A Tentative Analysis of Chinglish淺析中式英語

1、本科畢業(yè)論文（設計）開題報告二六年二月太原師范學院課題名稱: 淺析中式英語 系 別: 外 語 系 專 業(yè): 英 語 教 育 年 級: 二二級 指導教師: 學生姓名: 一：綜述本課題國內外研究動態(tài)，說明選題的依據(jù)和意義 as the society develops, english has become a necessary tool in todays competitive world. therefore, more and more people are being engaged in english learning. however, excellent as the chin

2、ese learners are in the aspect of vocabulary and grammar, which, to some extent, are even beyond the native speakers capacity, they are still confronted with quite a few problems when they are talking with native speakers or writing in english due to the “new language” they usechinglish, an excresce

3、nce of standard english. interesting still, there is such existent word as “chinglish” in a lot of published dictionaries, however, it seems that this word is well-known between both chinese learners of english and native english speakers. therefore, it is necessary to carry out a study about this s

4、ubject, because for one thing, this subject is not well studied abroad due to its region-specific; for another thing, chinese learners of english are not sensitive enough to this kind of mistake that is troubling them since they pick up the english study. therefore, it is quite necessary and importa

5、nt to write such a paper that english learners could raise their awareness of “chinglish” both in speaking and writing so that it would be a lot easier to correct their mistakes of chinglish in their language studies. 二：研究的基本問題，擬解決的主要問題。 this paper tries to raise the chinese learners awareness of co

6、nquering chinglish, discusses chinglish in terms of definition, makes a tentative probe into different types of chinglish on various levels, and puts forward some possible solutions in the end.三：研究步驟，方法及措施。procedures: a. collect materials according to the selected subject from the library and the in

7、ternet.b. read these materials carefully and study the related theories.c. draw up the thesis.d. draw up the outline.e. write the research paper, referring to the opinions from the collected materials.methods and measures:a. collect the mistakes of chinglish from every accessible source.b. analyze t

8、hem and sort them out.c. connect the mistakes with the theories i have studied.d. analyze the mistakes from a theoretical view.四：研究工作進度： mar. 14thmar. 31st, collect materials and pick out a topicapr. 5thapr. 20th, write an outlineapr. 25thmay 5th, write the first draftmay 20th, finish the second dra

9、ftbefore may 30th, finish the third draft 五：主要參考文獻：he mingzhu, how to write in the english way, 株洲教育學院學報（綜合版）， 1996年第一期joan pinkham，姜桂華，中式英語之鑒，外語教學與研究出版社，1998.12ron scollon&suzanne wong scollon，跨文化交際：語篇分析法，外研社、布萊韋爾出版社陳文存，簡析 “chinglish” ，四川師范學院學報（哲學社會科學版），1999.7陳亞平，復述：高質量口語表達的理想途徑， 北外英語學院學術論文集外研社，200

10、5何燕芳，英語寫作與“chinglish”， 廣西大學學報 第二十一卷增刊， 1999胡壯麟主編，語言學教程修訂版，北京大學出版社，2001.7六：教研室評議意見 教研室主任 年月日七：系領導審核意見： 1通過 2完善后通過 3未通過 負責人： 年月日 a tentative analysis of chinglish name: number: instructor: major: english specialty: cross-culture department: foreign languages departmentmay 30, 2006 a tentative analysis

11、 of chinglishoutlinethesis statement: this paper tries to probe into the definition, causes, mistakes on various levels of chinglish-an excrescence of standard english due to the influence of native chinese and finally, it comes up with some possible suggestions. introduction. tentative definition o

12、f chinglish causes of chinglish a. chinese peoples psychology b. speech production c. culture factors 1. definition of culture 2. ways of culture influencea. ignorance of culture-loaded wordsb. ignorance of idiomatic expressionsc. ignorance of customs in culture various mistakes of chinglisha. ching

13、lish on phonetic level1.confusion between voiced consonants and voiceless consonants2. addition of schwa after single consonant3. failures to pronounce some phonetic symbols with no equivalence in pinyinb. chinglish on vocabulary level1. unnecessary worda. unnecessary nounsb. unnecessary verbs(1) un

14、necessary verb + noun(2) unnecessary verb + unnecessary noun + third wordc. unnecessary modifiers(1) obvious redundancies(2) adverbs of time2. wrong collocationc. chinglish on syntactic leveld. chinglish on cross-cultural discourse level1. ignorance of different discourse strategy2. ignorance of cus

15、toms measures to avoid chinglisha) imitationb) referring to dictionariesc) immediate retelling d) culture instruction in english class conclusiona tentative analysis of chinglish (foreign languages department, taiyuan normal university, taiyuan，030012, china)abstract: as the advancement of globaliza

16、tion, english is becoming more and more popular around the world especially in china. however, due to the inevitable influence of the mother tongue, chinglshnonnative english existing in peoples speech and writing, is troubling chinese learners of english in various ways. for the purpose of helping

17、raising peoples awareness of conquering chinglish, this paper discusses chinglish in terms of definition, makes a probe into different types of chinglish on various levels, and puts forward some possible solutions. key words: chinglish, cause, mistake淺析中式英語 摘要：隨著全球化的到來，英語作為一門外語變得炙手可熱起來。在全球范圍特別是在中國掀起

18、了一個英語學習的狂潮。但由于受到本族語漢語的影響，學習者在學習或著使用英語的過程當中都不同程度地受到了一種不規(guī)范英語“中式英語”的干擾。為了幫助語言學習者克服“中式英語”，本文探討了中式英語的定義，嘗試著剖析產(chǎn)生中式英語的原因及其表現(xiàn)，提出了較實用的解決方案。關鍵詞：中式英語，成因，表現(xiàn)huang pengxiangenglish 2002051135prof. sun lei may 30th, 2006a tentative analysis of chinglish introductionas society develops, english has become a necessa

19、ry tool in todays competitive world. therefore, more and more people are being engaged in english learning. however, with an impressive command of english vocabulary and good mastery of grammar as well as phonetics, which, to some extent, are even beyond the native speakers capacity, they are confro

20、nted with quite a few problems when they are talking with native speakers or writing in english. they usually make the foreigners confused by their speech or writing. no matter how they rephrase or paraphrase, the native speakers action will remain the samethey either shrug or shake their heads. fin

21、ally both of them have to end embarrassingly. what had happened to the chinese speakers? why the language they use sounds alien to the foreigners? to retrace the cause, i find that most of the chinese learners mistakes are not made due to their lack of grammar or vocabulary knowledge but a “new” lan

22、guage they usechinglish, an excrescence of standard english. in order to make the english learners become more efficient in conveying their points of view both in speech and writing without being affected by chinglish, i write this thesis paper tries to probe into its cause, mistakes of various leve

23、ls and finally, i will come up with some possible suggestions. tentative definition of chinglish before we get about our task, it is quite necessary to know what chinglish really is. actually, there is no such existent word as “chinglish” in a lot of published dictionaries. however, surprisingly eno

24、ugh, it is well known between both chinese learners of english and native english speakers. thus there is a justified demand for a proper definition of this word. to be more authoritative, in the following, i will provide some authorities definitions in the first place.according to mrs. joan pinkham

25、 (1998), an experienced american translator and an expert in this field, defines chinglish in this way:chinglish, of course, is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither english nor chinese but that might be described as “english with chinese characters”. while professor deng yanchang (1988) d

26、escribes “chinglish” as “speech or writing in english that shows the interference of chinese. some sentences may be little or more than word-for-word translation of chinese expressions. chinglish might be grammatically correct, but the choice of words or phrases and expressions do not conform to sta

27、ndard english. although understanding might not be the problem, chinglish is unacceptable.”though being defined by different authorities and in different ways, we can still find some similarities between them. firstly, all of the definitions state that chinglish refers to the language that is influe

28、nced by chinese peoples mother tongue. secondly, although chinglish might be understood in some certain way, it is unacceptable in standard language use.in addition, it seems that scholars pay more attention to chinese learners speech and writing when they are doing the research. however, in my humb

29、le opinion, chinglish may also loosely refer to chinese-dominated accent spoken by speakers of english in china, though this idea may not be widely in acceptance or may only be gaining acceptance. therefore, i try to provide my tentative definition on chinglish from a comprehensive angle:chinglish,

30、a portmanteau word derived from the word “chinese” and “english”, refers to any poor, broken or chinese-modified english uttered or written by native chinese learners as well as a small number of foreigners who are influenced by chinese. it is an awkward mixture in which ideas conceived in chinese a

31、re ungrammatically or unidiomatically expressed in english. causes of chinglishchinglish is not a personal problem; instead, it is an abnormal linguistic phenomenon taking place among a vast majority of people. thus it is quite natural that we take for granted that chinglish is caused by peoples nat

32、ionality, namely, we are inborn chinese and english serves us as a totally foreign language. so it is a self-evident rule that a native chinese cannot speak or write natively just as foreigners do when they are learning chinese. to some extent, honestly speaking, this point of view is acceptable. ho

33、wever, looking deeper, we can find some other causes that make chinglish get the upper hand easily. a. chinese peoples psychologyduring the long course of history, chinese nation earns a high repetition of “inward grace”, which, in some way, can be substituted for another word“modesty” or “shyness”.

34、 such state of mind goes through nearly every way chinese people behave. despite its other effects, i mainly focus on this effect on chinese peoples performance in english study. foreigners who go traveling or teach in china often find it a bit difficult to talk with chinese people in english. the f

35、irst problem they met with is that chinese people have fears to talk in english no matter who they aremiddle school students or college students and how excellent their written english is. strange still, when the foreign teachers read their students essays, they were surprised at their english writi

36、ng ability; however, when they were talking with them, they found their oral english did not match with their writing skills. on most of the cases, chinese learners of english usually act as attentive listeners instead of eloquent speakers. why it is so? that is because of their “modesty” written in

37、 their genes that make them afraid to open their lips to speak.chinese learners shyness, in my opinion, also influences the quality of their pronunciation when they speak english. compared with english phonetic symbols system, chinese pinyin, phonetic system for transcribing chinese character, seems

38、 more “modest” than the former. in other words, english phonetic symbols, especially the vowels, are more open or exaggerating in articulation than they do in chinese pinyin. for example, when some chinese students pronounce the phonetic symbol / a / as in “apple”, “bank”, they will turn it into / z

39、 / unconsciously. thus “apple”, “bank” have to be degraded into “epple”, “benk” that find no existence in dictionary. it is interesting to ask chinese students to pronounce these minimal pairs such as “pan” and “pen”, “man” and “men”. this phenomenon will become more obvious if the word occurs in a

40、sentence level, which will lead chinese students to commit mistakes. no wonder some foreigners make fun of chinese learners by stating that they cannot borrow a pan in abroad. instead a cooking pan, the only cook they get will be a pen. tracing the causes, we may find that there is no such sound as

41、/ a / in chinese pinyin and also the “modesty” plays so that the chinese learners are not used to speaking in a comparatively exaggerated way as english speakers do. they fail to pronounce it correctly especially in sentence level. for more details, i will discuss it in part .b. speech production sp

42、eech production is very definitely a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information, and so on. at a theoretical level, a promising start has been made by garrett (1976; 1984). he argued that producing speech is a much

43、more complex matter than it might appear to be from our everyday experience. according to his model, there are altogether five different levels of representation involved in speaking a sentence, and they occur in the following sequence:step 1 the message-level representation: this is an abstract, pr

44、e-linguistic representation of the idea or ideas that the speaker wants to communicate.step 2 the functional-level representation: this is an outline of the proposed utterance having grammatical structure; in other words, the slots for nouns, adjectives, and so on are allocated, but there are no act

45、ual words to fill the slots.step3 the positional-level representation: this differs from the functional level representation in that it indicates some of the necessary information about the ways in which words in the intended sentence are pronounced.step 4 the phonetic-level representation: this ind

46、icates some of the necessary information about the ways in which words in the intended sentence are pronounced.step 5 the articulating-level representation: this is the final representation, and contains a set of instructions for articulating the words in the sentence in the correct order. for sake

47、of simplification, we can generalize the theory and conclude that there are three levels of speech productionidea level (step 1), syntactic level (steps 2-3) and sound level (steps 4-5). on idea-level, people conceive the idea or concept they want to express and decide its sense and its content. in

48、garretts words, to find an abstract, pre-linguistic representation of the idea; while at syntactic level, people begin to construct the syntactic framework (slots) of idea. then they will allocate exact words of semantic feature such as adjectives, nouns and so on and put them into the pre-set frame

49、work in the previous stage. then they come to the last stage of the speech productionsound level, the speaker transfer the sentence matter into audible expressions so as to achieve the purpose of communication. this process of speech production can be illustrated in the following diagram: sentence m

50、atter soundsidea step 1 steps 2-3 steps 4-5 for english speakers, the most important part in speech production lies in the top levelidea level. therefore, they focus a large share of their attention on this level. as for the rest levels, they con accomplish them in an automatic way. as for the chine

51、se speakers of english, they have to contribute their limited energy to every level, which, undoubtedly, is a waste of time in conversation. they do not have cut-and-dried framework in control, thus they have to distribute their attention in the lower two levels, which result in ineloquence and inac

52、curacy. in this process, chinglish occurs. level 1level 1level 2level 2level 3level 3 native speakers speech production chinese peoples speech production as the diagram shows, chinese learners of english spend more time in the speech production, (symbolized by the area the picture accounts for, the

53、more area it accounts for, the more time spent). when a chinese have a conversation with a foreigner in english, in order to compensate the additional time they spent, they either speak slowly to make secure the transformation of ideas or speak quickly accompanied by unnatural stops and mistakes, th

54、e latter of which can lead to chinglish.c. culture factors1. what is culture? as we all know, different nation has different culture. chinese culture and english culture are no exception. language, as a necessary part of culture, has it deep roots in it. before we talk about the culture factors in chinglish making, we should make clear in our mind what culture is. culture refers to the ideas, beliefs, and customs that are shared and accepted in a society. (longman dictionary of contemporary english 2001)culture refers to the customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a