2020年中考英語題型解題技巧專題03 閱讀技巧--細(xì)節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測題（解析版）

1、閱讀方法技巧-細(xì)節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測題一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解類題目常見的設(shè)問方式1.Which of the following is true/false/mentioned?2.What does the writer pay the least attention to?3.Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.4.All of the following statements may be true /false except.5.Which of the following is not the res

2、ult of.?6.Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of.?(二)快速辨認(rèn)和記憶事實的細(xì)節(jié)1.查讀法查讀是在讀者對材料有所了解的情況下進(jìn)行的。查讀的特點是帶著問題尋找參考答案。(1)用略讀的方法通讀閱讀材料,對原文有一個大概的了解,掌握其主旨。(2)按文章的體裁,如按記敘文、說明文和議論文等及作者寫作的組織模式及有關(guān)的信息詞,如for example,first,second等預(yù)測應(yīng)該到何處尋找自己所需要的事實。(3)把主要精力放在尋找你所需要的細(xì)節(jié)上?？焖偻ㄆx,眼睛自左至右,自上而下呈Z形掃視,直至找到

3、你所需要的部分。待找到你所需要的部分時,可放慢速度,細(xì)讀要查找的內(nèi)容。2.按段落組織模式閱讀如:時間型段落作者在記敘或說明歷史人物或事件時,往往按時間先后的順序組織細(xì)節(jié)。這種按時間順序組織細(xì)節(jié)的段落模式叫做時間型段落。時間型段落都有明顯的信號詞。如first,then,afterwards,shortly after that,later,next,after,before,at last,finally等。略讀時,通過上述信息確定是否為“時間型”段落,然后按時間信息詞的先后順序進(jìn)行查閱,尋找有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)。這種按時間模式閱讀的方法,有助于讀者快速尋找細(xì)節(jié),記住細(xì)節(jié)。二、詞義猜測題詞義猜測是一項很

4、基本也很重要的閱讀方法技巧。我們在閱讀中經(jīng)常會遇到生詞,但不需要每個都猜,我們只需要去猜測那些能夠幫助我們正確理解文章的關(guān)鍵詞匯的詞義。一般我們可以根據(jù)上下文中出現(xiàn)的定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞以及其他內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系來猜測詞義。另外,構(gòu)詞法和生活經(jīng)驗與常識也能幫上大忙。解題時常用的方法有:1.利用構(gòu)詞法的基本知識破解詞匯。這要求考生了解英語詞匯中常用的前綴、后綴和詞根的含義及效用,準(zhǔn)確地推測出它們相互組合形成的整體詞義。(1)轉(zhuǎn)化:指詞的形式不變而詞性發(fā)生變化的一種構(gòu)詞法。如:nurse n.護(hù)士v.護(hù)理;free adj.空閑的v.釋放。一般說來,轉(zhuǎn)化后的詞義與轉(zhuǎn)化前的詞義大致相符。(2)

5、合成:指由兩個或兩個以上的具有獨立含義的單詞組合成一個新的單詞。主要有合成動詞、合成形容詞、合成名詞等。(3)派生:指由一個詞根加上前綴或后綴組成一個新的單詞。2.猜測詞義時更多用到的方法是:結(jié)合上下文的意義、線索、內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。判斷所猜詞時,可根據(jù)上下文的意義、句法結(jié)構(gòu)以及文章的內(nèi)在邏輯去猜詞義。一般情況,上下文所提示的意義與所考詞匯通常是同義、反義或針對性解釋的關(guān)系,可直接確定詞義。根據(jù)上下文意義很難判斷出來的,就考慮用句法和內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系去判斷,符合句法和內(nèi)在邏輯的可能為正確參考答案,反之則排除。3.代入法。代入法是指把四個選項分別代入所猜詞處,結(jié)合語義、句法、內(nèi)在邏輯進(jìn)行綜合判斷

6、。4.考查指代關(guān)系的題通常是就近指代,解這類題時,一要分析代詞的性質(zhì):指人還是物、單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)、主格還是賓格等;二是結(jié)合邏輯和上下文意義去考慮,正確的選項在邏輯和意義上應(yīng)該是無誤的。 專題訓(xùn)練一Even though I just had lunch not long ago, I was feeling hungry again. I went to the kitchen to look for something to eat. That was when I discovered the pudding in the fridge. It was made from milk, sug

7、ar,eggs and fruits,and it looked so yummy. I noticed that there was only one left.I was putting the pudding on a plate when my brother came into the kitchen. He found the pudding and asked for it. “Its mine! I was the only one who found it!”I shouted.“You are my elder brother. You should give it to

8、me!”said he. Then he started pulling the plate towards himself and I did the same.Suddenly, the plate moved to one side and the pudding slipped(滑動)out of the plate. It landed on the floor and turned into a yellow mess. My brother and I both looked at each other, feeling amazed and disappointed at th

9、e same time. It was such a waste!To my surprise, Ollie, our pet dog,walked over to the mess on the floor. It began to lap up the pudding happily. Within minutes, the mess on the floor was gone. Ollie licked(舔)its lips when it was done.After watching Ollie finishing the whole pudding by itself, we re

10、alized. If both of us had shared the pudding, we would both have got to eat half of it. It was because of our greed(貪婪)that we ended up with nothing. That day, my brother and I learnt a good lesson.1.The writers brother thought he should get the pudding because.A.he found it by himselfB.he made it b

11、y himselfC.he was hungrierD.he was younger2.The underlined part“l(fā)ap up”in Paragraph 4 is the closest in meaning to.A.shareB.moveC.eatD.pull3.Which of the following can be put in the blank in the last paragraph?A.how foolish we had beenB.how happy we both wereC.it was wrong to keep a pet dogD.the pud

12、ding was not yummy1.【參考答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過文章第二段中的“You are my elder brother. You should give it to me!”可知,作者的弟弟要布丁的原因是他小。2.【參考答案】C【解析】詞義猜測題。從文章 “Within minutes, the mess on the floor was gone. Ollie licked (舔) its lips when it was done.”可知,寵物狗把掉在地上的布丁吃干凈了。故參考答案選C。3.【參考答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。通過通讀全文可知作者和弟弟由于互不相讓,都

13、沒能吃到布丁,辦了一件傻事,得到了教訓(xùn)。故選A。二Hi! Full of happiness and sadness, the year 2017 is coming to an end and we invite you,the foreign friends to share your stories with our readers all over the world. We will choose some of the best and give prizes to the writers.Foreigners with some experiences about China d

14、uring the past year. You may have visited for just a few days, stayed longer here or just met with Chinese in your own countries.What to write?Anything about China or Chinese people that happened to you. It can be Chinese food,buildings, culture or anything you think worth writing about.How to join?

15、E-mail your writing to readers.Rules:At least 200 words and one photo about your story. More words and photos are encouraged. Please write the information, such as who, what, where and when, below your photos.Prize:A bicycle.Deadline:December 28th, 2017.1.Which sentence can be filled in “” in Paragr

16、aph 2?A.Who can join?B.When to write?C.How to write? D.Where to join?2.We can see from the passage that .A.the winners can get bicyclesB.you can send the story in 2018C.200 words are at most for the storyD.the foreign friends enjoy reading3.The purpose of this passage is .A.to teach readers how to t

17、ake a photoB.to choose some best photos about foreign culturesC.to ask foreigners to write down their feelings about ChinaD.to invite Chinese people to share their stories with foreigners1.【參考答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。由第二段的第一句可知是確定參加對象。2.【參考答案】A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第二句可知,本次的prize是A bicycle。3.【參考答案】C【解析】主題大意題。由第一段可知選C。三

18、There is an old man who used to be very strange in our community. The first time I saw him running, he had something in his hands. I thought maybe it was a pair of gloves. But then, he slowed down, bent down and picked up a piece of paper. I soon realized there were all kinds of things in his hands.

19、 This old man never talked to anyone, but he was always stopping to pick up litter. One day, we heard that the old man was hit by a car while running. We also learned that he could not speak English very well. That was why he didnt talk to anyone. One of the neighbors heard the news and decided to d

20、o something. She called the local newspaper and told them the old mans story.The report then interviewed the old man with the help of a French translator. His name was Bruno Polanski. Mr. Polanski grew up in France, and there was no litter on the street. So when he first saw people drop litter, it r

21、eally shocked(使震驚)him. He made up his mind to pick up the litter in this new country.Later, our community decided that we would have a run every spring to pick up litter. We call it the “Polanski Run”. That day, hundreds of kids walk around the community in groups, picking up litter. It has become o

22、ne of our communitys popular events.1.Mr. Polanski didnt talk to others because .A.he was too shy B.he was unable to speak C.he didnt like to talk D.his English was poor2.Whats Mr. Polanskis mother language?A.English. B.Japanese.C.French. D.German.3.How often does the writers community hold the “Pol

23、anski Run”?A.Once a year. B.Twice a year.C.Three times a year. D.Four times a year.4.Which of the following is the RIGHT order according to the story?(1)Mr. Polanski had a car accident.(2)The “Polanski Run” began to be held.(3)The writer met Mr. Polanski for the first time.A.(1)(2)(3) B.(2)(3)(1)C.(

24、3)(1)(2) D.(3)(2)(1)1.【參考答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第三句和第四句可知。2.【參考答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段的前三句可知。3.【參考答案】A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段中we would have a run every spring可知,賽事每年一次。4.【參考答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。按照事件的發(fā)生發(fā)展順序可知。四Food & DrinkCome to our new Mississippi Eatery. Whether you are looking for a snack or a full meal, we can provide al

25、most anything you need.What we provide for youFresh Tea, Coffee, Hot Chocolate and hot Dogs, etc.Good choice of Home Baking and Cake.Home-made Sandwiches and Specials.Home-made Sweets and Soft Drinks(The first ten customers, free)Pack for you if you prefer a picnic in another place.OpeninghoursMonda

26、y to Friday and on Saturday morning.Contact usTel:(0572)82093867Web:1.The passage is most probably .A.an advertisementB.a food reportC.a shopping listD.a menu2.How long is the Mississippi Eatery open a week?A.For five days.B.For five and a half days.C.For six days.D.For seven days.3.From the passage

27、 we can learn that .A.there are 200 workers in Mississippi EateryB.visitors can have a picnic in Mississippi EateryC.Mississippi Eatery only provides Chinese foodD.most foods in Mississippi Eatery are home-made1.【參考答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。文章是對Mississippi Eatery的介紹,也就是一則宣傳廣告。2.【參考答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從Opening hours的信

28、息可以計算得出參考答案。3.【參考答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。在“What we provide for you”這項中,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)Home-made的食品是比較多的。因此選擇D項。五Oats are healthy food. Many families have them for breakfast. The following is the instructions of Golden Oats from America.1.To make three servings of oats, we need one cup of Golden Oats and cups of water.A.

29、twoB.threeC.fiveD.six2.Both Oatmeal Cookies and Oatmeal Apple Crisp need .A.milkB.eggsC.saltD.butter3.According to the instructions, we must .A.cook the oats before adding waterB.cook the oats for at least 4 minutesC.choose the microwave to cook the oatsD.add fruits to the oats when cooking them1.【參

30、考答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干句意:為了制作三人量的燕麥,我們需要一杯金燕麥和杯水。根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容可知需要三杯水。2.【參考答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)右側(cè)Oatmeal Cookies和Oatmeal Apple Crisp所列原料對比可得出參考答案。3.【參考答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干句意:根據(jù)說明,我們必須。根據(jù)文章可知,爐火制作需要5分鐘,微波爐烹飪需要4分鐘,因此不論哪種方法,至少都需要4分鐘。故選擇B項。干擾項A,在于加水和燕麥的順序,原文是先煮沸水再加燕麥或同時放水和燕麥;干擾項C,文章沒有提及一定選擇微波爐進(jìn)行烹飪;干擾項D,意思是在烹飪時,加入水果,原文中沒有提到

31、。六Internet BoomToday the Internet is widely used in homes, schools, and businesses around the world. However, that hasnt always been the case. The Internet was first developed in the 1960s and 1970s by the U.S. government scientists as a way of sharing information. The earliest Internet was called A

32、RPAnet. In 1969, only four computers were connected to the ARPAnet. Just 20 years later, though, as computers became more commonly developed, over 80,000 computers were connected.The use of the Internet has continued to grow rapidly. Experts think that about 1% of the worlds population used the Inte

33、rnet in 1996. By 2008, that percentage grew to nearly 24%.How do scientists count more than 1 billion users? The programs called Web Crawlers look through the Internet to see how many people are using the Internet and which pages they are visiting. They also make copies of webpages, which are stored

34、 by search engines. Web Crawlers work and collect information once they are started. These programs are sometimes called “spiders”because they“crawl”around the Web.These programs collect and send information 24 hours a day. So if everyone stops using the Internet for one day, the Internet will still

35、 be a pretty busy place. Even when people are not online, these programs travel the Internet.1.The information in the first paragraph shows the idea that the Internet .A.is available mainly in the United StatesB.has a wider use today than it did in the pastC.is seldom used by people in other countri

36、esD.is used mainly by government scientists today2.From the third paragraph, we can know that scientists use Web Crawlers to .A.clean the webB.catch the spidersC.find the InternetD.count the users3.According to the chart, which one of the statements is TRUE?A.There were much fewer people who used th

37、e Internet in 2000.B.There were more than 500 million Internet users in 2000.C.The number of Internet users became less from 2000 to 2008.D.The use of the Internet grows slowly between 2000 and 2005.4.The underlined word “Boom” in the title means .A.a loud noiseB.a government jobC.a rapid increaseD.

38、a computer program1.【參考答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段可知:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)誕生之初,用戶很少,現(xiàn)在廣泛地應(yīng)用。2.【參考答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段的第一句和第二句可知。3.【參考答案】A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由圖表可知,2000年使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)的人數(shù)是20002008年之間最少的。4.【參考答案】C【解析】詞義猜測題。通過全文來看,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在20世紀(jì)末,21世紀(jì)初迅速發(fā)展,因此boom的含義是快速發(fā)展。七This painting is called The Fighting Temeraire. Temeraire is the name of the big, old

39、sailing ship that you can see on the left of the picture. People chose this picture to be the greatest painting in Britain.J. M. W. Turner painted it in 1839. It shows the old sailing ship, the Temeraire, on the River Thames near London. Theres a small tugboat pulling the old ship. Its in fact takin

40、g the Temeraire on its last journey. The old ship is going to the breakers yard. In the background we can see the sun setting.The picture, however, is more than just a painting of two boats in the evening. The artist wanted to show the end of an era(時代). The time of the beautiful, old sailing ships

41、is coming to an end. Thats why we see this happening at sunset. In the little, brown tugboat we can see the new industrial era starting. The tugboat is small and dark and its making a lot of smoke, but its very strong, because its pulling the much bigger ship.The painting shows a real event. Turner

42、watched the Temeraire taking its last journey up the Thames, but he changed some of the details. He painted the old ship white and gold so that it looks like a ghost. In fact, the real ship was black and yellow. We also see the sun setting behind the ship, but in fact, the ship travelled towards the

43、 sunset. However, Turner wanted to show the sun setting on the time of the beautiful old sailing ships.Turner painted The Fighting Temeraire when he was quite old, so perhaps he wanted to show the sun setting on his own life, too. He loved the painting and he never sold it. You can see it today in t

44、he National Gallery in London.1.The Fighting Temeraire .A.is the name of a big sailing shipB.was thought the best painting in BritainC.shows two nice new shipsD.was painted by a famous young artist2.The old ship was pulled to the yard .A.to be painted newB.to be repairedC.to be broken upD.to be sold

45、3.What does the tugboat stand for according to the passage?A.The new industrial era.B.The beautiful old era.C.The painters own life.D.The white and gold ghost.4.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A.The color of the real sailing ship was white and gold.B.In the painting the sailing ship w

46、as going towards the sunset.C.Finally Turner sold this painting because he didnt like it.D.Today the painting is kept in the National Gallery in London.1.【參考答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第一句話This painting is called The Fighting Temeraire.和最后一句話People chose this picture to be the greatest painting in Britain.可知參

47、考答案選擇B項。2.【參考答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句話The old ship is going to the breakers yard.可知,這艘船將要去破拆場,故推測參考答案選擇C項。3.【參考答案】A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段倒數(shù)第二句In the little, brown tugboat we can see the new industrial era starting.可知參考答案選擇A項。4.【參考答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一句話You can see it today in the National Gallery in Lond

48、on.可知這幅畫現(xiàn)存于倫敦國家美術(shù)館。八Have you ever jumped on a trampoline? Today many people use it for exercise.Back in the 1980s, researchers found that jumping on a trampoline was a good way to help astronauts regain their strength. Actually, trampolining has many advantages. It helps bones* and muscles* grow and

49、 improves your balance by stimulating* the inner ear.It is especially useful for increasing flow of the lymphatic system, which helps your body get rid of harmful toxins. Trampolining has benefits similar to those of running, but without too much stress on knees and ankles.If you would like to start

50、 trampolining, you may first need to ask a doctor to make sure its a safe activity for you. Its easy to find an inexpensive trampoline, but it should be well-made and strong enough to support your weight. To avoid accidents, some trampolines have a safety net around them. Remember: whenever you are

51、on a trampoline, be careful not to jump near the edge of it.Here are a few exercises for beginners:High Knee Lift. Raise one knee at a time. Lift your knee higher than you usually do when you are running.Star Jump. Jump into the air and spread your arms and legs into a star shape. As you gain more c

52、onfidence, practice more difficult levels:Tuck Jump. At the top of your jump, bring the knees to the chest*, with the arms holding the legs.Pike Jump. Jump high, bring the legs up, and point the toes* forward. Touch your toes with hands.There are many more exercises you can try. Happy trampolining!1

53、.According to the passage, what benefit can we get from trampolining?A.It helps with bone growth.B.It cures illnesses in our knees.C.It helps reduce stress on muscles.D.It prevents ears from being hurt.2.How can we do trampolining safely?A.Buy an expensive trampoline.B.Jump in the center of a trampo

54、line.C.Choose a trampoline without a net.D.Lose weight before starting trampolining.3.Which picture shows Tuck Jump?4.This passage introduces .A.an exercise to improve our fitnessB.an exercise to gain self-confidenceC.a way to keep balance when we jumpD.a way to avoid accidents when exercising1.【參考答

55、案】A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的advantages和It helps bones and muscles grow可知選A項。2.【參考答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第三段講述如何安全地做蹦床運動。B項與原文第三段的最后一句相符,因此選擇B項。3.【參考答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由At the top of your jump, bring the knees to the chest, with the arms holding the legs. (在跳到最頂端的時候,把膝蓋放在胸前,手臂抱在腿上)可知本題選擇D。4.【參考答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。本文介紹了蹦床這種有益于

56、健康的運動。因此選擇A項。九Understanding Graphics(圖表)When we are reading, we often see one or two graphics in a text. Have you ever thought about these questions: Why are they there? What information do they give? Do they help with our reading and understanding?Graphics are things like pictures, maps, charts and

57、 tables. They give information to readers. Very often, we can see different kinds of graphics in books, magazines and newspapers. Writers use graphics to get the readersattention and give them some particular(特別的)information. Graphics help to understand the given information in a text. And graphics put the information in a particular order so that its easy to understand when we take a quick look.I