān)系的同義替換。所以答案不難得出是c選項。有意思的是，原文的表達是：女性角色的命運完全依賴男性的行為;而正確答案的表達為：男性決定女性角色。由于篇幅的關(guān)系，更全面的邏輯關(guān)系和原文對正確選項的替換類型，我們會在課堂上或者后面出版的閱讀書籍中詳細闡述。官方真題例3.2：建議考生先自己閱讀下面的*，閱讀完后再看后面我們給出的分析。although scientists observe that anorganisms behavior

15、 falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how thesepatterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. oneexperimenter, brown, brought oysters from connecticut waters to illinoiswaters. she noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when itwas high

16、tide in connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms hadadapted to the tide schedule in illinois. although she could not posit anunequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possibleexogenous inf

17、luences (those outside the organism) on the oysters rhythms. anotherexperimenter, hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from californiamaintain their original rhythms even at the south pole. he concluded thatendogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organismsrhythmic be

18、havior解析：although scientists observe that an organisms behaviorfalls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns areaffected when the organism is transported to a new environment.one experimenter, brown, brought oysters from connecticut waters to illinoiswaters. she noted that the

19、 oysters initially opened their shells widest when itwas high tide in connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms hadadapted to the tide schedule in illinois. although she could not posit anunequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,brown concluded that a c

20、hange in tide schedule is one of several possibleexogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters rhythms.another experimenter,hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from california maintain theiroriginal rhythms even at the south pole. he concluded that endogenousinfluences (thos

21、e inside the organism) seem to affect an organisms rhythmicbehavior該篇*的主旨為第1句。由第1句中的disagree一詞可以預(yù)判*后面應(yīng)該會出現(xiàn)關(guān)于disagree后面的部分的內(nèi)容的不同的觀點。*的結(jié)構(gòu)于是不難得出可以分為2層。第1層即是第一句，為該篇*主題句。第2層中分為2小點。第1點為one部分的內(nèi)容，也即是brown的實驗的具體內(nèi)容和發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果以及結(jié)論。第2點為hamner的具體的實驗的內(nèi)容和結(jié)論。需要提醒考生的是，*中主題和細節(jié)的重復(fù)的部分。也就是當考生看完主旨句的時候，就應(yīng)該意識到，scientists, organ

22、isms behavior, environment都是抽象詞，*后面會不斷具體重復(fù)這幾個主題抽象詞。例如：scientists=brown+ hamnerorganism= oysters+ hamstersenvironment= connecticut+ illinois+ californiabehavior= opened their shells widest + adapted to +maintain their original rhythms官方真題例3.3：a marxist sociologist has argued thatracism stems from the

23、 class struggle that is unique to the capitalistsystemthat racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means ofcontrolling workers. his thesis works relatively well when applied to discriminationagainst blacks in the united states, but his definition of racial prejudice as“racially-based negat

24、ive prejudgments against a group generally accepted as arace in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as alsoincluding hostility toward such ethnic groups as the chinese in california andthe jews in medieval europe. however, since prejudice against these latterpeoples was not i

25、nspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonismswere not really based on race. he disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) ofboth the intolerance faced by jews before the rise of capitalism and the earlytwentieth-century discrimination against oriental people in california, which,inconv

26、eniently, was instigated by workers.分析：a marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist systemthat racial prejudice is generated by capitalistsas a means of controlling workers. his thesis worksrelatively well when applied to discrimination

27、againstblacks inthe united states, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgmentsagainst agroup generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostilitytoward suchethnic groups as the chinese in californi

28、a and the jews in medieval europe.however, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists,he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really basedon race. he disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerancefaced by jews before the rise of capitalisman

29、d the early twentieth-century discriminationagainst oriental people incalifornia, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.上面的不同的顏色或者符號標記，代表該gre*中大量的-同義替換。如下：1, racismracialprejudicediscriminationracial prejudiceracially-based negativeprejudgments-hostilityantagonismsintolerance-discriminati

30、on2， stemsform-generated by-inspired by -based oninstigated by -provoked by3, capitalist system- capitalists- capitalism4, a marxist sociologist- his- he5, class struggle-a means of controlling workers6,againsttowardagainst.(很多很多的against)7， chinese- oriental people那么大家思考過沒有，*在后面展開過程中，為啥不斷地同義替換那幾個詞?也

31、就是大家如果在看*第一句：a marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class strugglethat is unique to the capitalist systemthat racial prejudice is generated bycapitalists as a means of controlling workers.的時候，應(yīng)該想到什么?其實，如果對gre閱讀熟悉的話，就應(yīng)該清楚，很多*的寫作意圖是反駁別人的觀點。那么我們思考一下，后面作者會怎么反駁那個馬克思學(xué)家?對，應(yīng)該是從如下兩點：1、在某

32、某情況下，也存在racism,可是不是由于classstruggle.2、在某某情況下，也存在racism,可是那時候，還沒有capitalistsystem.也就是我們在后文的不斷的反駁中，不得不去重復(fù)這幾個概念：偏見、來自于、資本主義第一點反駁：在某某情況下，你得說也存在這種偏見。第二點反駁：同樣，你也得說，在某某情況下，也存在偏見，可是那時候還沒有資本主義。試想一下，如果我們在看*的時候，在腦海里，把剛才那些所有的同義替換的單詞，都理解為同一個概念，或者說idea，那么我們看*的時候，就可以把前面看到的概念和后面看到的“聯(lián)系”起來。這樣，就不會像大多數(shù)的中國考生那樣，看到后面的intol

33、erance, antagonisms 的時候，就開始絞盡腦汁地回想那些單詞的中文意思。那么，大家再思考一下，如果我們能夠有這種“deliberate oversimplification”-在看*的時候，有意的把那些相同的概念的單詞聯(lián)系起來，腦海里出現(xiàn)同一個“概念”，而不是每個單詞的對應(yīng)的中文翻譯。那么，看起*來，就夠快，而且，最重要的是，你可以把整篇*串起來!這樣，在考場上看*的時候，才可以在規(guī)定的時間里，看完*并且做完題目。以上所探討的問題，也是考生在備考的時候，應(yīng)該注意到并且熟悉的一點。小結(jié)：從上面筆者對閱讀*的分析，讀者不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，真正對閱讀*的理解遠遠不是簡單的翻譯即可，而是要深入熟

34、悉閱讀*的內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯關(guān)系。備考的時候，只要考生對gre閱讀*的結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系以及出題規(guī)律的無比熟悉，而并非簡單的記憶詞匯和進行題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)，那么對的閱讀的攻破也將唾手可得。gre考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)題1.in bassaria a group of that countrys most senior judges has criticized the uniform mandatory sentences recently introduced for certain specific crimes.the judges argue that such sentences， by deprivi

35、ng them of all discretion in setting sentences， make it impos-sible for them to consider either aggravating or exten-uating circumstances and so make it impossible to achieve true justicethe fitting of the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the particular crime.which of the following， if t

36、rue， provides the strongest evidence for the claim that in bassaria the newly introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a change for the worse with respect to achieving true justice as defined in the argument?(a)before mandatory sentencing， judges in eastern bassaria imposed strikingly diff

37、erent sentences from those in western bassaria for equally grave instances of the same kind of offense.(b)in bassaria the frequency of crimes that have been made subject to mandatory sentences is lower now than it was just prior to the intro-duction of mandatory sentencing.(c)the law introducing man

38、datory sentences was passed in the legislature of bassaria by a large majority and is unlikely to be repealed in the foreseeable future.(d)there used to be a wide difference between the minimum and the maximum sentences allowed by law in cases of crimes now subject to man-datory sentences.(e)in bass

39、aria judges are appointed for life and are thus not easily influenced by political pressure groups.2.each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.assuming there is

40、no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate，using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections.which of the following most precisely cha

41、racterizes the reasoning in the argument?(a)the reasoning is conclusive， that is， the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.(b)the reasoning is strong but not conclusive， if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true， they provide good grounds

42、 for that conclu-sion， though it is possible that additional infor-mation might weaken the argument.(c)the reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion， though relevant to it，by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.(d)the reasoning is flawed in t

43、hat the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.(e)the reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.3.

44、 in recent years， there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike， a predatory bird that inhabits flat land， such as farms and pastures. some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new， more effective pesticides to control the insect species on w

45、hich shrikes prey.the answer to which of the following questions is not relevant to evaluating the ornithologists hypothesis?(a) was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?(b) have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new p

46、esticides have not been used?(c) have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?(d) are insects that have consumed the new pesti-cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects

47、 that consumed the less effective pesticides?(e) are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environment than the old pesticides were considered to be?參考答案：aaegre考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)題1.it has long been thought that high levels of the hor-mone testosterone contribute to the onset o

48、f heart disease in men.however， this view cannot be correct，since men who have heart disease typically show significantly lower levels of testosterone than do men who have not had heart disease.the argument above assumes which of the following?(a)many men who have never had heart disease have unusua

49、lly low levels of testosterone.(b)having heart disease does not significantly lower the level of testosterone in men.(c)levels of hormones other than testosterone significantly affect the likelihood that a man will develop heart disease.(d)heart disease and lowered testosterone levels in men are the

50、 effects of a single common cause.(e)high levels of testosterone have never been thought to contribute to a serious disease other than heart disease.2.people who engage in scuba diving are healthier， on average， than people who do not engage in this activity.therefore， scuba diving tends to promote improved health.the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the