The Development of Mobile Phone

1、the development of mobile phonea mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular telephone, cell phone, hand phone or handy) is an electronic device used for two-way radio telecommunication over a cellular network of base stations known as cell sites. mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which

2、only offer telephone service within limited range through a single base station attached to a fixed land line, for example within a home or an office.a mobile phone allows its user to make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network, which includes other mobiles and fixed-li

3、ne phones across the world. it does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. a key feature of the cellular network is that it enables seamless telephone calls even when the user is moving around wide areas via a process known as handoff or handover.in addition to

4、being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many additional services, and accessories, such as sms (or text) messages, e-mail, internet access, gaming, bluetooth and infrared short range wireless communication, camera, mms messaging, mp3 player, radio and gps. low-end mobile phones are ofte

5、n referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end mobile phones that offer more advanced computing ability are referred to as smart phones.dr. martin cooper of motorola demonstrated the first handheld mobile phone in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kg (4.4 lb). motorola released the first commercia

6、lly available mobile phone, the dynatac 8000x, in 1983. in the year 1990, 12.4 million people worldwide had cellular subscriptions. by the end of 2009, less than 20 years later, the number of mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide reached approximately 4.6 billion, 370 times the 1990 number, penetr

7、ating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.history of mobile phonesradiophones have a long and varied history going back to reginald fessendens invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radiotelephony, through the second world war with military use of radiotele

8、phony links and civil services in the 1950s.the first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred in st. louis, missouri, usa on june 17, 1946, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today. the equipment weighed 80 lbs, and the at&t service, basically a massive

9、party line, cost $30 usd per month (equal to $334.15 today) plus 30 to 40 cents per local call, equal to $3.34 to $4.46 today.in 1960, the worlds first partly automatic car phone system, mobile system a (mta), was launched in sweden. mta phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a wei

10、ght of 40 kg. in 1962, a more modern version called mobile system b (mtb) was launched, which was a push-button telephone, and which used transistors in order to enhance the telephones calling capacity and improve its operational reliability. in 1971, the mtd version was launched, opening for severa

11、l different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.martin cooper, a motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against bell labs for the first portable mobile phone. u

12、sing a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on april 3, 1973 to his rival, dr. joel s. engel of bell labs.the first commercially automated cellular network (the 1g generation) was launched in japan by ntt in 1979, initially in the metropol

13、itan area of tokyo. within five years, the ntt network had been expanded to cover the whole population of japan and became the first nationwide 1g networks. in 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the nordic mobile telephone (nmt) system in denmark, finland, norway and sweden. nmt w

14、as the first mobile phone network featuring international roaming. the first 1g network launched in the usa was chicago-based ameritech in 1983 using the motorola dynatac mobile phone. several countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the uk, mexico and canada.the first modern netw

15、ork technology on digital 2g (second generation) cellular technology was launched by radiolinja (now part of elisa group) in 1991 in finland on the gsm standard, which also marked the introduction of competition in mobile telecoms when radiolinja challenged incumbent telecom finland (now part of tel

16、iasonera) who ran a 1g nmt network.in 2001, the first commercial launch of 3g (third generation) was again in japan by ntt docomo on the wcdma standard.one of the newest 3g technologies to be implemented is high-speed downlink packet access (hsdpa). it is an enhanced 3g (third generation) mobile tel

17、ephony communications protocol in the high-speed packet access (hspa) family, also coined 3.5g, 3g+ or turbo 3g, which allows networks based on universal mobile telecommunications system (umts) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.mobile phone features and smart phoneall mobile phones ha

18、ve a number of features in common, but manufacturers also try to differentiate their own products by implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers. this has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the last 20 years.the common components found on all pho

19、nes are:a rechargeable battery providing the power source for the phone functionsan input mechanism and display can allow the user to interact with the phone. the most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in some high-end smart phones.basic mobile phone services to al

20、low users to make calls and send text messages.all gsm phones use a sim card to allow an account to be swapped among devices. some cdma devices also have a similar card called a r-uim.individual gsm, wcdma, iden and some satellite phone an international mobile equipment identity (imei) number unique

21、ly identifies devices.low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony, as well as functions such as playing music and taking photos, and sometimes-simple applications based on generic managed platforms such as java me or brew. handsets with more advanced comp

22、uting ability through the use of native software applications became known as smart phones. the first smart phone was the nokia 9000 communicator in 1996, which added pda functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. as miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled

23、ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of the smart phone has evolved, and what was a high-end smart phone five years ago, is a standard phone today.several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the rim blackberry focusing on enterprise/corporate

24、 customer email needs; the sonyericsson walkman series of music phones and cyber shot series of camera phones; the nokia nseries of multimedia phones, the palm pre the htc dream and the apple iphone.other features that may be found on mobile phones include gps navigation, music (mp3) and video (mp4)

25、 playback, rds radio receiver, alarms, memo recording, personal digital assistant functions, ability to watch streaming video, video download, video calling, built-in cameras (1.0+ mpx) and camcorders (video recording), with auto focus and flash, ring tones, games, ptt, memory card reader (sd), usb

26、(2.0), dual line support, infrared, bluetooth (2.0) and wifi connectivity, instant messaging, internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless modem. nokia and the university of cambridge demonstrated a bendable cell phone called the morph.software and applicationsthe most commonly used data a

27、pplication on mobile phones is sms text messaging. the first sms text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the uk, while the first person-to-person sms from phone to phone was sent in finland in 1993.other non-sms data services used on mobile phones include mobile music, dow

28、nloadable logos and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising. the first downloadable mobile content was sold to a mobile phone in finland in 1998, when radiolinja (now elisa) introduced the downloadable ring tone service. in 1999, japanese mobile operator ntt docomo introduced

29、 its mobile internet service, i-mode, which today is the worlds largest mobile internet service.the first mobile news service, delivered via sms, was launched in finland in 2000. mobile news services are expanding with many organizations providing on-demand news services by sms. some also provide in

30、stant news pushed out by sms.mobile payments were first trialed in finland in 1998 when two coca-cola vending machines in espoo were enabled to work with sms payments. eventually, the idea spread and in 1999 the philippines launched the first commercial mobile payments systems, on the mobile operato

31、rs globe and smart. today, mobile payments ranging from mobile banking to mobile credit cards to mobile commerce are very widely used in asia and africa, and in selected european markets.power supplymobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. there are a variety of ways used to

32、 charge cell phones, including usb, portable batteries, mains power (using an ac adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. in 2009, the first wireless charger was released for consumer use.standardization of micro-usb connector for chargingstarting from 2010, many mobile phone ma

33、nufacturers have agreed to use the micro-usb connector for charging their phones. the mobile phone manufacturers who have agreed to this standard include:lgmotorolanokiaresearch in motionsamsungsony ericssonon 17 february 2009, the gsm association announced that they had agreed on a standard charger

34、 for mobile phones. the standard connector to be adopted by 17 manufacturers in the open mobile terminal platform including nokia, motorola and samsung is to be the micro-usb connector (several media reports erroneously reported this as the mini-usb). the new chargers will be much more efficient tha

35、n existing chargers. having a standard charger for all phones, means that manufacturers will no longer have to supply a charger with every new phone.in addition, on 22 october 2009, the international telecommunication union (itu) announced that it had embraced micro-usb as the universal charger solu

36、tion its energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution, and added: based on the micro-usb interface, ucs chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger.charger efficiencythe majority of energy lost in

37、a mobile phone charger is in its no load condition, when the mobile phone is not connected but the charger has been left plugged in and using power. to combat this, in november 2008, the top five mobile phone manufacturers nokia, samsung, lg electronics, sony ericsson, and motorola set up a star rat

38、ing system to rate the efficiency of their chargers in the no-load condition. starting at zero stars for 0.5 w and going up to the top five star rating for 0.03 w (30 mw) no load power.a number of semiconductor companies offering fly back controllers, such as power integrations and cam semi, now cla

39、im that the five-star standard can be achieved with use of their product.batteryformerly, the most common form of mobile phone batteries was nickel metal-hydride, as they have a low size and weight. lithium ion batteries are sometimes used, as they are lighter and do not have the voltage depression

40、that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. many mobile phone manufacturers have now switched to using lithium-polymer batteries as opposed to the older lithium-ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility to make the battery a shape other than strict cuboids. mobile phon

41、e manufacturers have been experimenting with alternative power sources, including solar cells.sim cardgsm mobile phones require a small microchip called a subscriber identity module or sim card, to function. the sim card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed undern

42、eath the battery in the rear of the unit. the sim securely stores the service-subscriber key (imsi) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). the sim card allows users to change phones by simply removing the sim card from one mobile phone and in

43、serting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.a sim card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user (imsi), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the

44、user has access to and two passwords (pin for usual use and puk for unlocking).sim cards are available in three standard sizes. the first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm 53.98 mm x 0.76 mm). the newer, most popular miniature version has the same thickness but a length of 25 mm and a width of

45、15 mm, and has one of its corners truncated (chamfered) to prevent misinsertion. the newest incarnation known as the 3ff or micro-sim has dimensions of 15 mm 12 mm. most cards of the two smaller sizes are supplied as a full-sized card with the smaller card held in place by a few plastic links; it ca

46、n easily be broken off and be used in a device that uses the smaller sim.munich smart card maker giesecke & devrient made the first sim card in 1991 for the finnish wireless network operator radiolinja. giesecke & devrient sold the first 300 sim cards to elisa (ex. radiolinja).those cell phones that

47、 do not use a sim card have the data programmed in to their memory. using a special digit sequence to access the “nam” as in “name” or number programming menu accesses this data. from there, information can be added, including a new number for the phone, new service provider numbers, new emergency n

48、umbers, new authentication key or a-key code, and a preferred roaming list or prl. however, to prevent the phone being accidentally disabled or removed from the network, the service provider typically locks this data with a master subsidiary lock (msl). the msl also locks the device to a particular

49、carrier when it is sold as a loss leader.the msl applies to the sim only so once the contract has been completed the msl still applies to the sim. the phone, however, is also initially locked by the manufacturer into the service providers msl. this lock may be disabled so that the phone can use othe

50、r service providers sim cards. most phones purchased outside the u.s. are unlocked phones because there are numerous service providers close to one another or have overlapping coverage. the cost to unlock a phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by independent phone vendors

51、.a similar module called a removable user identity module or ruim card is present in some cdma networks, notably in china and indonesia.hybrid (multi cards) mobile phonehybrid mobile phone has capability to use sim card and ruim card altogether. ht-mobile g75 use hybrid technology gsm-gsm/cdma and i

52、t means we can use two sim cards or one sim card and one ruim card known as dual on mobile phone. whereas ht-mobile g78 has the ability triple cards on: gsm+gsm+cdma.the other triple on mobile phone is nexian hybrid nx-271d.multi-cards mobile phones are getting more popular among indian mobile phone

53、 users with a 28 percent rise in the phone sales of q2-2010. experts attribute it to lower call rates by cell phone operators and mobile number portability, which is yet to take off in india. in indonesia this kind of mobile phones is also popular due to we can take advantages of cheaper call rates

54、to call the others with same operator.3d mobile phonespice mobile has launched spice view m-67 3d dual-sim mobile phone. indias first 3d mobile phone allowing us to view 3d pictures and videos along with phones user interface without 3d glasses. the phone is equipped with 2-megapixel cameras, but on

55、ly takes 2d.mobile phones in societymarket sharethe worlds largest individual mobile operator is china mobile with over 500 million mobile phone subscribers citation needed. the worlds largest mobile operator group by subscribers is uk-based vodafone citation needed. there are over 600 mobile operat

56、ors and carriers in commercial production worldwide citation needed. over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009 (source wireless intelligence).sourcedatenokiasamsunglgrimsony ericssonothersidc

57、q1/201036.6%21.8%9.2%3.6%3.6%25.3%gartnerq1/201035.0%20.6%8.6%3.4%3.1%29.3%other manufacturers include apple inc., audiovox (now utstarcom), cect, htc corporation, fujitsu, kyocera, mitsubishi electric, nec, panasonic, palm, matsushita, pantech wireless inc., philips, qualcomm inc., research in moti

58、on ltd. (rim), sagem, sanyo, sharp, sierra wireless, sk teletech, t&a alcatel, huawei, trium, toshiba and vidalco. there are also specialist communication systems related to (but distinct from) mobile phones.mediain 1998, one of the first examples of selling media content through the mobile phone wa

59、s the sale of ring tones by radiolinja in finland. soon afterwards, other media content appeared such as news, videogames, jokes, horoscopes, tv content and advertising. most early content for mobile tended to be copies of legacy media, such as the banner advertisement or the tv news highlight video clip. recently, unique content for mobile has been emerging, from the ringing tones and ring