OK英美文學選讀考前總復習

1、英美文學考前總復習-問答題14英國文學renaissance 文藝復興/ william shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亞-the merchant of venice威尼斯商人/ hamlet哈姆雷特/ the tempest暴風雨/ narrative poem敘事詩/ sonnet十四行詩一.william shakespeare （i）name his four greatest tragedies.（2）what are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common? (3)briefly summarize each

2、heros weakness of nature.1. shakespeares four greatest tragedies are: hamlet, othello, king lear, and macbeth.2. each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. each h

3、ero has his weakness of nature; the old king lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes1。莎士比亞的四個最大的悲劇：“哈姆雷特”，“奧賽羅”， “李爾王”和“麥克白”。2。每部都描繪一些高貴的英雄，他們面臨著生活的不公和陷入困難的情況下，其命運與整個民族的命運緊密相連。3。每個英雄都有他的本質(zhì)弱點; 老國王 “李爾王”是不愿

4、完全放棄自己的權力;和麥克白的權力欲挑起他的野心，并導致他不斷犯下的罪行二. try to discuss william shakespeares art of creations.1. shakespeares major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share f

5、eatures with others.2. by applying a psycho-analytical approach, shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner mind .3. shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient greek and roman sources.4. in his writings, disguise

6、is also an important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman disguised as man.5. he often wrote skillfully in different poetic forms, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet.1。莎士比亞的主要角色既不是個別的也沒有類型的，他們是代表某些類型的個人。每個人物都有他或她自己的個性;同時，他們與別人又有共通點。2。莎士比亞通過應用心理分析方法，成功探索人物的內(nèi)心。3。莎士

7、比亞很少發(fā)明自己的情節(jié); 取而代之的是，他借用一些古劇或故事書，或來自古希臘和古羅馬資料的來用。4。在他的著作，偽裝也是一種重要環(huán)節(jié)，他經(jīng)常用男人婆地創(chuàng)造戲劇性的諷刺。5.他經(jīng)常巧妙地寫在不同的詩歌形式，如十四行詩，空白的詩句，和押韻的對聯(lián)。三.briefly discuss why hamlet is so impressive in shakespeares hamlet.1. the hero hamlet in shakespeares play hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy

8、 nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything.2. he came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. he hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. but he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle. this made him deep in trouble.3. when he planned t

9、o kill his uncle, he was afraid to hurt his mother. and also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to god for his crime. thus he lost good chance.4. hamlet represented humanism of his time.1。在莎士比亞戲劇“哈姆雷特” 的英雄哈姆雷特，指出他毫不猶豫地把他的報復，他憂郁的行動的性質(zhì)，只否認做任何

10、事情的可能性。2。當他知道他的父親是被他的當國王的叔叔謀殺。他非常恨他地想殺死他。但他愛他改嫁給他叔叔的守寡的母親。這使他深陷入兩難。3。當他打算殺死他的叔叔的時候，他擔心會傷害他的母親。當一切就緒可以殺死他的叔叔的時候，他原諒了他的叔叔并祈禱上帝為原諒他的罪行。因此他錯失了良好時機。4。哈姆雷特代表他那個時代的人文主義。英國文學neoclassical period新古典主義/daniel defoe丹尼爾.笛弗-robinson crusoe魯濱遜漂流記 一.discuss crusoe, the protagonist of the novel, as an embodiment of

11、the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century england.a. social background: the eighteenth century england witnessed the growing importance of the bourgeois or middle class. a. the industrial revolution; b. the expansion of international markets; c. values different from those of the

12、 feudal aristocratic classcourageous, full of energy, hard working, practical, resourceful, self-reliant, etc. d. literature should give a realistic presentation of the life of the common people; it should meet the interest of the middle class people.b. robinson crusoe embodies the virtues of the mi

13、ddle class people. a. crusoe as an adventurous man full of energy and courage b. crusoe as a practical man c. crusoe as a resourceful mand. crusoe as a patient man.a.社會背景：18世紀的英格蘭，見證了資產(chǎn)階級或中產(chǎn)階級日益增長的重要時刻。a。工業(yè)革命;b。國際市場的開拓;c。與那些封建貴族階級不同的價值觀：勇敢，充滿干勁，勤勞，務實，足智多謀，自力更生等。d。文學應現(xiàn)實顯現(xiàn)普通老百姓的生活，它應該滿足中產(chǎn)階級的利益。b.“魯濱遜漂

14、流記”體現(xiàn)了中產(chǎn)階層人民的美德。a。魯濱遜是一個充滿干勁和勇氣的冒險者， b。魯濱遜是一個務實的人，c。魯濱遜作為一個足智多謀的人，d。魯濱遜是一個有耐心的人。二 discuss why robinson cruse became so successful when it was published?（daniel defoe）1. robison crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an alexander selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island fo

15、r five years. actually, the story is an imagination.2. in robison crusoe, defoe traces the growth of robison from a nave and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.3. in the novel, robison is a real hero and he is an embodiment of the rising mi

16、ddle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century england.4. robison crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time. because of the above reasons, when it was published, people all liked that story, and it became an immediate success. 1。魯賓遜漂流記“的假想基礎上的亞歷山大塞爾柯克真正的冒險，曾經(jīng)獨自留在無人居住的小島五年。其實

17、，這個故事是一種想象。2。魯賓遜漂流記“，笛弗追溯魯賓遜的成長，在忙碌的生活中通過無數(shù)試煉，從一個天真爛漫的青年到一個精明硬朗的男人。3。在小說中，羅賓遜是一個真正的英雄，他是十八世紀中葉英國的上進的中產(chǎn)階級美德的體現(xiàn)。4。魯賓遜漂流記“是一個非常具有時代精神的冒險故事。由于上述原因，當它被發(fā)表的時人們都喜歡這個故事，它就一炮而紅。英國文學victorian維多利亞時期/charles dickens 查爾斯.狄更斯-oliver twist霧都孤兒一.how do you understand that dickens is the greatest critical realist wri

18、ter of the victorian age?1. in his works, dickens sets out a full map and a large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century england. it is his serious intension to expose and criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees around him2.with his first sentence, dic

19、kens engages the readers attention and holds it to the end。3. the settings of his have an extraordinary vividness.4. in language, he is often compared with shakespeare for his adeptness with the vernacular and large vocabulary.5. character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works.6.

20、 dickens works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.1。在他的作品中，狄更斯勾勒了一個完整的地圖和對一個十九世紀的英國大型的批判。在他的作品中，他非常深刻地揭露和批判他身邊所看到的貧困，不公，虛偽和腐敗。2。隨著他的第一句話，狄更斯從事讀者的關注，并認為它的結束。3。他的勾勒非常生動。4。在語言，他經(jīng)常與莎士比亞相比，他善于用白話和大量的詞匯。5。性格的寫照，是他的作品最顯著特點。6。狄更斯的作品也由幽默和感傷交織的特點。二,discuss dickens is art of novels: the s

21、etting, the language, and the characters, etc. based on his novel oliver twist.1. he uses a mixture of the contemporary and recollected past as his fictional settings.2. with his first sentence, he engages the reader is attention and holds it to the end.3. his best-depicts characters are those innoc

22、ent virtues, persecuted helpless, child characters such as oliver twist.4. the figures that he depicted, marked out by some peculiarity in physical, speech or manner, are both types and individuals.5. dickens is works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.6. adept with the vernacu

23、lar and large vocabulary, he brings out many a wonderful verbal picture of man and scene1。他用他的虛構設置的當代和回憶過去的混合物。2。他的第一句話，吸引讀者的關注一直到結束。3。他最好的描述那些無辜的美德，逼迫無奈的小孩子的性格，如霧都孤兒。4。他描繪的人物，由物質(zhì)，語音或方式的一些特殊性構成，這兩種類型和個人。5。狄更斯的作品也由幽默和感傷交織的特點。6。善于用白話和大量的詞匯，他帶來了許多精彩的男子和現(xiàn)場的口頭圖片英國文學 victorian 維多利亞時期/ charlotte bronte夏洛特.

24、勃朗特-jane eyre簡愛一 why is jane eyre by charlotte bronte a successful novel?1. the story opens with the titular heroine, jane eyre, a plain little orphan.2.this novel sharply criticize the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination jane experiences

25、 and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage.3. the success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the english novel the first governess heroine jane eyre.4. it is an intense moral fable at the same time. jane like mr. rochester has to under go a series of physical and m

26、oral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.1。這故事由女主角簡愛，一個普通的小孤兒展開。2，本小說尖銳批評現(xiàn)行的社會，例如宗教虛偽的慈善機構，社會歧視簡的經(jīng)驗和荒謬的愛情觀和婚姻的社會習俗。3。小說的成功也是因為這是第一個引進女主人公簡愛的英國小說4.同時，它是一個緊張的道德寓言。簡喜歡羅切斯特先生，不得不通過一系列的物質(zhì)和道德考驗成長起來，實現(xiàn)她最終幸福。二.based on jane eyre by charlotte bronte, discuss the theme of her works, the image of

27、woman protagonists and the comprehensive sense for contemporary society.1. charlottes works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.2. all her

28、heroines highest joys arise from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.3. the image of woman protagonists in her works is mostly that of the middle-class working women, particularly governesses with strong feelings, fiery passions and some extraordinary personalities.4. her works pr

29、esent a vivid realistic picture of the english society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. especially in jane eyre, she sharply criticizes the existing society, e.g. religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.

30、1。夏洛特的作品都是一些個人對自我實現(xiàn)的自我意識掙扎，和一些孤獨和被忽視的年輕女性對愛，理解和對一個完整幸福生活的的強烈渴望。2。她所有的女主人公的最高樂趣來自一些自我犧牲或克服一些人性的弱點。3。在她的作品中，女主人公的形象大多是中產(chǎn)階級婦女工作者，特別是具有強烈的感情，火熱的激情和一些獨特性格的女主人公。4。她的作品呈現(xiàn)一個生動逼真的英國社會畫面，揭露上層階級的殘酷，虛偽及其他丑惡現(xiàn)象，并顯示了窮人的痛苦和苦難。尤其是在“簡愛”，她尖銳批評現(xiàn)行社會，如宗教慈善機構的虛偽。英國文學 victorian 維多利亞時期/ thomas hardy 扥馬斯.哈代- tess of the dunv

31、erville 德伯家的苔絲一.how are naturalism and criticism reflected in hardys novels?1. in his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. the outsi

32、de nature the natural environment or nature herself -is shown as some mysterious supernatural force, very powerful but half-blind, impulsive and uncaring to the individual s will, hope, passion or suffering.2. though naturalism seems to have played an important part in hardys works, there is also bi

33、tter and sharp criticism and even open challenge of the irrational, hypocritical and unfair victorian institutions, conventions and morals which strangle the individual will and destroy natural human emotions and relationships.1。在他的作品中，人不可避免地受到自己固有的性質(zhì)和遺傳特征的約束，這促使他去尋找一些具體的幸福或成功，讓他與環(huán)境的做斗爭。外部條件，自然環(huán)境或自然

34、本身-具有一些神秘的超自然的力量，非常強大，但對個人的意愿，希望，激情或痛苦睜一只眼閉一只眼，浮躁，漠不關心。2。自然主義在哈代的作品中扮演著很重要的一部分，但這還有著辛辣尖銳的批判，甚至是對不合理、虛偽和不公平的扼殺個人意愿和破壞人類天性情感和關系的維多利亞制度、框架和道德的的公開挑戰(zhàn)。英國文學modern 現(xiàn)代時期/ george bernard shaw 喬治 蕭伯納 widowers house鰥夫的房產(chǎn)/ mrs. warrens profession華倫夫人的職業(yè)/ candida康蒂坦/ st. joan圣女貞德/ casar and cleopatra西澤和克麗奧佩特/ man

35、 and superman人與超人/ major barbara巴巴拉少校/pygmalion皮格馬利翁 /heartbreak house傷心之家/ back to methuselah回到麥修色拉/the apple cart蘋果車一it is said that b. shaws play, mrs. warrens profession, has a strong realistic theme, which fully reflects the dramatists fabianist idea. try to summarize this theme briefly.a. as o

36、ne of the influential members of the fabian society, shaw regarded the establishment of socialism by the emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class ownership as the final goal.b. as a realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects. most of his plays

37、are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems.c. mrs. warrens profession is a play about the economic oppression of women.a.法比安斯社會有影響力的成員之一蕭伯納認為，社會主義的建立要將個人資產(chǎn)所有制中解放土地和產(chǎn)業(yè)資本作為最終目標。b.作為一個現(xiàn)實的劇作家，他把現(xiàn)代社會問題作為他的課題。他的戲劇大多是有關政治，經(jīng)濟，道德，或宗教問題c.華倫夫人的職業(yè)是一部關于經(jīng)濟壓迫的婦女的戲劇。二. brief the features o

38、f bernard shaws works.1. his playwrights have a variety of subjects. his early plays were mainly concerned with social problems and directed towards the criticism of the contemporary social, economic, moral and religious evils.2. structurally and thematically, shaw followed the great traditions of r

39、ealism. as a realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.3. one feature of shaw is characterization is that makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. another feature is that shaws characters are t

40、he representatives of ideas and points of view.4. much of shaw drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.1。他的戲劇有各種各樣的主題。他早期的劇作主要關心的社會問題，并針對批評的當代社會，經(jīng)濟，道德和宗教的罪惡。2。蕭伯納結構和主題，遵循現(xiàn)實主義的偉大傳統(tǒng)。作為一個現(xiàn)實的劇作家，他作為現(xiàn)代社會問題與指導社會改革的目的，他的臣民。3。蕭伯納的一個特點是通過貶低一個角色來生動表現(xiàn)另一個角色的特征。另一個特點是，蕭伯納

41、的人物是思想和觀點的代表。4蕭伯納戲劇大部分是圍繞傳統(tǒng)戲劇形勢反轉構造。美國文學the romantic period 浪漫主義時期 / nathaniel hawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑the scarlet letter紅字/ the house of the seven gables七個尖角閣的房子 / young goodman brown年輕人古德蒙.布朗一.based on hawthorne is work the scarlet letter, discuss the characters of his writings.1.the structure and the fo

42、rm of his writings are always carefully worked out to cater for the thematic concern。2. he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology.3. there isnt much action, or physical movement going on in his works.4. he emphasizes psychological aspect of human beings.5. the symbol can be found ev

43、erywhere in his writing.6. his writing is usually ambiguous for the intense interpretation of symbols.1，他著作的結構和形式總是緊緊圍繞著主旨。2。他善于探索復雜的人類心理。3。在他的作品中沒有太大跳躍或移動。 4。他強調(diào)人類心理方面。5。在他的著作中象征性隨處可見。6。他的寫作通常是含糊不清的為象征比喻。三.try to discuss the theme of young goodman brown.(nathaniel hawthorne)1. young goodman brown i

44、s essentially an allegory. it is concerned with a young puritan who attends a witches sabbath in the woods.2. browns poetry is not easy to read .his rhythms are often too fast, too rough and unmusical. the syntax is usually clipped and highly compressed. the similes and illustrations appear too prof

45、usely.3. the allusions and implications are sometimes odd and farfetched. all this makes up his obscurity.4. there are abundant metaphors in his poems. 1。小伙子布朗基本上是一則寓言。它關注的是一個年輕的清教徒出席在樹林里的女巫安息日。2。布朗寧和他的詩歌是不容易閱讀。他的節(jié)奏往往太快，太粗糙和無旋律。語法通常裁剪和高度壓縮。比喻和插圖出現(xiàn)太多。3。典故和意義有時太過于古怪和牽強。這都使得他的默默無聞。4。在他的詩有豐富的隱喻。美國文學the

46、romantic period 浪漫主義時期 / walt whitman華爾特.惠特曼leaves of grass草葉集/ democratic vistas名主展望/ there was a child went forth有個天天向前走的孩子/ cavalry crossing a ford騎兵過河/ song of myself自我之歌一.whit is a giant of american letters. discuss whitmans art of poem；the language, the characters, etc.1. whitmans poetic style

47、 is marked by the use of the poetic ”i”.2.what he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is “free verse“, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.3. whitmans poetry is relatively simple and even rather crude.4. most of the pictures he painted with words are honest,

48、undistorted images of different aspects of america of the day. 1?；萏芈脑姼栾L格有詩意的“我”的使用2。他喜歡用“自由詩體”寫新作和新詩，也就是說，詩歌里沒有一個固定的節(jié)奏或規(guī)則的韻律。3?；萏芈脑姼柘鄬唵?，甚至相當粗糙。4。他描繪的大多數(shù)畫面是真實的，與美國的同時期不同作家的失真想象不同。二.what are the features of whitman s poetry?1. his poetic style is marked by the use of the poetic”i”2. he adopted “fre

49、e verse”, poetry, without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.3. the image in his poems is unconventional.4. he uses oral english.5. his vocabulary is amazing.6. parallelism and phonetic recurrences are used at the beginning of lines.1。他的詩歌風格是有詩意的“我”2。他采用“自由詩體”， 詩歌里沒有一個固定的節(jié)奏或規(guī)則的韻律。3。在他的詩的形象是不落俗套。4。

50、他使用英語白話。5。他的詞匯量是驚人的。6。用于并行和語音復發(fā)行的開頭。美國文學the romantic period 浪漫主義時期 / herman melville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾一try to discuss the symbolism in moby-dick book.（melville）1. it is a mixture of fantasy and realism based upon the south pacific whaling industry. it might be read as an initiation story about ishmael, the o

51、utcast, finding himself in a real world of hard work and danger and unreal world of speculation and mystery.2. it is a fabulous dramatization of ahab is obsessed determination to revenge himself in the pursuit of one particular whale who has previously destroyed his boat and humiliated him by rippin

52、g off one of his legs. the book has so often been interpreted in so many ways, allegorically and symbolically.3. melville is a master of allegory and symbolism. instead of putting the battle between ahab and the big whale into simple statements, used symbols. that is, objects or persons who represen

53、t something else. different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. the white whale,

54、moby dick, symbolizes nature for melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.4. for the character ahab, however, the whale only represents evil. moby dick is like a wall, hiding some unknown, mysterious things behind. for the author as well as for the reader and ishma

55、el the narrator, moby dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery of the truth. the whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration

56、into man is deep reality and psychology.1。這是一個以南太平洋捕鯨業(yè)為基礎的幻想和現(xiàn)實相融合的產(chǎn)物。它是一部以棄兒實瑪利在一個艱難危險的世界中和未知充滿神秘色彩的世界中尋找自我為開端的故事。2。它是一部的戲劇，亞哈一心一意要報復那只曾摧毀了他的船和剝?nèi)ニ粭l腿給，他留下羞辱的一只特別的鯨魚。這本書常常被用寓言和象征等翻譯成各種形式。3。麥爾維爾是一個寓言和象征的專家。他不是把亞哈和大鯨魚之間的戰(zhàn)斗用簡單的語句象征，而是用物或人代表其他東西。在船上不同的人代表著不同的想法、不同的社會民族群體。事實上具有象征性和共同性，帶有普遍意義。百戈號成為人類社會的縮影

57、，航行是人類的尋求真理。對麥爾維爾來說，白鯨象征著大自然，是復雜的，深不可測，又壞又美麗。4。然而對主角亞哈來說，鯨魚只代表邪惡。白鯨就像是一堵墻，背后隱藏一些未知而神秘的東西。白鯨“是一個神秘的，終極奧秘的宇宙，心靈的航程永遠是都是一種探索之旅，而不是發(fā)現(xiàn)真理。整個故事是一個象征著追求宇宙真理和知識的心靈航程，是人類的真實自我和心理的精神探索。二.discuss the way symbolism is used in melvilles moby-dick.1. to ahab, the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agen

58、t of an evil force that controls the universe, or perhaps both the chase of the white whale symbolizes ahabs pursuit of truth and fighting against the evil power.2. to ishmael, the whale is an astonishing force, an immense power, which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries.3. it also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe. 4. to readers, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man.5. it may also be regarded as a symbol of nature. at the end of th