考研英語(yǔ)閱讀試卷1

1、考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀） - 試卷 1（總分： 60.00 ，做題時(shí)間： 90分鐘 ）一、 reading comprehension（總題數(shù)： 6 ，分?jǐn)?shù)：60.00）1. section ii reading comprehension （分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00 ）解析：2. part adirections: read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. （分?jǐn)?shù)： 10.00 ）解析：the most thoroughly studied intellectua

2、ls in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century new england. according to the standard history of american philosophy, nowhere else in colonial america was so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits. according to many books and articles, ne

3、w englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant puritan tradition in american intellectual life. to take this approach to the new englanders normally mean to start with the puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church impo

4、rtantsubjects that we may not neglect. but in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original puritans as carriers of european culture, adjusting to new world circumstances. the new england colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of wide

5、ly understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. the early settlers of massachusetts bay included men of impressive education and influence in england. besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like john winth

6、rop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to boston. these men wrote and published extensively, reaching both new world and old world audiences, and giving new england an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. we should not forget, however, that most new engl

7、anders were less well educated. while few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. a tailor named john dane, who e

8、migrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving england that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read

9、 the magical words: come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and i will be your god and you shall be my people. one wonders what dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the bible that he heard in puritan churches. meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than dane s

10、, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the new world for religion. 作牽澤榆？漫？慷?潴撓珊檔映猿？眇（分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00） （1）.the author holds that in the seventeenth-century new england （分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ） a.puritan tradition dominated political life.b.intellectual interes

11、ts were encouraged.vc.politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.d.intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.解析：解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。從第一段nowhere else in colonial america was“so much importance attachedtointellectual pursuits .可知，b項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。a項(xiàng)為原文白篡改。c項(xiàng)從原文的表述中無(wú)法推出。d項(xiàng)對(duì)于知 識(shí)的追求享有自由的環(huán)境”在原文中根本沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)。) 2.00

12、 (分?jǐn)?shù)： (2).it is suggested in paragraph 2 that new englandersa.experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.b.brought with them the culture of the old world.vc.paid little attention to southern intellectual life.d.were obsessed with religious innovations.解析：解析：推斷題。第二段中的第二句提到 we may consider the

13、 original puritans as carriers of europeanculture ，題干中的“new englanders”就是文中的puritans ”,選項(xiàng)中的brought withthem theculture of the old world ”對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的carriers of european culture ”,因此 b項(xiàng)為正確答案。(3) .the early ministers and political leaders in massachusetts bay (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 )a.were famous in the new world for t

14、heir writings.b.gained increasing importance in religious affairs.c.abandoned high positions before coming to the new world.d.created a new intellectual atmosphere in new england.v解析：解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。從第三段中的最后一句話“ there men wrote and published extensively ， reachingbothnew world and old world audiences ， and g

15、iving new england an atmosphere ofintellectualearnestness.可知，d項(xiàng)正確。a項(xiàng)和原文所說(shuō)的范圍不相符，b項(xiàng)在文章中沒(méi)有提到，c項(xiàng)片面。(4) .the story of john dane shows that less well-educated new englanders were often (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ) a.influenced by superstitions. vb.troubled with religious beliefs.c.puzzled by church sermons.d.frustrated w

16、ith family earnings.解析：解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題于中john dane定位到第四段后半部分。約翰丹奈的故事敘述了他因?yàn)槭艿阶诮谈姓俣泼裥麓箨?。這個(gè)故事作為論據(jù)，論證了上文表述的觀點(diǎn)“那些未受到良好教育的新英格蘭人的思想往往帶有傳統(tǒng)的宗教迷信色彩”。所以a項(xiàng)正確。其他項(xiàng)只作為約翰丹奈的個(gè)人特點(diǎn)被提及，不是未受到良好教育的新英格蘭人的共同特點(diǎn)。(5) .the text suggests that early settlers in new england (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 )a.were mostly engaged in political activities.b.we

17、re motivated by an illusory prospect.c.came from different backgrounds. vd.left few formal records for later reference.解析：解析：推斷題。第三段首句提到，馬薩諸塞灣的早期移民中包括在英國(guó)受過(guò)良好教育并具有相當(dāng)影響力的人；第四段第一句和第三句提到，大多數(shù)新英格蘭人并未受過(guò)良好的教育，他們的思想常常帶有傳統(tǒng)的宗教迷信色彩；第五段首句提到，還有很多移民沒(méi)有虔誠(chéng)的宗教信仰。因此可推知c項(xiàng)正確，intellectual backgrounds是對(duì)文中提到的教育、宗教背景的概括。 a 項(xiàng)

18、“政治活動(dòng)”在文中沒(méi)有涉及。第二、三段提到早期移民被視為歐洲文化的使者，他們中包括著書(shū)廣泛、具有相當(dāng)影響力的人。因此排除b項(xiàng)和d項(xiàng)。for the past several years, the sunday newspaper supplement parade has featured a column calledask marilyn. people are invited to query marilyn vos savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mentallevel of someone about 23 years old; that

19、gave her an iq of 228 the highest score ever recorded.iq tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. so it is a bit confusing when vos savant fields such queries from the aver

20、age joe(whose iq is 100)as, whats the difference between love and fondness? or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers

21、. clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. just what does it mean to be smart? how much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields? the defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to b

22、e the iq score, even though iq tests are not given as often as they used to be. the test comes primarily in two forms: the stanford-binet intelligence scale and the wechsler intelligence scales(both come in adult and childrens version). generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually giv

23、en only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the world wide web. superhigh scores like vos savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronol

24、ogical age and multiplying by 100. other standardized tests, such as the scholastic assessment test(sat)and the graduate record exam(gre), capture the main aspects of iq tests. such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues robert

25、 j. sternberg. in his article how intelligent is intelligence testing?, sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.moreover, iq tests do not necess

26、arily predict so well once populations or situations change. research has found that iq predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, iq was negatively correlated with leadership that(15) it predicted the opposite. anyone who has

27、 toiled through sat will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. (分?jǐn)?shù)： 10.00 ) (1).which of the following may be required in an intelligence test? (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ) a.answering philosophical questions.b.folding or cutting paper into differe

28、nt shapes.c.telling the differences between certain concepts.d.choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.v解析：解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段。答案信息所在的關(guān)鍵句子是iq tests ask you tocompleteverbal and visual analogies ， to envision paper after it has been folded and cut， and todeduce numerical sequences ， among ot

29、her similar tasks 。 a 項(xiàng)“ answering philosophical questions ”回答哲學(xué) 問(wèn)題文章沒(méi)有提到； b 項(xiàng)“ folding or cutting paper into different shapes ”把紙張疊成或裁剪成不同形狀。與文中不符； c 項(xiàng)“ telling the differences between certain concepts ”判斷并指出一定概念之間的區(qū)別，文中沒(méi)提 到； d 項(xiàng)“ choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones ”在給出的相似的單詞和圖片中進(jìn)行選

30、擇，與文中 complete verbal and visual analogies 一致，所以 d項(xiàng)正確。(16) what can be inferred about intelligence testing from paragraph 3? (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ) a.people no longer use iq scores as an indicator of intelligence.b.more versions of iq tests are now available on the internet.c.the test contents and formats for

31、adults and children may be different.vd.scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.解析：解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段。由 both come in adult and childrens version 可知，智商測(cè)試現(xiàn)有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本，故 c項(xiàng)正確。a項(xiàng)“人們不再使用智商分?jǐn)?shù)作為智商高低的指標(biāo)”；b項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在人們可以再 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲得更多版本的智商測(cè)試”與原文表述不符合。 d 項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家已經(jīng)明確了人類智商中的重要因素” ，屬于過(guò)度推 斷。(17)

32、 people nowadays can no longer achieve iq scores as high as vos savant s because (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ) a.the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.vb.creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now. c.vos savant s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.d.the defining c

33、haracteristic of iq tests has changed.解析：解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段。倒數(shù)第二句“ super high scores like vos savants are nolonger possible ， because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying ， agepeersby 10

34、0 ”說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的記分方法是基于同齡群體分布統(tǒng)計(jì)的，與之前的傳統(tǒng)方法不同，因此a 項(xiàng)正確。b 項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在更強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造能力而不是分析能力”屬于過(guò)度推斷，c項(xiàng)不能說(shuō)明原因，d項(xiàng)文章沒(méi)有提到。(18) we can conclude from the last paragraph that (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ) a.test scores may not be reliable indicators of one s ability.vb.iq scores and sat results are highly correlated.c.testing involves a lot of guesswo

35、rk.d.traditional test are out of date.解析：解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段。第二句說(shuō)傳統(tǒng)智商測(cè)試不能評(píng)估創(chuàng)造力和實(shí)踐能力，第四句提到在壓力大的情況下，根據(jù)智商分?jǐn)?shù)預(yù)測(cè)出的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力與實(shí)際情況相反由此可知a 項(xiàng)“測(cè)試分?jǐn)?shù)可能不是體現(xiàn)一個(gè)人能力高低的可靠指標(biāo)”為正確選項(xiàng)。b項(xiàng)生拉硬套，c項(xiàng)以偏概全.d項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推斷。(19) what is the author s attitude towards iq tests? (分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ) a.supportive.b.skeptical. vc.impartial.d.biased.解析：解析：態(tài)度題

36、。本題的關(guān)鍵在于第二段。第二段首句“ clearly ， intelligence encompasses morethan a score on a test ”之后連續(xù)三個(gè)疑問(wèn)句， “ just what does it mean to be smart?how much ofintelligence can be specified ， and howmuchcan we learn about it from neurology ， genetics ， com-puter science and other fields?”表明作者對(duì)智力測(cè)試持懷疑的態(tài)度。所以選b項(xiàng)skeptical

37、懷疑的。a項(xiàng)supportive 支持的，c項(xiàng)impartial 中立的，d項(xiàng)biased 有偏見(jiàn)的，均不符合。americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the english language with skill and gift. nor do they aspire to such command themselves. in his latest book, doing our own thing: the degradation of language

38、 and music and why we should, like, care, john mc whorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counterculture as responsible for the decline of formal english. blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another crit

39、icism against the decline in education. mr. mc whorter s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of whom, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of old english. but the cult of the authentic and the perso

40、nal, doing our own thing, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. while even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken english on the page. equally, i

41、n poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. inboth oral and written english, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that mr. mcw

42、horter documents is unmistakable. but it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. as a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like black english, can be powerfully expressivethere exists nolanguage or dialect

43、in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. he is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while italian politicians tend to elaborate sp

44、eech that would seem old-fashioned to most english-speakers. mr. mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.we now take our english on paper plates instea

45、d of china. a shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.(分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00)（1） .according to mcwhorter, the decline of formal english(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)a.is inevitable in radical education reforms.vb.is but all too natural in language development.c.has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.d.brought abo

46、ut changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.解析：解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第二句可知，麥荷特先生擅長(zhǎng)語(yǔ)言史以及語(yǔ)言演變，他認(rèn)為類似“ whom這一類的正 式英語(yǔ)詞匯的消失沒(méi)什么大驚小怪的，就像古英語(yǔ)中一些繁瑣的詞格消失一樣。由此可知，麥荷特認(rèn)為正式英語(yǔ)的退化 只是語(yǔ)言發(fā)展中的自然現(xiàn)象，故選 b項(xiàng)。（2） .the word alking(para. 3)denotes(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)a.modesty.b.personality. c.liveliness. d.informality. v 解析：解析：含義題。根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，“走自己的路”

47、這一對(duì)事物真實(shí)性和個(gè)人性的崇高信條，已經(jīng)使正式演 講、寫作、詩(shī)歌及音樂(lè)消亡了，即正式英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)在退化了。最后一句指出，無(wú)論是在書(shū)面還是在口語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中，talking要?jiǎng)龠^(guò)speaking , sportaneity（即興發(fā)揮）也要?jiǎng)龠^(guò)craft（精心準(zhǔn)備）。由此可知，talking 之于speaking就類似于 spontaneity和craft的對(duì)比，即興發(fā)揮”就是使用非正式的語(yǔ)言，精心準(zhǔn)備”代表使用正式的語(yǔ)言。因此 talking 與speaking的對(duì)比也就是非正式和正式英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用的對(duì)比，talking代表的就是非正式英語(yǔ)，故選d項(xiàng)。（3） .to which of the followi

48、ng statements would mcwhorter most likely agree?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）a.logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.vb.black english can be more expressive than standard english.c.non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. d.of all the varieties, standard english can be

49、st convey complex ideas. 解析：解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句可知，麥荷特先生認(rèn)為我們盡管說(shuō)話不規(guī)范，但這不一定就會(huì)讓我們的思考 變得不準(zhǔn)確，也就是，他認(rèn)為邏輯思維和說(shuō)話方式不是有必然聯(lián)系的。所以選 a項(xiàng)。（4） .the description of russians love of memorizing poetry shows the author s（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00 ）a.interest in their language.b.appreciation of their efforts.vc.admiration for their memory.d.con

50、tempt for their old-fashionedness.解析：解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容，作者首先描述了俄羅斯人愛(ài)好背誦詩(shī)歌以及意大利的政客們傾向于精心準(zhǔn)備演講。作者用這些例子來(lái)說(shuō)明以下觀點(diǎn)，即“麥荷特為那些雖不實(shí)用卻很美好的事物的消逝而哀嘆”。經(jīng)過(guò)分析得知，在作者的眼里， “俄羅斯人愛(ài)好背誦詩(shī)歌”和“意大利的政客精心準(zhǔn)備演講”都屬于這些“雖不實(shí)用卻很美好的事物” 由此可以推知，作者對(duì)俄羅斯人的做法是抱著欣賞態(tài)度的表達(dá)的是對(duì)美好事物消逝的哀嘆，故選b 項(xiàng)。（5） .according to the last paragraph, paper plates is to china

51、 as （分?jǐn)?shù)： 2.00 ） a.temporary is to permanent. b.radical is to conservative. c.functional is to artistic.vd.humble is tooble.解析：解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二、三句可知，麥荷特先生并不覺(jué)得正式英語(yǔ)是不可或缺的，也并沒(méi)提出徹底的教 育改革他只是為那些“雖不實(shí)用卻很美好的事物”的消逝而哀嘆，如今我們過(guò)多地用非正式英語(yǔ)去替代正式英語(yǔ)。 這雖然令人慚愧，但已經(jīng)無(wú)法避免。由此可知，作者用“紙盤子”和“瓷盤子”來(lái)比喻正式英語(yǔ)的退化，聯(lián)系上文可以 推知， “紙盤子”指的是那些“實(shí)用卻不美

52、好”的事物，即非正式英語(yǔ)； “瓷盤子”則是指那些 “不實(shí)用卻美好”的事物， 即正式英語(yǔ)，故選c項(xiàng)。a century ago, the immigrants from across the atlantic included settlers and sojourners. along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the united states came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go

53、 home. between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. about a quarter of all italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to italy for good. they even had an affectionate nickname, dividewe immigrants. about rigid more much are we today, passage. of bir

54、ds passaggio, di %uccelli newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. we hail them as americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. that framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. we

55、donneed morecategories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. we need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. to start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. we might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

56、crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among todays birds of passage. they are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. they prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them.the

57、y can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. with or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. we need them to imagine the united states as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. we

58、need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably. accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system. （分?jǐn)?shù)： 10.00 ） （1）.birds of passage refers t