工程施工組織設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、題目：君山二期工程施工組織設(shè)計(jì)一、外文原文：1. design project management1.1 choosing the planning practicechoosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three to five applicants receive p

2、reliminary design documents and the building programme. then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. but the key features are planning quality, knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and cad and office equipment. the ability to coordinate building a

3、nd technical planning is particularly relevant.1.2 design and authorization planningcoordination and control of the planning process and content are particularly important in this planning phase. in no circumstances should planning in china be left to the design institute alone. regular planning and

4、 coordination meetings examine the planning process in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. it is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.1.3 working plansregular coordination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage.

5、 coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. important details and technical specifications have to be demanded. it is not usual in china to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great

6、deal of convincing argument will be needed.1.4 invitation to tender and tender awardstender documents drawn up to chinese standards are less detailed than comparable western tender documents. considerable importance should be attached to detailed working drawings. drawings should be ranked before te

7、nder documents. it is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. materials must be described neutrally in terms of product. this means that the building firm is able to use inferior materials without the clients agreement. this often results in buildings with serious deficiencies in qualit

8、y and execution. to avoid these negative consequences, architects try to go beyond the standard guidelines to prevent the use of inferior quality materials. also, chinese planning and industrial standards are antiquated and do not yet meet national or international standards.as a rule, five to ten f

9、irms (general contractors or firms offering individual services) are invited to tender. often foreign firms with branches in china are invited as well. bids from such firms come out well above those of their chinese competitors.after the bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the

10、most reasonable bidders. awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. because the subsoil is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. to gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earl

11、ier tender and award to specialist building firms.1.5 building and completion phasethe legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see chapter b 2.2). site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard german site supervision requirements laid down in hoai,

12、 phase 8. chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings quality monitoring and safety management:- examining the working plans- quality control for building materials- quality control for building plant and equipment- building site safety- checking current

13、 building progress- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel- demanding and examining inventory documentsonly building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. this includes cleanliness and safety. chinese building sites

14、 need pioneering work in this field. it does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. it is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the available production and fitting methods. quality control

15、starts even in the planning phase. in the actual building phase, care should be taken to ensure that the required materials are really used, and that product-specific fitting requirements are met.the contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. these are examined and approved o

16、n the basis of specimens and references. it has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and details in good time. it is essential to check and approve the qua

17、lity of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and other critical parts of the building.1.6 documentationthe quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. buildings are officially accepted in china at the point of final ac

18、ceptance. the quality bureau, the fire prevention department and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. the as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late, and in poor quality.1.7

19、communicationit is a characteristic feature of chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from deadlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. this creates the necessity for a digital platform that giv

20、es those involved in the project access to up-to-date documents and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. but the project management team should have access to central scheduling and work monitoring, including reporting. these syst

21、ems link those involved in the project, control the workflow, and distribute news, documents and information.2 planning and building costs2.1 quantity surveyingchinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their english model. quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and co

22、st control. quantity surveying includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. the quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment. he represents the clients financial interests t

23、hroughout the entire course of the project. during the realization phase the quantity surveyor evaluates the level of work completed so that part payments and supplementary demands can be fixed, assists in warding off complaints, or evaluates and negotiates with the company over justifiable addition

24、al demands. effective cost control is carried out within the project management framework. all the costings are noted in a cost monitoring system. cost monitoring is not a passive system. precise project control means that cost changes can be identified even in the initial phase. causes and effects

25、of measures affecting costs are conveyed to the project management team at an early stage so that counter-measures can be introduced where necessary.cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.the diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the e

26、arly planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. the importance of control increases when planning is concluded and during the realization phase.despite the overwhelming volume of investment by western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in china. moreo

27、ver, clients who are commercially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. even though the predominant chinese enterprise culture is not

28、comparable with the western world, professional project management will be indispensable in future if building investment is to accomplish its aims.二、外文譯文：1.1 選擇一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的規(guī)劃方式選擇一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的規(guī)劃方式是很重要的。采用一種資格預(yù)審的方式能夠給工作效率、專業(yè)知識(shí)和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量提供必要的洞察力：三到五個(gè)投標(biāo)人能夠獲得項(xiàng)目的初步設(shè)計(jì)文件和項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃方案。接著進(jìn)行面談，以實(shí)證考察和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘探表現(xiàn)為依據(jù)。但是最關(guān)鍵的因素是單位的規(guī)劃質(zhì)量、具備的材

29、料知識(shí)、注重細(xì)節(jié)的程度、以及計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和辦公設(shè)備。畢竟協(xié)調(diào)建設(shè)和技術(shù)規(guī)劃的能力相當(dāng)密切的。1.2設(shè)計(jì)和授權(quán)規(guī)劃協(xié)調(diào)和控制規(guī)劃過程及內(nèi)容在規(guī)劃階段當(dāng)中是相當(dāng)重要的。在中國(guó)，任何情況下都不能把設(shè)計(jì)工作單獨(dú)留給設(shè)計(jì)院。定期進(jìn)行規(guī)劃和開展協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)議以此檢查整個(gè)規(guī)劃過程，這樣才能確保指導(dǎo)方針和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)真正能夠起到作用。這對(duì)協(xié)調(diào)指定的工藝流程路線和檢查出產(chǎn)生矛盾的點(diǎn)是很重要的。1.3工作計(jì)劃在規(guī)劃的最后階段，仍然需要常規(guī)協(xié)調(diào)、控制管理、各種技術(shù)支持。協(xié)調(diào)建設(shè)過程進(jìn)度和技術(shù)工人的工作往往是整個(gè)規(guī)劃隊(duì)伍里面的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。對(duì)于比較重要的細(xì)節(jié)和技術(shù)規(guī)范都必須作出嚴(yán)格地要求。1:20到1:5這樣的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)方面的比例在目

30、前的中國(guó)是很少見的，我們必須堅(jiān)持這樣的規(guī)劃特點(diǎn)，鼓勵(lì)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員們積極進(jìn)行這方面的討論。1.4邀請(qǐng)投標(biāo)和投標(biāo)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)在起草的投標(biāo)文件方面，中國(guó)的文件詳細(xì)程度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比不上西方國(guó)家做得好。值得考慮的一個(gè)重要的方面是，應(yīng)該對(duì)工作圖紙的詳細(xì)程度給于足夠的關(guān)注。在投標(biāo)之前，應(yīng)該對(duì)工程圖紙的詳細(xì)好壞程度進(jìn)行排名。不能允許一意孤行地堅(jiān)持使用特殊產(chǎn)品的決定。在所有列入考慮的材料當(dāng)中，都要對(duì)任何一種材料進(jìn)行客觀中立的描述。這就是說，在文件詳細(xì)程度上做得不夠的話，可能建設(shè)單位在沒有經(jīng)過業(yè)主的同意，就可以使用劣質(zhì)材料進(jìn)行建設(shè)。這往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致建筑物在質(zhì)量和使用方面存在嚴(yán)重的缺陷。要避免這些不良影響，建筑師需要跳出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的指導(dǎo)方針的

31、限制，進(jìn)行適當(dāng)變通，以此來避免建設(shè)過程中使用劣等材料的行為。因?yàn)橹袊?guó)的很多建設(shè)規(guī)劃和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都顯得滯后，跟不上國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更跟不上國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。設(shè)計(jì)院起草細(xì)圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)院出圖設(shè)計(jì)院編制投標(biāo)文件設(shè)計(jì)院批準(zhǔn)投標(biāo)文件設(shè)計(jì)院確定最終投標(biāo)文件設(shè)計(jì)院分派投標(biāo)文件估算項(xiàng)目造價(jià)業(yè)主接受投標(biāo)業(yè)主選擇投標(biāo)人投標(biāo)單位報(bào)價(jià)業(yè)主評(píng)價(jià)談判、簽訂合同邀請(qǐng)投標(biāo)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的流程圖這方面有個(gè)規(guī)定，一般邀請(qǐng)五到十架建設(shè)單位（傳統(tǒng)的承包商或者是能夠提供獨(dú)立完整建設(shè)服務(wù)的個(gè)體團(tuán)隊(duì)）進(jìn)行投標(biāo)。當(dāng)然了，國(guó)外的建設(shè)公司在中國(guó)的分支機(jī)構(gòu)也會(huì)得到邀請(qǐng)。通常這些國(guó)外公司的報(bào)價(jià)往往會(huì)高于國(guó)內(nèi)的其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者。在對(duì)所有的投標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)估后，選出幾個(gè)個(gè)最合理的投標(biāo)者進(jìn)行詳細(xì)談

32、判。是否中標(biāo)取決于他們對(duì)項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量評(píng)估和給出的特殊建議。因?yàn)榻ㄖ幕A(chǔ)很差，而在沖積土地上使用深基礎(chǔ)是很普遍的。為了能夠爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間，地下工程部分可以讓早期的且這方面的專家較多的建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行建設(shè)。1.5建設(shè)和竣工階段法律上規(guī)定，這兩個(gè)階段需要監(jiān)理進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督，也需要一定數(shù)量的測(cè)量人員（詳見b章2.2節(jié)）?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同于德國(guó)的所要求的，坐標(biāo)符合hoai、相位8。中國(guó)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)要提供以下的服務(wù)模式，正如下列標(biāo)題所說的“質(zhì)量監(jiān)控”和“安全管理”：-檢查工作計(jì)劃-建筑材料的質(zhì)量控制-建設(shè)生產(chǎn)廠房和設(shè)備的質(zhì)量控制-建設(shè)施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的安全工作-檢查控制當(dāng)前的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度-檢查施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作人員的從業(yè)資格-嚴(yán)格

33、按要求檢查相關(guān)庫存文件施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)只有建筑用地，這會(huì)給人傳達(dá)一種思想：一個(gè)井然有序的方法能夠生產(chǎn)出有質(zhì)量保證的產(chǎn)品并且高效率工作。這也包括清潔和安全。中國(guó)的建筑行業(yè)領(lǐng)域需要先驅(qū)者為其注入新鮮血液。強(qiáng)迫承包商采用一種與自己意愿相違背的特殊方法是沒有意義的。實(shí)際上，做出這方面的讓步是及其明智的，這樣能夠使現(xiàn)有的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)方法和施工模式得到最充分的利用。項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量控制在規(guī)劃階段就應(yīng)該開始了。在建設(shè)進(jìn)行階段，要小心謹(jǐn)慎細(xì)心把關(guān)，確保需要的建材是真材實(shí)料，需要的特殊部件能夠合適的安裝到位。對(duì)于承包商來說，他們可以提出能夠替代投標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建議。這些建議需要審核，在承包商提供的樣本和參考資料的基礎(chǔ)上決定是否批準(zhǔn)。事實(shí)證明，