微生物復(fù)習(xí)題具答案0001

1、Test 1: Development of MicrobiologyMultiple-choice:1.The fundamental unit of all living organisms is the:A. membrane B. cell C. nucleus D. cell wall2.Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:A. fungi B. eukaryotic C. prokaryotic D. nankaryotic3.The three kingdom classification

2、 system of organisms was proposed by:A. Pasteur B. Bacon C. Winogradsky D. Woese4.Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composed of while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycanA. chitin B. phospholipids C. protein D. glucosamine5.The

3、 first microscopes were developed by:B. Metchnikoff C. Leewenhoek D. Lister6.The term antibiotic means:A. a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganismsB. a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsC. a substance produced by microorganism t

4、hat kills or inhibits other microorganismsD. a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells7.The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:A. RNA B. DNA C. protein D. lipidFILL IN BLANKS:1.Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called eukaryotic_2.Bacte

5、ria do not have a true nucleus and are considered prokaryotic _3.Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the archaea and the eubacteria_.are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5.Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO 2 are called autotroph .6._photo

6、trophs are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7.Heterotroph require organic compounds for growth.8.Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as_thermophile_.9._methanogen_ are organisms that produce methane from CO 2.10._hal

7、ophile _organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11.Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: or cocci_ 一 or rodspirals _ or filament _絲狀體 _,algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_eukaryotic_ _.13.Fungi have cell

8、wall consisting of _chitin_ .14.Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_ surrounded by a protein coat.15.The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating is called: _pasteurization_ .18 .An _antibiotic_ _is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other mic

9、roorganisms.19. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_immunization20. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as _antitoxin_or_antibody _.22. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as_conjugation ,23. _

10、thansformation_ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.l. Anton Leeuwenhoeka. immunization2. Louis Pasteurb. three kingdom classification based on rRNA3. Robert Kochc structure of DNA4. Alexander Flemingd. first microscope5. Edward Jennere. rabies vaccine6. Watson an

11、d Crickf. penicillin7. . Carl Woeseg. established that bacteria can cause diseaseTest 2: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms2.The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:A. bilayer model B. fluid mosaic model C. trilayer model D. permeable model3.The movemen

12、t of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referredto as:A. diffusion B. osmosis C. translocation D. transport4.The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a barrier.A. semipermanent B. Semitransparent C. S

13、emipermeable D. semidiffuse5.Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called:A. facilitated diffusion B. passive diffusion C. Osmosis D. permeation6.Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules with chemical alterationA. active transport B.|group translocation C. fa

14、cilitated diffusion D. binding protein transport7.Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotesA. active transport|BJ group translocationC. facilitated diffusion D. binding protein transport8.Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this c

15、omponent; penicillin prevents its formation .A. lipopolysaccharide B. PhospholipidCJ Peptidoglycan D. teichoic acid9.Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:A. protoplast B. spheroplast C. periplast D. capsule10.DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecule

16、s referred to as:A. iRNA B. mRNA C. rRNA D. tRNA11. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesislayerA. golgi

17、apparatusB. rough ER C. smooth ER D. microbody12. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycancomprises _% of the cell wall.A. 90 B. 50C. 3013. Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cellA. cell membraneB. a nucleoidC. ribosomes D. ca

18、psule14. Pili are tubular shafts in _ bacteria that serve as a means of _.A. gram-positive, genetic exchange B. gram-positive, attachmentC. gram-negative, genetic exchange D. gram-n egative, protecti on15. Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall functionA. transport B. motility C. su

19、pport D. adhension16. Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell wallA. an outer membra neB. peptidoglycanC. teichoic acidD. lipopolysaccharides17. Mesosomes are internal extensions of theA. cell wall B. cell membrane C. chromosome D. capsule18. Bacterial endospor

20、es function inA. reproduction B. survival C. Protein synthesis D. storage19. A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a _.A. micrococcus B. tetrad C. Diplococcus D. sacina20. In general, if two haploid cells fuse, _ will result.A. a germ cell B. mitosisC. a diploid zygote D.

21、 meiosis21. The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes:A. fungi B. algae C. Protozoa D. A and B22. Yeasts are _ fungi, and molds are _ fungi.A. macroscopic, microscopicB. unicellular, filamentousC. motile, nonmotileD. water, terrestrial23. In general, fungi derive nutrients throughA. photosynthesisB

22、. engulfing bacteriaC. digesting organic substratesD. parasitism24. A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called _.A. nonseptate B. imperfect C. septate D. perfect25. A conidium is a/an _ spore, and a zygospore is a/an _ spore.A. sexual, asexualB. free, endoC. ascomycete,basidiomycete

23、D. asexual, sexualgenerally contain some types ofA. spore B. chlorophyll C. locomotor organelle D. toxin27. Mitochondria likely originated fromA. archaeaB. invaginations of the cell membraneC. purple bacteria D. cyan obacteria28. A virus is a tiny infectiousA. cell B. living thing C. particle D. nuc

24、leic acid29. Virus are known to infectA. plants B. bacteria C. fungi D. all organisms30. The capsid is composed of protein subunits calledA. spikes B. virions C. protomers D. capsomers31. The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the _ of its host cell.A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. glycolyx

25、 D. receptors32. The nucleic acid of a virus isA. DNA only B. RNA only C. both DNA and RNA D. either DNA or RNA33. The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle areA. adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation, and releaseB. endocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, and buddingC. adso

26、rption, uncoating, duplication, assembly, and lysisD. endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, and exocytosis34. A prophage is an early stage in the development of a/anA. bacterial virus B. poxvirus C. lytic virus D. enveloped virus35. Enveloped viruses carry surface receptors calledA. bud

27、s B. spikes C. fibers D. sheaths36. Viruses cannot be cultivated inA. tissue culture B. live mammals C. bird embryos D. blood agar37. The protein coat structure of the virus is called a:A. coat B. envelop C. receptor38. The composition of the envelop of some viruses is:A. phospholipids and proteins

28、coded by the viral genomeB. phospholipids and proteins coded by the host genomeC. phospholipids coded by the host genome and proteins coded by the viral genomeD. phospholipids coded by the viral genome and proteins coded by the host genome39.In some cases intact viruses are not needed to infect a ce

29、ll. Infectious protein molecules that can cause disease are given the term:A. prions B. viroids C. Capsomers D. VirionsFILL IN BLANKS:1.Most cells use energy in the form of ATP to run the cell.2. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall is called the periplasm

30、ic space2.Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called_plasmids_.3.The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the cytoplasm_.4.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the _nucleus_ _.5.Bacteria stained by the gram method fall into two groups: Gram positive bacteria (G+),

31、appear deep violet in color; Gram negative bacteria (G-) appear red. in color.6.Staphylococcus aureus 金黃色葡萄球菌 stained by the gram method appear deep violet in color7.Escherichia coli 大腸桿菌 stained by the gram method appear red in color.8.The cell walls of most Gram-positive eubacteria have peptidogly

32、can and teichoic acids.9.The outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall contains phospholipid on its inner surface and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on its outer surface.10.Among the more prominent bacterial inclusions are Carbon storage polymers - PHB and glycogen、 Phosphate polymer、Sulfur Granules、G

33、as Vacuoles11.Bacteria normally reproduce by Transverse binary fission.12.The term nucleoid is used to describe aggregated DNA in the prokaryotic cell.13.The bacterial chromosome is usually a single covalently closed circular molecule.14.Plasmids don Contain the genetic information for the essential

34、 metabolic activities of the cell, but they generally do contain genetic information for special features.15.The major types of plasmids are Resistant plasmids、Col plasmids、Conjugative plasmids、Metabolic plasmids、 Virulence plasmids。16.Bacteria that produce extensive filaments 絲狀體,such as Nocardia 諾

35、卡氏菌屬 species, reproduce by fragmentation of the filaments.17.The methanogens 甲烷微生物，extreme halophiles 嗜鹽微生物 and thermoacidophiles 嗜酸微生物 existed in extreme environments are termed as archear.18.Mycorrhiza 菌根 is a symbiotic association of a fungus with the roots of a higher plants.19.Lichens 地衣 are co

36、mposite organisms composed of fungi and algae, each contributing to the benefit of both.1.Compare and contrast the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic cell. List the properties that are common to both types. List the properties that are different in these two cell types.discovery of the bacterial endospo

37、re was of great practical importance. Why3. What are the unique features of microorganism4. List several applied areas of microbiology Describe the importance of microorganisms in each of these applied fields.5. Discuss the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.6. What are some major

38、differences between gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.7. Draw a typical bacterial cell and identify all parts.8. List the sexual spores and asexual spores of fungi.9. Define the following termsarchaea, flagellum, bacterial chemotaxis, capsule, spore, mesosome, plasmid, simple staining, Gram s

39、taining, colony, lytic bacteriophage, temperate bacteriophage, Virus, HIV, SARS,Actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, Lichen, mycorrhizaMicrobial ecology1.A group of microorganisms coexisting together in a given location is referred to as a:A. ecosystem B. population C. clones D. community2.A native populat

40、ion is called: A. indigenous B. neutral C. obligatory D. community3.A foreign population is referred to as a _population.A. Autochthonous B. allochthonous C. xenochthonous D. chorochthonous4.The rhizosphere effect is an example of:A. commensalisms B. competition C. synergism D. cometabolism5.Organis

41、ms that grow on the surface of other organisms are called:A. symbiotic B. epiphytic 附生的 C. lichens D. lichens6.Lichens are symbiotic relationship between fungi and:A. algae B. eubacteria C. protozoa D. archeabacteria7.Bgcteria that live within protozoa are and example of an:A. nonobligatory endosymb

42、iotic relationshipB. nonobligatory autochthonous relationshipC. obligatory endosymbiotic relationshipD. obligatory autochthonous relationship8.Which of the following bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogenA. Rhizobium B. XanthomonasC. Agrobacterium D. Agrobacterium9.Ruminant bacteria utilize bacteri

43、a to degrade which of the following substratesA. chitin B. keratin C. galactose D. cellulose10. Luminescent bacteria engage in a symbiotic relationship with invertebrates and fish. In this relationship the fish contribute which of the followingA. energy B. food C. oxygen D. nitrogen11. Which of the

44、following describes parasitism and not endosymbiosis A. parasitism is a relationship in which both host and parasite are harmed. B. parasitism is a relationship in which the parasite is harmed and the host is un affected C. parasitism is a relationship in which the host is harmed and the parasite is

45、 unaffected.D. parasitism is a relationship in which both the host and parasite benefit.12.Bacterial plant pathogens are called _by the USDA.A. bacteroids B. plant pests C. plant bugs D. plant germs13.Which of the following organisms causes crown gall tumorsA. Agrobacterium B. Xanthomonas C. Erwinia

46、 D. Spiroplasma14.Most plant diseases are caused by:A. fungi B. bacteria C. viruses D. viroids15.Which of the following is not an effective biological control method for controlling plant pathogensA. use of resistant crops B. use of viral pesticidesC. use of bacterial pesticides D. use of fungal pes

47、ticides16.The greenhouse effect is due to:A. excess production of CO-OH by burning of fossil fuels B. excess production of CO2 by burning of fossil fuels C. excess production of CO by burning of fossil fuels D. excess production of CH4 by burning of fossil fuels17.Which is the lowest trophic level i

48、n the food webA. primary producers B. grazers C. predatorsD. hetertrophic organisms24. Decomposition of organic matter in streams and lakes leads to a decrease in:A. CC2 B. O2C. CH4Test 10: Genetic Variation: Mutation and Recombination1.Bacterial genes are considered: A. homozygous B. heterozygous C

49、. diploid D. haploid2.Extrachromosomal elements that can be exchanged between bacteria are called: A. transposons B. plasmids C. alleles D. probes3.Extrachromosomal elements are known to contain genetic information for all the following except: A. nitrogen fixation B. toxin production C. antibiotic

50、resistance D. cell wall repair4.Which of the following mutations would have a higher probability of coding for a lethal event A. suppressor B. silent C. nonsense D. missense5.Which of the following mutations would result in a change in the amino acid in the polypeptid chain A. suppressor B. silent C

51、. nonsense D. missense6.The technique of replica plating is often used to detect nutritional mutations. Microorganisms that grow on complete media but fail to grow on minimal media are called:A. autotrophs B. auxotrophs C. symbionts D. heterotrophs7.The technique of replica plating was developed by:

52、 A. Crick B. Watson C. Lederberg D. Collins8.UV light induces mutations by:A. causing breaks in the DNA chain allowing for the substitution of additional basesB. causes links between thymidine molecules on the same DNA chainC. causes links between thymidine molecules on different DNA chainsD. causes

53、 an increase in melanin in the skin9.Various chemicals can induce mutations by modifying the nucleotides, causing base deletions or mimickingbases and substituting for them in the DNA chain. An example of the latter is:A. acridine B. 5-bromouracil C. mitomycin C D. nitrous oxide10. The Ames test is

54、used to screen chemicals for mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Which bacterial strain is utilized in this procedureA. Escherichia coli B. Shigella dysenteriae C. Salmonella typhimurium D. Streptococcus pyogenes11. After infection of a cell by the HIV vires, a DNA copy of the viral genome may be

55、inserted in the host chromosome. This is an example of:A. viral recombination B. disparate recombination C. homologous recombination D. nonhomologous- recombination12. Multiple copies of an antibiotic resistance gene was found on the chromosome isolated from bacteria X.What is the most likely explan

56、ation for this occurrenceA. Multiple copies of an antibiotic resistance gene was found on the chromosome isolated from bacteria X.What is the most likely explanation for this occurrenceB. the bacteria mated with numerous bacteria containing plasmids with the antibiotic resistance geneC. the bacteria

57、 contained the antibiotic resistance gene on a transposon that underwent replicative transpositionD. the bacteria contained multiple copies of the antibiotic resistance gene from recombination15. Viruses that are capable of inserting their genome into the host chromosome are called:A. lytic viruses

58、B. temperate viruses C. permissive viruses D. competent viruses16. Isolation of recombinant DNA requires the use of specific enzymes that cut the DNA at specific sequences.These enzymes are called:A. ligases B. recombination enzymes C. restriction enzymes D. excision enzymes17. Messenger RNA was iso

59、lated from a bacteria and used to identify a specific gene. Which of the following techniques would be utilized for this processA. Northern blotting B. Southern Blotting C. Western Blotting D. PCR1. Fermentation is a process carried out by microorganisms that converts to usable products.A. inorganic

60、 compounds B. organic compounds C. CO2 and H2O D. N2 and H2O2. The most important reason for maintaining stock cultures is:A. to have a ready supply of microorganismsB. to maintain control of the fermentation processC to maintain the genetic strain used in the reactionC. determine if the product is