英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文淺析英國革命的宗教原因

1、 an analysis of the religious cause of the english revolutionby a thesis presented to the school of english studies ofxian international studies universityin partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofbachelor of artsmay 18, 2012class: 2008-21 advisor: 西安外國語大學畢 業(yè) 論 文 開 題 報 告姓名性別男班級2008-

2、21學號0801012126論文題目：an analysis of the religious cause of the english revolution淺析英國革命的宗教原因任務起止日期: 2011 年8 月29 日 至 2012 年 5月18日論文主要內(nèi)容：在16世紀的英國爆發(fā)了一場宗教改革，由于它的不徹底性導致了一場廣泛的清教運動，這場運動愈演愈烈，最終導致了英國革命的爆發(fā)。長期的研究表明：宗教問題是引發(fā)英國革命的重要原因之一。宗教問題首先源于英國宗教改革的不徹底性，這是宗教問題的根源。宗教問題還體現(xiàn)在國教會的深層次問題上，這些因素構(gòu)成了影響宗教發(fā)展的潛在危機。在查理一世和勞德的宗教

3、高壓政策下，復雜的宗教問題迅速深化。至 17世紀30 年代末，宗教危機逐漸政治化，政治也逐漸清教化。在蘇格蘭宗教革命的沖擊下，英國革命終于爆發(fā)。英國革命是一場政治革命，同時也是由深刻、復雜的宗教問題引發(fā)的宗教革命。參考文獻：collinson, patrick, english puritanism. london: the historicalassociation, 1983. hill, christopher, the english revolution 1640: an essay. london: lawrence & wishart, 1966. stone, lawrence

4、, the causes of the english revolution. london: routledge, 1986. 柴惠庭：英國清教，上海：中國上?？茖W院出版社，1994 年版。 錢乘旦、許潔明：英國通史，上海：中國上?？茖W院出版社，2002 年版。 指導教師 (簽名)年 月 日淺析英國革命的宗教原因摘要：英國革命是英國歷史上的重大事件，它對英國的歷史發(fā)展進程產(chǎn)生了重大影響。 探討宗教與英國革命爆發(fā)之間的關(guān)系這一問題一直為西方史學界所關(guān)注。長期的研究表明：宗教問題是引發(fā)英國革命的重要原因之一。宗教問題首先源于英國宗教改革的不徹底性，這是宗教問題的根源。宗教問題還體現(xiàn)在國教會的深層

5、次問題上，這些因素構(gòu)成了影響宗教發(fā)展的潛在危機。在查理一世和勞德的宗教高壓政策下，復雜的宗教問題迅速深化。至 17 世界 30 年代末，宗教危機逐漸政治化，政治也逐漸清教化。在蘇格蘭宗教革命的沖擊下，英國革命終于爆發(fā)。英國革命是一場政治革命，同時也是由深刻、復雜的宗教問題引發(fā)的宗教革命。 關(guān)鍵詞：英國革命;安立甘宗國教;清教;勞德;查理一世 an analysis of the religional cause of the english revolutionabstract：the english revolution was a major event in the history of

6、 england, which made an important influence on the development of english history. the research concentrating on the relationships between the religious problems and the break out of the english revolution attracts many historians relevant researches. the longterm achievements in this field show tha

7、t the religious problem is one of the complex origins of the revolution. the religious problems derived from the english reformation, which reserved many religious traditions，and this moderate reformation left england the roots of religious problems. moreover, it is the anglican churchs deep-rooted

8、problems that attributed the potential religious crises. under the high pressure religious policies conducted by king charles i and archbishop laud, the religious problems deepened and incurred new crises. in the late 30s of the seventeenth century, the religious problems were politicized and the po

9、litical affaires were puritanized. infused by the scottish religious revolution, the english revolution triggered. it is obvious that the english revolution is a political revolution, and meanwhile a religious revolution precipitated by the profound and complex religious troubles. key words: the eng

10、lish revolution;the anglican church;puritanism :laud;king charles itable of content1. introduction.12. the hidden religious contradiction in england.33. the appearance of religious contradiction in england.63.1 the position of religion in english people.63.2 the decline of anglican churchs secular p

11、ower and authority.73.3 serious economic problems of anglican church.83.4 the differentiation of anglican church and the development of puritanism.94. the intensification of religious contradiction in england.11 4.1 high-handed measure in anglican church.11 4.2 the division of anglican church itself

12、 and intensification of religious contradiction.12 4.3 the religious problems of scotland.135. c0nclusion.14works cited.151. introduction the relationships between religion and english revolution are alaways hotspots in current history study(gong yanli 97). in the end of 19th century, samuel r. gard

13、iner who is english whigs historian said that the english revolution was a puritan revolution people strived for freedom and rebellioned against the king of england in his book history of the great civil war. in order to elaborate clearly this question, gardiner analysed the relationships between re

14、ligion and english revolution deeply. he held that the politicalization of religion issues was the direct cause of this revolution and the puritan problems was the primary element the revolution broke out. the research caused a longterms doubt and debate in west historians at that time. enters to th

15、e 20th century, the study of this area was made deeper than before. in this time, scholors focused on the macro social and economic background before or after the revolution, r. h. tawney and chistopher hill of marxims were the two outstanding representatives of them. their research scope was not li

16、mited the area of religion and politics, but attached the importance to the social and economic influences. they thought that the religious features of english revolution mainly showed the social and economic crisis, the religious crisis was only the superficial factor. in the end of 20th century, t

17、he revisionist school rose in history sthdy, the school revised and even negated the traditional social and economic views. conrad russell and john morrill represented by the revisionism negated the social and economic factors of the revolution, thought that the breaking out of the revolution mainly

18、 originated from some occasional elements, in this situation, the religious contradiction was the direct and primary cause(hill 68). morril even suggested that the english revolution was not the first european revolution but the very last religious war(morill 178). longterms research showed that ana

19、lyzing the religious contradiction before the revolution was an indispensable work for probing into the origion of this revolution. for current chinese historians, the history of english revolution has been a research focus. however the scholars often pay too little attention to the religous factors

20、 of the revolution, even if in some professional works, this research was rarely mentioned. this paper will mainly studies the entire development history of the english religion and reformation before the revolution and discusses the direct influence of religious contradiction to the english revolut

21、ion, and try to figure out the relationships between the religion and the english reformation. 2. the hidden religious contradiction in england the english religious problems have long been clear and its origions can trace back to the english reformation. after 1527, king henry the eighth asked the

22、pope to agree that his divorce with the queen katherine because she was incapable of giving birth to a son, but her demands was rufused time and again, hence henry decided to break the popes authority, english reformation has began.at the begining of the english reformation, henry forced the parliam

23、ent to make laws, took the measures of compulsory dissolution of monasteries and built many new episcopates, by doing theses matters to make himself the only churchs authority and lead the church of england divorced from roman catholic church. however, the church of england was different from the co

24、ntinental protestantism, henry did not want to abondon the catholic church and only wanted the church of england to be a catholic church without pope, so henrys reformation went no further(roberts 245).during the instant rules of king edward the sixth( 1547-1553), the english reformation went furthe

25、r again. in 1548, the archbishop of canterburg cranmer complet the book common prayer written in english, the book adopted the intermediate form, but in substance it was protenstantism. edward asked the whole english priests to use this book in religious service(roberts 289). in 1552, the second edi

26、tion of common prayer published and its protestant ideas was more than the first edition.edwards early death and mary is coming to the throne led the english political situation to the turbulence, the english reformation suffered an setback. mary i recovered the catholic church in england and the pr

27、otestants was persecuted and suppressed, england faced the danger of war because of religious contradiction.mary i died, elizabeth i ascend the throne. elizabeth i decided to stablize the domestic political situation firstly. in order to safeguard national unity and ethnic solidarity, she chose to c

28、arry out the reformation . she held the parliament passed act of supremacy and act of uniformity in 1559, the act of supremacy confirmed that elizabeth was the only governor of church of england, the act of uniformity required that every episcopates used the new revised common prayer of 1552. the tw

29、o laws reflected the church of england tended to be protestant. in 1563, the conference of priests passed the revised thirty-nine articles based on the forty-two articles, which showed the tendency of calvins protestantism. general speaking, the church of england was the combination of catholicism,

30、calvinism and loyalty to the king of england.in 1571, the parliament passed the act of subscription, it required that every priest must obeyed the thirty-nine articles, otherwaise would be fined(morgan 303). since elizabeth is first parliament began in1559, the application and implementation of thes

31、e church rules and documents was historically known as the elizabethan settlement. it was the reflection of half-measured, which based on the complex political situation and religious contradiction, and mediated the contradictions of every parties. on one hand, it continuously carried out the reform

32、ation and got out of roman catholic churchs control; on the other hand, it prevented the reformation from radicalization , and made the religious contradiction relieved and avoided the nation divided.the half-measured policy was known as the middle road(collinson 13), thus, throughout forty years fr

33、ustration, the english reformation has finished, the self-governed anglican church was established.elizabeth is rules in forty years proved that the middle road was correct from political perspective. it made england avoided a civil war and led the dudor to the stablity and prosperity. although the

34、anglican church showed the strong tolerance and compromise , it was favourable to maintain the national stablity. genarally, the reformation was not incompleted.the incompleteness of english reformation mainly showed in two aspects. first, it concentrated on the conservativeness of the anglican chur

35、ch. specifically, in doctrine,the traditional etiquette and system of catholicism was reserved in reformation. thirty-nine articles adopted the doctotrine of continental protestantism such as justification, redemption, tritheism, incarnation and resurrection of jesus christ, especially took the core

36、 of calvinism. in institution, the catholic episcopacy has been maintained completely and the holy order was also reserved. thirty-nine articles stated clearly that the holy order was consist of archbishop, bishop, archdeacon and deacon(chai huiting 69). in etiquette, the church of england reserved

37、the catholic tradition, common prayer ii tended to simplify the etiquette of catholicism, meanwhile, it persisted that believer must wear robe, take communion by keeling, use candle camp in religious service. in addition, common prayer ii added to large numbers of ceremonial day about religious serv

38、ice. it recovered and contaning catholicism, to some extent, which reflected the incompletiveness of reformation and the respect for tradition. second, the tolerance , which showed in the doctrine of anglican church, was the mixed stew of the dissident sects of christian. the doctrine of thirty-nine

39、 articles mainly contained the calvinism, the lutheranism and the zwinglianism. thirty-nine articles did not cite the protestantism, but also inherit some theologistsideas such as augustine. the doctrine of anglican church had the strong features of tolerance and uiversality, which showed the immatu

40、rity of anglican churchs doctrine(chai huiting 70).the incompletiveness of english reformation made the redicals of anglican church unsatisfatory, in the end of elizabethan region, the puritan problem appeared. the puritan belonged to the redical and they were not satisfied with the anglican church

41、and were eager to flush out the few remined catholic of anglican church. the puritan established a set of movements to push the reformation, which was known as the prophetic movement and the brownian movement, but elizabeth i refused to adjust the reformation and looked upon the puritan as the threa

42、t of national stablity, thus, she suppressed firmly the movements, however, the puritan movement still spreaded over the low class of citizens, slowly developed a serious crisis in dudor.3. theappearance of religious contradiction in england in order to explore the influence and function of religiou

43、s crisis, there is necessary to research the position of religion in social life of england at that time.3.1 the position of religion in english people after the reformation, england established the anglican church. generally, the power of roman catholic church was heavily decreased, but during the

44、17th century of england the church still had an very important position and influence in normal peoples life. this importance of church mainly showed in two aspects. first, almost everyone of england believed in christian, religious activity was the most important thing in peoples daily life. acoord

45、ing to the religious laws, “every believer must attend the religious service on sundays, otherwise, would be fined; every believer must contribute to tithe, otherwise, would be seen as illegal. in addtion, by inquisition church supervised and regulated peoples says and moves, if there were believers

46、, who were seen as the heathen, or were absent from the important religious activities, or did not contribute to the tithe, or did the housework on sundays and so on,would be punished.in some remote and poor villages, the parish was equal to the local government. the priests were often charge of loc

47、al affairs and collected tax”(xu jieming 112 translated by this author). second, the church often monopolized preachment and education, had much privileges and strong social power. generally, the local priests had a good education background, by preaching and other religious activities, they immedia

48、tely influenced the local peoples view of politics and ethics. the bishops controlled the supervision of books publication, which made the diffuseness of knowledge full of religious color. the education was monopolized by church, some famous colleges such as oxford and cambridge was often orgnized a

49、nd managed by church, which mainly offered students the theology course, after graduated, the most of students became the priests and they were supervised by church. if graduates would like to do other job such as teacher they must got the bishops approval,but few was successful(hill 76). religious

50、important position and influence in social life means that religious issues have the huge power to trigger off social and political problems. the deeping of religious problems was orginated from a longterms accumulation. started with the establishment of anglican church, with the development of diff

51、erent kinds of contradictions, the religious problems have gradually appeared in the early region of tudor( the year 1603-1640), to some extent, anglican church was in a structual crisis.3.2 the decline of anglican churchs secular power and authority english reformation opened the process that churc

52、hs secular power declined. after reformation, on one hand the king of england became the highest authority of anglican church, on the other hand the church lost many secular power, especially some important political priviliges. before the reformation, the cloisters owned the power recommened the tw

53、o fifths of candidates for the england and walesparishes, but the cloisters was disbanded by king henry the eighth, he captured the power. in addition, the bishops fame came down along with the progress of reformation. in this period, most bishops came from the lower-middle-class families. compared

54、with the bishops before the reformation, they were lack of experience and toughhening, and even did not receive good education. along with the falling of most bishops qualities, they were no longer respected by the secular people, and the aristocratic families and riches were no more pursuing their

55、positions. the lower priests also suffered the same situation. the english reformation led to the huge change of original religious areas, which produced the new demand for the local priests. with the simplification of religious etiquette, people required that the priests was good educated and conducted, however, in many local parishes, the situation was countrary to that, the major reason was both the numbers and the qualities of priests all decresed, for example, in oxford , the year of 1526, there were 371 priests, but it remained only 270 in the year of 1586(stone