英語語法01語法層次課件

1、英語語法01語法層次Unit 1: Levels of English GrammarIssues of this unit:Levels of grammar unitsmorpheme, word, phrase, clauses英語語法01語法層次學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容預(yù)告：學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容預(yù)告： 本單元之后，請預(yù)習(xí)：本單元之后，請預(yù)習(xí)：第第4、5講：名詞和名詞詞組、名詞屬格講：名詞和名詞詞組、名詞屬格英語語法01語法層次 The subject of this course:Language system:Sound system, for phonology (音系學(xué)音系學(xué))Meaning system,

2、 for semantics (語義學(xué)語義學(xué))Rule system, for grammar study This course studies the syntactic rules.英語語法01語法層次Different levels of forms in English:（Discourse Text）SentenceClausePhraseWordMorpheme英語語法01語法層次 A）Morphemes (詞素詞素) English morphemeFree morphemeBound morpheme (自由詞素) (粘附詞素)e.g. man friende.g. im-

3、-y take luck pre- -ess (as roots, stems，詞根、詞干) (as affixes，詞綴)英語語法01語法層次Affixes： （詞綴的結(jié)構(gòu)分類詞綴的結(jié)構(gòu)分類）1 prefix (前綴前綴)： pre-war, antibody, impossible 2 suffix (后綴后綴)： careful, farmer, nicely, homely3 infix (中綴中綴)： foot feet, statesman英語語法01語法層次 詞綴的功能分類：詞綴的功能分類： 一些詞綴是句法性的句法性的(syntactic)，如：-ed標(biāo)示動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)，-s則標(biāo)示

4、名詞的復(fù)數(shù)或動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)等；它們被稱為“Inflectional affix (屈折詞綴)；其他如：-s -ed -est ”另一些詞綴則是語義性的語義性的(semantic) ，例如：-er作為名詞詞尾，表示“one who ”的含義；它們通常被稱為“Derivational affix (派生詞綴)”英語語法01語法層次 Next, lets look more closely at some examples of stems, affixations and their roles in forming English words.（I have prepared a list o

5、f the stems, prefixes and suffixes of English words, which is in a Word file. If you are interested, you can copy it after class.）英語語法01語法層次1）Examples of Prefixes: a-, an- / without, lacking, not /asymmetric, apolitical, asexual, anarchy bi-/ two / bicycle, bilateral, biped, bipolar, bivalence 英語語法0

6、1語法層次 形式有差異，但意義相同的詞綴： （詞綴變體，由不同的語音導(dǎo)致的變化）： com-, con-, col-, cor-, co- / together, with / combine, compassion, concentric circle, contract collaborate, colleaguecorrespond, correlationcooperation, coworker英語語法01語法層次 形式相同，但意義不同的詞綴： im-, in-, il-, ir- / in, into, on / immigrant, import, income, illustr

7、ation, irrigation (通常為名詞、動(dòng)詞) im-, in-, il-, ir- / not / impossible, immature, ineffectual, illegal, irresponsible （通常為形容詞）英語語法01語法層次反義詞綴：反義詞綴： inter- / between / international, interpersonal, internet, intergroupintra-, intro- / within / intranet, intragroup, introduction, introspectionsub- / under

8、/ subject, submarine, subsonicsuper- / above, greater/ supersonic supermarket, superpower 英語語法01語法層次反義詞綴：反義詞綴： macro- / big / macrocomputer, macrocontrol, macroeconomy micro- /small / microcomputer, microcontrol, microeconomy 英語語法01語法層次同義、近義詞綴：同義、近義詞綴： anti- / against / antibiotic, antibody, antisoc

9、ial, antifascist contra- / against / contradiction, contrastcounter- / against / counteract, counterpart, counterrevolution, counterclockwise英語語法01語法層次同義、近義詞綴：同義、近義詞綴： demi- / a half or a part of / demi-god, demilune, semi- / half, partly / semiconductor, semifinal, semicircle, hemispherefore- / bef

10、ore, in front of / forehead, forestall, forefather, forerunnerpre- / before / prewar, prepare, preposition, preschool 英語語法01語法層次2）Examples of Suffixes:有些后綴僅僅具有句法意義有些后綴僅僅具有句法意義： -ness /added to adjectives to form nouns/carelessness, goodness, laziness, drowsiness -sumption / noun form for verbs ended

11、 with -ume/ assumption, consumption, resumptionassume assumption英語語法01語法層次有些后綴則既有句法意義，也有語義意義有些后綴則既有句法意義，也有語義意義： -able, -ible / adj. capable of, fit for / eatable, workable, considerable, sizable, feasible -oid / n. like, resembling / asteroid, anthropoid, mongoloid 英語語法01語法層次 有些后綴具有不同的意義（例如相反意義）：有些后

12、綴具有不同的意義（例如相反意義）： -er, -or, -eer / n. one who / worker, officer, operator, actor, engineer, profiteer -ee / n. one who (usu. in passive sense)/ interviewee, testee, fiancee, employee 英語語法01語法層次 3）Examples of Stems: -anim- / spirit / animal, unanimous, magnanimous -aqua- / water / aquatic sports, aqu

13、arium, aquanaut -auto- / self / autobiography, automation, automobile, autism 英語語法01語法層次 -cap-, -capit- / head, chief / capital, captain, decapitation, per capita income -dict- / say, speak / dictation, dictionary, dictator, contradiction -son- / sound / subsonic, consonant, resonant, ultrasonic 英語語

14、法01語法層次小貼士：詞根的典故：Cesar: Veni, Vidi, Vinci!“ -ven-, -vent- / come / intervene, prevent, convention -vid-, -vis- / see / video, visualize, vision, vista -vinc-, -van- / conquer / victory, invincible, vanquish, vanity 英語語法01語法層次 Just a small quiz, before we go on:Do you know these words and if not, can

15、 you figure out their meanings: docudrama netizen ultramodernhydrotherapy retrospect transplant clockwise, counterclockwise testwise英語語法01語法層次 Can you make out the meaning of this word：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 英語語法01語法層次詞中，詞根詞綴的含義：-pneumono- pneumonia, pneumatic gunultra-ultraso

16、nic, ultravioletmicro- microcomputer, microphone-scop-telescope, microscopesilicon 硅硅volcano 火山火山-coni- of cones-osis （病名后綴）tuberculosis, scoliosis 英語語法01語法層次 The meaning of the word：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is this in Chinese：硅酸鹽沉淀病英語的大詞比小詞容易記。英語的大詞比小詞容易記。英語語法01語法層次Now lets go

17、to the next level of grammar：the word level.英語語法01語法層次 B) Words: Types of English Words In terms of function （按功能分）（按功能分） Closed class words (封閉類詞，虛詞封閉類詞，虛詞) Open class words (開放類詞，實(shí)詞開放類詞，實(shí)詞)英語語法01語法層次Closed class words (function words, 封閉類詞，虛詞封閉類詞，虛詞)這類詞無詞形變化，數(shù)量小這類詞無詞形變化，數(shù)量小Preposition, pronoun, de

18、terminer, conjunction, auxiliaryand in the they shall英語語法01語法層次Open class words (content words, 開放類詞，實(shí)詞開放類詞，實(shí)詞) noun, adjective, adverb, main verb, numerals (cardinal, ordinal)這類詞有詞形變化，數(shù)量很大這類詞有詞形變化，數(shù)量很大boy boys good bestthree thirty borrow borrowed borrowing英語語法01語法層次 Types of English Words In terms

19、 of structure （按結(jié)構(gòu)分）（按結(jié)構(gòu)分） 1）simple words（簡單詞）（簡單詞） 2）derivative words（派生詞）（派生詞） 3）compound words（復(fù)合詞）（復(fù)合詞）英語語法01語法層次1) Simple word （簡單詞）（簡單詞）Also called “morpheme word，單詞素詞，單詞素詞”（不能再分為更小的詞素）（不能再分為更小的詞素）e.g.: foot, head, car, near, by, in 英語語法01語法層次2) Derivatives (派生詞派生詞) ：Formed by: stem + affixese

20、.g.: uncover; harmless; education 【e- -duc- -at -ion】 Review:Syntactic affixes: worked, redden, gracefulSemantic affixes: superman, cooker, antibody英語語法01語法層次須注意：須注意：syntactic和和semantic的區(qū)分不是絕的區(qū)分不是絕對的，句法性詞綴也可能有語義價(jià)值：對的，句法性詞綴也可能有語義價(jià)值： employer vs. employee trainer vs. traineeinterviewer vs. interviewee

21、而有的語義性詞綴也可以有不同的詞性：而有的語義性詞綴也可以有不同的詞性：beautiful vs. handfulpsychotic / neurotic antibiotic / army medic英語語法01語法層次 3) Compounds (復(fù)合詞復(fù)合詞) ：In English, many words are formed by combining two or more words together and these words are called compound words. Content words such as nouns, verbs and adjective

22、s can all be formed in this fashion.英語語法01語法層次Compounding: the combination of different words or word parts to form a new word: A) Compound Nouns: n. + n. workshop, bookshelf, lifesaver, color-film pron. + n. she-wolf, he-bear, he-man n. + v. sunrise, sunset, shoplift, power-cut v. + n. scarecrow, t

23、elltale, breakfast, turncoat a. + n. greenhouse, red-tape, busybody, bluebook英語語法01語法層次B) Compound Adjectives: a. +n. + ed. smooth-tongued, cold-blooded, narrow-minded, high-nosed n. + v. + ed. heart-broken, weather-beaten, home-made, heartfelt英語語法01語法層次n. + v. + ing. peace-keeping, law-abiding, tim

24、e-saving, truth-telling, fact-findingn. + a. blood-thirsty, ice-free, snow-white, homesick 英語語法01語法層次a. + n. high-grade, first-class, long-range, new-type, second-hand a. + a. bloody-red, bittersweet, dead-alive, white-hot 英語語法01語法層次v. + a. test-wise, failsafe, diehard, talk-big prep. + n. indoor, o

25、verhead, aboveboard, onlinehyphen conj. out-of-door, life-and-death, wait-and-see英語語法01語法層次C) Compound Verbs: adv. + v. to overtake, to uplift, to uproot, to underline, to downplay, to uploadn. + n. to brainstorm, to streamline, to dog-ear, to windsurf, to showcase英語語法01語法層次n. + v. to air-drop, to e

26、avesdrop, to breastfeed, to nose-dive, to masterminda. + v. to safeguard, to whitewash, to blindfold英語語法01語法層次 Just a small quiz, before we go on:Can you figure out the meanings of these compounds: think-tank, kill-joy, apple-polisher half-hearted, honey-mouthed, far-reaching, ill-fitting to cold-sh

27、oulder, to mass-produce 英語語法01語法層次 The answer to the quiz:think-tank (智庫智庫), kill-joy (掃興的人掃興的人/事事), apple-polisher (馬屁精馬屁精) half-hearted (不熱心的不熱心的), honey-mouthed (甜言蜜語的甜言蜜語的), far-reaching (影響深遠(yuǎn)的影響深遠(yuǎn)的) ,ill-fitting (不合身的不合身的) to cold-shoulder (讓讓吃閉門羹吃閉門羹), to mass-produce (規(guī)?；a(chǎn)規(guī)?；a(chǎn)/批量生產(chǎn)批量生產(chǎn))英語語法

28、01語法層次 Other patterns of word formation：There are also other ways to form English words, which constitute several patterns of English word-formation.Next, lets take a look at these patterns.英語語法01語法層次Pattern I. Phrase-hyphen, most of the words formed this way are adjectives: a damned-if-they-do, dam

29、ned-if-they-dont choice a not-so-strong team; the no-war, no-peace stalemate; the cards-on-the-table approach; the ends-justify-means philosophy; Also nouns, such as： forget-me-not英語語法01語法層次Pattern II. Conversions, the shift of the parts of speech of a word:n. v. to knife, to house, to water, to eye

30、ball, to wine and dinev. n. give somebody a push, this years pick, a cheat, to give it a rethinka. n. the old, the rich, the accused, through thick and thin, the illegal英語語法01語法層次Pattern III. Blending, the merge of word parts to form a new word: head + ending: smog, motel, heliport, brunch word + en

31、ding: workaholic, netizen, lunarnaut head + word: medicare, psywar, telediagnosis cyberpolice head + head: comsat, Amerind, memcom, telex英語語法01語法層次Pattern IV. Clipping, removing some part of a word to make it shorter while keeping the meaning:A: tail-clipping: ad, lab, heli(copter), math, gym, biz,

32、bike, comfy, autoB: head-clipping: bus, shute, phone, (heli)copter, plane, quakeC: head and tail clipping: fridge, flu, tec英語語法01語法層次Pattern V. Acronym, the formation of a new word from the initial letters of a phrase: radar : radio detecting and ranging laser: light-wave amplification by stimulated

33、 emission of radiation AIDS: acquired immunity deficiency syndrome 知 道 這 些 詞 是 哪 些 詞 的 縮 寫 嗎 ：知 道 這 些 詞 是 哪 些 詞 的 縮 寫 嗎 ： U F O , UNESCO, VIP, WHO, NATO, OPEC, ASEAN英語語法01語法層次Pattern VI. Formation of words from proper nouns: roentgen, watt, hertz, volt, ampere, pasteurize, champagne, waterloo, water

34、-gate, xerox, Marxism, Reaganomicsto clinton to lewenski ？英語語法01語法層次Next, lets go to the next level of grammar：the phrase level.英語語法01語法層次C) Phrases (短語、詞組短語、詞組)Phrases of English NPVP AdjP AdvP PrepP“P” means “phrase”.英語語法01語法層次 1. NP (noun phrase 名詞短語)：中心語為名詞 (det.) + (modifier) + Noun + (modifier

35、)e.g.: a lazy boy still asleep the earthquake of Richter magnitude 8 with the epicenter at Yingxiu the hottest hotpot that I have ever tasted since I came to Sichuan英語語法01語法層次 NPs that might be misinterpreted： dead president sweat water blind date handwriting on the wall dry goods英語語法01語法層次 NPs that

36、 might be misinterpreted： dead president ：美鈔美鈔 sweat water ：淡水淡水 blind date ：男女初次會(huì)面男女初次會(huì)面（他人安排）（他人安排） handwriting on the wall ：不祥之兆不祥之兆 dry goods ：(美美)紡織品；紡織品；(英英) 谷物谷物英語語法01語法層次 2. VP (verb phrase 動(dòng)詞短語)：中心語為動(dòng)詞 simple VP: Main Verb + (modifier)e.g.: I hate English grammar deeply. complex VP: Auxilia

37、ry + Main Verb + (mod.)e.g.: We are going to sleep away the class. I would have been to Wenchuan as a volunteer worker, if I had not had to go to school now.英語語法01語法層次Finite VP: (affected by tense, or person) e.g.: The boy eats the stone. The boy ate the stone. The boys have eaten the stone.Infinite

38、 VP: (unaffected by tense, or person) e.g.: You are the last person I want to see. Kissed by mosquitoes, I feel /felt itchy.英語語法01語法層次 VPs that might be misinterpreted：to pull ones legto bring down the houseto pull up ones socksHe is easily taken in.See the following page for the answers.英語語法01語法層次

39、VPs that might be misinterpreted：to pull ones leg ：開某人的玩笑開某人的玩笑to bring down the house ：震耳欲聾的聲響震耳欲聾的聲響to pull up ones socks ：鼓起勇氣鼓起勇氣He is easily taken in. ：他極易他極易上當(dāng)受騙上當(dāng)受騙。英語語法01語法層次 3. AdjP (adjective phrase 形容詞短語)：(modifier) + Adjective + (compliment) e.g.: The College Entrance Examinations of thi

40、s year were extremely easy. English grammar learning is too boring to be enjoyable. I am more than happy to accept your invitation to dinner.英語語法01語法層次 4. AdvP (adverb phrase 副詞短語)：(modifier) + Adverb + (modifier) e.g.: We live far away from downtown Chengdu.Good table manner means that you have to

41、eat in such a way that no noise emits.英語語法01語法層次5. PrepP (prepositional phrase 介詞短語)：(modifier) + preposition + compliment e.g.: Dont be a giant of words, but a dwarf of deeds. Boys revolve around girls, just like the Earth around the Sun.英語語法01語法層次D) Clauses and Sentences:Theoretically, a sentence a clause, because a sentence can be formed by two or more clauses.However, in many cases, a clause can be a sentence. For instance: “I