霧霾外文及翻譯

1、原文The research of haze governance issuesMarkus HAbstractHaze is PM2.5 particles floating in the atmosphere such as dust, aerosol particles, in certain humidity, temperature and other weather conditions have relatively stable state of the weather phenomenon. Fog disaster, is the result of air polluti

2、on for a long time. How to control air pollution is one of the urgent problems facing mankind. Haze weather mainly is the development pattern, caused by the unreasonable industrial structure and energy structure, its roots in the fossil energy, also is a coal burning, one is the fuel, another way is

3、 more extensive, a large amount of pollutant discharge, the main reasons include the atmospheric air pressure is low. The ground dust, which is low humidity of the air, the ground and car flow make stir up dust. Automobile exhaust is haze is a factor, as well as the factory produce secondary polluti

4、on, etc. This paper mainly studies the typical haze literature is reviewed, mainly analyzes the cause of the haze and fog governance countermeasures and Suggestions. And from the Angle of theoretical analysis, draw lessons from the intermediate microeconomic theory, gives the utility maximization to

5、 maximize the net income and social levels of smog pollution. Finally, pointed out the direction of further research, the root cause of the haze in the future the main empirical research is prospected.Keywords: Haze; Literature review; Control measures; Experience1 IntroductionStudies have shown tha

6、t recent strong fog weather is atmospheric stability, man-made pollutants, together with the abundant water vapor and dust, is a natural factors and human factors combined action of environmental pollution event. Because of air flow and the location of the adjacent, fog inevitable penetration, diffu

7、sion, etc., no country, which city can escape in the fog haze covered large area. All over the world have taken place in different levels of smog event, such a beautiful environment of the country, including Singapore there were different degrees of haze weather, other are Malaysia, India and other

8、countries, has caused extensive concern of the people all over the world. In todays increasingly social and economic development, people pay more and more attention to the surrounding environment. Environment not only affects the future development of the foundation, also affects peoples health. Not

9、 assured labor health, human resources required for further economic development becomes madras reflected. In meteorology, due to a large number of tiny drops of water floating in the air, make the horizontal visibility is less than 1. 0 km is called fog; Due to the small dry dust particles floating

10、 in the air, make the horizontal visibility less than 10. 0 km called haze, sometimes called gray haze. A mixture of both is called smog. And our main object of governance is haze, fog and some relatively minor. In spite of the fog day also affect the safety of people travel, but compared with haze

11、caused by environmental problems will soon be much less. 2 Literature review Through the study of resource and environmental economics as we know, command type governance mechanism is often low efficiency. Just use command control such highly regulative tools, not well play the role of reducing smog

12、. Thailands case study is pointed out that the failure mode of one size fits all is not considering the regional heterogeneity, complexity and burning ash motivations behind, so the author suggests the experiences of the local case study should be extended to planning and policy process, strengthen

13、the autonomy of local government, strengthen inter-regional cooperation. British scholars conducted more detailed research, analysis of the composition problem of ash haze, the haze formation mechanism have a more clear understanding. They think the ash haze weather than the ash haze weather, the pa

14、rticle concentration increases; the amount of water soluble inorganic ions in the particulate matter also increases. To study the water soluble components of air particulates can understand the crucial factor for the formation of urban haze. In the process of case analysis in cities, they think that

15、 plays a main role in the process of particulate matter is the automobile exhaust emissions .Through the study of particulate matter, 11 different diameter range is grey haze and the ash haze days, the range of particles in the water soluble inorganic analysis which inorganic on most affected by the

16、 formation of haze. They also corrected the previous definition of haze, only pay attention to the visibility of the past, do not emphasize the humidity, the humidity have important influence on the formation and continuation of haze. Gray haze is visibility less than 10 km and humidity less than 90

17、% of the weather. The results of the empirical analysis: gray haze days PM1. 8 / PM10 is very high, the value of the correlation is mainly due to the coarse particles from the surface is faster than the newly formed fine particles disperse, reinforce the stability of the weather, and thin boundary l

18、ayer phenomenon. Particle distribution in the ash haze days than higher ash haze days peak, 3.2-5.6 microns thick particle peak than 0. 56-1. 0 mu m fine particulate matter is higher. Due to the sampling time in April, a relatively high wind speed can also help road dust suspended. Root, nitrate, am

19、monium sulfate ions is in the haze formation. High humidity helps to form droplets of particulate matter. October is the main source of particulate matter after corn harvest biomass burning (high ash content of inorganic ion content).Potassium as clouds freezing nuclei for low exothermic and visibil

20、ity has significant effect. Suspension of road dust, soil dust, construction dust is mainly is the source of calcium and magnesium ions.PM1. 8 and PM10 in the root, nitrate and ammonium sulfate in the ash haze days more, the reason is that relatively high humidity sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and

21、ammonia after the rapid transformation of multi-phase reaction. Nitrate and sulfuric acid root material proportion can be used as a pollution from non-point pollution or mobile pollution index, because the car exhaust emissions more nitrogen, and sulfur more come from the combustion of coal. And res

22、earchers say the ash haze weather is the main reason is that the initial gas pollutants rapidly into inorganic ion lead to PM 2.5 of explosive growth, especially the burning of fossil fuels and emissions increased nix formation; Metal ions are oxidation catalysts, nitrogen dioxide in the process of

23、sulfur dioxide into sulfate also played the role of catalyst, inorganic sulfide, nitride ions increased the formation of haze. External reason is that strong cold air and geographical unusual cycle of atmospheric conditions. Air pollution reduce atmospheric oxidation ability enhancement, visibility,

24、 worsening environment quality. The conversion process between pollution source and sediment is very complex, jointly affect the environment. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide is mainly comes from fossil fuel combustion and emissions, combustion and emissions of nitrogen oxides of s

25、ulfur dioxide into sulfate has important role. In addition, continuous gray haze weather, also with the geography and atmospheric environment is related to stop the spread of the contaminant. Ash haze weather low pressure accumulation of atmospheric pollutants, high temperature and high humidity, lo

26、w wind speed, atmospheric boundary layer is too thin, advection is the more common form, sharply reduce pollutant dispersion in space, leading to regional concentrations of pollutants, makes the ash haze last a long time.3 Empirical study of haze pollution control3.1 Industrial pollution One is stri

27、ctly punish illegal emissions. The United States has a strict punishment measures to deal with illegal emissions. California related laws and regulations, such as illegal emissions will be fined for enterprise, the maximum fine of $50000 a day, a fine time from illegal emissions to meet the requirem

28、ents of the rectification of the day., in addition to the fine and confiscation of illegal income of economic benefits, environmental damage will have civil action and public interest litigation shall be investigated for compensation, the most severe punishment corporate business license is revoked,

29、 greatly improve the illegal cost of enterprises. The second is the environmental permit system differentiation, dynamic. Finlands third largest city tampered according to specific emission situation of each enterprise all kinds of industry pollution permits standard. Supervision personnel and enter

30、prise technical personnel repeated negotiations, and seek the opinions of the stakeholder groups, through consultation and discussion for apply to specific enterprises of tradable permits.3.2 Industry planningSingapore government requires more closely with industry layout must be with the environmen

31、tal planning, industrial zone should be the next direction and away from the original ecological system. In addition, the Singapore for each specific area of the environmental function zoning, issued a detailed environmental quality standard system, and set up strict emission standards for industria

32、l projects. The second is through central heating co-generation implementation. In Finland, nearly all towns and densely are populated area by way of cogeneration central heating. Distributed in all parts of the country of the thermal power plant USES waste heat power generation heating water, to pr

33、ovide customers with central heating and washing with hot water. Each residential area of central heating automatic control center can be adjusted according to the variation of outdoor temperature heating temperature. In the backwater heating pipe heating by central heating pipelines being sent back

34、 to the thermal power plant, the implementation recycled after use. Sweden is one of the Arctic Circle, heating relationship both quality of life, and is related to energy consumption and environmental pollution. Swedens most residential area and office building use central heating, heating faciliti

35、es often have outdoor sensor head. Indoor temperature is assumed in a certain temperature, the amount of heating central heating as the outdoor temperature change and adjustment, this makes the indoor temperature of Sweden basic maintained people living needs temperature all the year round. Sweden d

36、epartment specifically set up energy consultant in local governments, to help the families of different design different scheme of energy use, including heating, to minimize household spending, and at the same time protect the environment.3.3 The city planningThan the Swedish city of Hama residents

37、must sign an ecological environmental contracts to check-in, fully embodies the Hama than the concept of ecological city. Motor vehicle pollution, and first is the control of motor vehicle pollution. Motor vehicle pollution is a complicated problem, and at a deeper level of traffic planning and urba

38、n space layout. Singapore through the tax policy, vehicle quota system, fuel quality standards, complete inspection maintenance system, regional passport and a series of system; Road congestion charges; Bus service, establish and improve a variety of preferential encouraging public transit; Prospect

39、ive of the comprehensive traffic planning is a series of measures such as comprehensive governance of motor vehicle pollution. Second is to promote clean vehicles and product technology and measures. Los Angeles city government vigorously promotes clean vehicle technology and product to cut pollutio

40、n. In addition, by tax and tax incentives to promote transportation electrification, promote the use of a hybrid car. Third is to encourage low carbon travel. Hama, its residents are encouraged to use bicycles, electric cars and buses and other low-carbon way to travel.譯文霧霾治理問題研究Markus H摘要霧霾是漂浮大氣中的P

41、M2.5等尺寸微粒、粉塵、氣溶膠等粒子，在一定的濕度、溫度等天氣條件相對穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下產(chǎn)生的天氣現(xiàn)象。霧霾災害，是大氣長期污染造成的結(jié)果。如何治理大氣污染，是全人類面臨急需解決的問題之一。霧霾天氣主要是發(fā)展方式粗放、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和能源結(jié)構(gòu)不盡合理造成的，其根源還在化石能源，一個是燒煤，一個是燃油，另外發(fā)展方式比較粗放，排放了大量的污染物， 主要原因包括：大氣空氣氣壓低。 地面灰塵大，空氣濕度低，地面的人和車流動使灰塵攪動起來。汽車尾氣是是霧霾的一個因素，以及工廠制造出的二次污染等。本文主要對代表性的霧霾研究文獻進行了綜述，主要分析了當前霧霾的成因和霧霾治理的對策建議。并從理論分析的視角，借鑒中級微觀經(jīng)

42、濟理論，給出了效用最大化和社會凈收益最大化的霧霾污染水平。最后通過指出進一步研究的方向，對未來霧霾主要成因的實證研究進行了展望。關鍵詞: 霧霾; 文獻綜述; 治理措施；經(jīng)驗1 引言研究表明，最近的強霧霾天氣是大氣穩(wěn)定、人為污染物排放、豐富水汽和浮塵共同作用的結(jié)果，是一次自然因素與人為因素共同作用的環(huán)境污染事件。由于空氣的流動與區(qū)位的相鄰，霧霾必然會發(fā)生滲透、擴散等，沒有哪個國家，哪個城市可以在霧霾籠罩的大區(qū)域里獨善其身。世界各地都發(fā)生了不同程度的霧霾事件，包括新加坡這樣的環(huán)境優(yōu)美的國家，都出現(xiàn)了不同程度的霧霾天氣，其他還有馬來西亞，印度等國家，引起了各國人民的廣泛關注。在社會經(jīng)濟日益發(fā)展的今天

43、，人們越來越重視周邊的環(huán)境。環(huán)境不僅影響到未來發(fā)展的基礎，還影響著人們的健康。勞動力的健康得不到保證，經(jīng)濟進一步發(fā)展所需的人力資源就變成無源之水。在氣象學上，把由于大量微小水滴浮于空中，使水平能見度小于 1. 0km 的稱為霧; 由于細微干塵粒浮于空中，使水平能見度小于 10. 0km 的稱為霾，有時形象的稱之為灰霾。兩者的混合就是通常所說的霧霾。而我們要治理的主要對象是霾，而霧相對次要一些。盡管大霧天也影響人們的安全出行，但比起霾所引起的環(huán)境問題就要遜色的多。2 文獻綜述通過資源與環(huán)境經(jīng)濟學的學習我們知道，命令型的治理機制往往效率較低。僅僅利用命令控制這樣高度規(guī)制性的工具，不能很好地起到減少

44、霧霾的作用。Edsel E.在泰國清邁的案例研究中指出“一刀切”的模式失敗之處在于未考慮各地區(qū)的異質(zhì)性、復雜性和灰分燃燒的背后動因，因此作者建議應將本地案例研究中的經(jīng)驗推廣到計劃和政策的制定過程中，鞏固本地政府的自治權(quán)利，加強跨區(qū)域的合作。英國學者進行了更細致的研究，分析了灰霾的組分問題，對霧霾的形成機制有一個更清晰的認識。他們認為灰霾天氣比非灰霾天氣，顆粒物集中度增加，顆粒物中的水溶性無機物離子量也增加。研究空氣顆粒物的水溶性成分可以了解城市灰霾形成的關鍵因素。在城市案例分析中，他們認為顆粒物形成過程中起主要作用的是汽車尾氣排放。通過研究11 種不同直徑范圍的顆粒物，比較灰霾天和非灰霾天顆粒

45、物中水溶性無機物的分布范圍，分析哪種無機物對霧霾形成的影響最大。他們還糾正了以往對霾的定義，過去只注重可視度，并不強調(diào)濕度，而濕度對霾的形成和延續(xù)有重大影響?；姻仓傅氖强梢曅缘陀?10 公里且濕度小于 90%的天氣狀況。實證分析的結(jié)果: 灰霾天 PM1. 8/PM10 的值相關性非常高，主要是由于來自地層表面的粗顆粒物比新形成的細顆粒物消散的快，穩(wěn)定的天氣和薄邊界層強化了這一現(xiàn)象?；姻蔡斓念w粒物分布范圍比非灰霾天峰值更高，3. 2 5. 6m 的粗顆粒物峰值要比 0. 56 1. 0m 的細顆粒物更高。由于采樣時間在四月，相對較高的風速也有助于道路灰塵懸浮。硫酸根、硝酸、銨離子是在霾中形成。高濕度有助于形成液滴的顆粒物。十月是玉米收獲后顆粒物的主要來源(高灰分的無機離子含量)。鉀為低放熱和云凍結(jié)核有