壓力容器、換熱器、冷卻器、鍋爐和裂解爐（包括成套裝置的配管）的焊接和無(wú)損檢測(cè)（中英文）

1、welding & nde of pressure vessels, heat exchangers, coolers, boilers and heaters (including piping of packaged units)壓力容器、換熱器、冷卻器、鍋爐和裂解爐（包括成套裝置的配管）的焊接和無(wú)損檢測(cè)1.0 scope 范圍1.1 this specification covers the requirements for welding, post weld heat treatment, weld examination and inspection of pressure ves

2、sels, heat exchangers, coolers, boilers, heaters and attachments welded thereto (including equipment and piping of package units) for the ips project本規(guī)范適用于isp工程中壓力容器、換熱器、冷卻器、鍋爐、裂解爐及與其焊接的附件（包括成套裝置的設(shè)備和管線）的焊接、焊后熱處理、焊接檢查和檢驗(yàn)。1.2 all welding, welding procedure specifications, qualifications, and welders p

3、erformance qualifications shall be in accordance with the applicable fabrication code and the additional requirements herein.所有的焊接、焊接工藝規(guī)程、焊接工藝評(píng)定及焊工資格考試均應(yīng)符合相關(guān)的制造規(guī)范和本規(guī)范附加的要求。1.3 no deviations shall be made from this specification without written approval from the purchaser.無(wú)買方的書面同意，不得違背本規(guī)范要求。1.4 all p

4、rovisions of the asme boiler and pressure vessel code shall be considered a part of this specification where applicable for the concerning pressure vessel, heat exchanger, boiler, cooler, boiler, heater or piping. 必要時(shí)，asme鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范中關(guān)于壓力容器、換熱器、鍋爐、冷卻器、裂解爐或管道的所有規(guī)定將作為本規(guī)范的一部分。1.5 welding procedure specif

5、ications, including qualifications are also required for internals for pressure vessels. these welding procedure specifications need only to comply with the asme code.壓力容器內(nèi)件的焊接同樣需要制定焊接工藝規(guī)程以及工藝評(píng)定。這些焊接工藝規(guī)程必須符合asme規(guī)范。1.6 definitions:定義vendor: the word vendor will be used for the main supplier responsib

6、le for welding供貨商（賣方）：指負(fù)責(zé)焊接的主供貨商。owner: the word owner will be used for basf-ypc 業(yè)主：指basf-ypc。licensor: the licensors are basf or basell etc 專利商：指basf或basell等。purchaser:party responsible for issuing the purchase order. this may be the main engineering, procurement and construction (epc) contractor a

7、cting as an agent for the owner.買方：負(fù)責(zé)發(fā)出采購(gòu)訂單的一方。這可以是作為業(yè)主代理商的主工程設(shè)計(jì)、采購(gòu)和施工（epc）承包商。2.0 codes and standards 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范the following codes, and standards are to be considered where applicable. all conflicts between the requirements of these relevant documents shall be referred to purchaser for resolution.必要時(shí)應(yīng)考

8、慮以下規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些相關(guān)文件中的要求之間的所有沖突應(yīng)提交買方解決。1) asme boiler and pressure vessel code.asme鍋爐及壓力容器規(guī)范。2) project specification 40-010-00-0-0-00-015: tube/tubesheet joint requirements.項(xiàng)目規(guī)范：管/管板 接頭要求（40010000000015）3) project specification 40-010-00-0-0-00-016: general requirements welding engineering.項(xiàng)目規(guī)范：焊接工程通用技術(shù)

9、要求（40010000000016）4) astm a262: detecting susceptibility to intergranular attack in austenitic stainless steel.asm a262：奧氏體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕敏感性檢測(cè)。5) astm a435: standard specification for straight beam ultrasonic examination of steel. plates.asm a435: 鋼板直射超聲波檢測(cè)技術(shù)規(guī)范。6) astm a770-86: standard specification for t

10、hrough thickness tension testing of steel plates for special applications.asm a770-86:特殊用途鋼板全截面拉伸試驗(yàn)技術(shù)規(guī)范。7) iso 14731 1997: welding coordination tasks and responsibilitiesiso 14731 1997: 焊接工作的協(xié)調(diào)任務(wù)及職責(zé)。3.0 welding documents 焊接文件3.1 the welding documents prepared by the vendor (for each weld or group of

11、 welds) shall comprise:由供貨商（對(duì)每一道焊縫或一組焊縫）準(zhǔn)備的焊接文件應(yīng)包括：1) a weld map.一份焊縫布置圖2) a welding procedure specification (wps) with detailed instructions to the welders and welding machine operators on how to perform the welding of the equipment or piping.一份對(duì)焊工和焊接設(shè)備操作工詳細(xì)說(shuō)明怎樣進(jìn)行設(shè)備或管道焊接的焊接工藝規(guī)程。3) a detailed weldin

12、g procedure qualification test record (pqr).一份詳細(xì)的焊接工藝評(píng)定試驗(yàn)報(bào)告。3.2 all welding documents shall be submitted by the vendor for review and approval by the purchaser. production welding shall not commence before written receipt of the purchasers approval.供貨商應(yīng)向買方提供所有焊接技術(shù)文件，供其審核和批準(zhǔn)。在收到買方的書面批準(zhǔn)以前不得開始焊接工作。3.3

13、purchaser will not give a final approval of welding documents unless they are completed with the results of the required procedure qualification record(s). approval by purchaser of welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records shall in no way relieve the vendor of the responsi

14、bility of providing welds which are sound and suited for the services for which they are intended.如果焊接文件中未包括所需的工藝評(píng)定記錄，買方將不對(duì)焊接技術(shù)文件做出最終批準(zhǔn)。買方對(duì)焊接工藝規(guī)程和工藝評(píng)定報(bào)告的批準(zhǔn)并不能解除供貨商提供完好的和滿足其用途的焊縫的責(zé)任。3.4 all welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records for purchased items subcontracted by the p

15、rime vendor shall be reviewed by the prime vendor for content and contract / purchase order compliance prior to submittal to purchaser. welding shall not commence until documents are returned to the vendor with authorization to start.由主供貨商分包購(gòu)買的設(shè)備的焊接工藝規(guī)程和焊接工藝評(píng)定記錄，應(yīng)由主供貨商對(duì)內(nèi)容和合同/訂貨單的符合性進(jìn)行審核后提交買方。只有技術(shù)文件批

16、復(fù)后，才可開始焊接。3.5 basis for rejection of welding procedures shall be non-compliance with the applicable requirements, or violation of industry practice.焊接工藝被否定的依據(jù)是與相關(guān)要求不符，或違反行業(yè)慣例。3.6 vendor shall minimize the selection of welding procedures for the orders placed for this project to simplify the engineer

17、ing and inspection function, but must fully take into account the applicable requirements.供貨商應(yīng)盡量減少本工程定購(gòu)單的焊接工藝的選擇性，以簡(jiǎn)化工程及檢驗(yàn)工作。但必須充分考慮相關(guān)要求。3.7 each individual vendor shall prepare and qualify his own welding procedures. combining procedure qualifications by two or more companies, even if there exists

18、a combined operational control, is not permitted unless specific approval is given by the purchaser.每一個(gè)供貨商應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備并評(píng)定自己的焊接工藝。除非有買方的特別批準(zhǔn)，即使在兩家或多家公司之間存在聯(lián)合管理控制，也不允許則兩家或多家公司進(jìn)行聯(lián)合焊接工藝評(píng)定。3.8 for each equipment item a separate set of welding documents shall be prepared and submitted.對(duì)每臺(tái)設(shè)備，應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備并提交一套單獨(dú)的焊接技術(shù)文件。3.9 v

19、endor shall supply a fabrication drawing or sketch of each item (e.g. pressure vessel or heat exchanger), showing the reference numbers of the welding procedure specifications selected for each weld (weld map).供貨商應(yīng)提供每一臺(tái)設(shè)備（如壓力容器或換熱器）的制造圖或示意圖，圖中表示出每一道焊縫所選用的焊接工藝規(guī)程的編號(hào)（焊縫布置圖）。4.0 welding procedure specif

20、ication (wps) 焊接工藝規(guī)程（wps）4.1 each wps submitted must include the following information (as applicable):提交的每一份wps必須包括以下內(nèi)容（根據(jù)適用范圍）1) purchase order number or contract number and equipment item number.定購(gòu)單號(hào)或合同號(hào)及設(shè)備位號(hào)。2) vendors wps number and supporting qualification number.供貨商的wps 編號(hào)及相關(guān)焊接工藝評(píng)定的編號(hào)。3) the

21、actual materials to be welded in production, the actual range of plate/pipe thickness and diameter covered and the application of the procedure, i.e. for welding longitudinal or circumferential seams, nozzles into shells, etc. and whether the wps is applicable for shop or field welding.生產(chǎn)中需焊接的材料，所涉及

22、的鋼板/鋼管厚度和直徑的實(shí)際范圍，焊接工藝用于焊接縱縫或環(huán)縫、接管與殼體的焊接等的情況以及wps是否適合車間或現(xiàn)場(chǎng)焊接。4) sketch or sketches showing the type and dimensions (including allowable tolerances) of joints to be welded including root faces size and root opening and method of preparing welding edges.標(biāo)出要焊接的接頭的類型和幾何尺寸（包括允許偏差）,包括鈍邊和間隙尺寸及坡口加工方法的示意圖。5)

23、welding technique to be applied with size of electrodes or wires for each bead, deposition sequence of beads, string or weave bead, initial and interpass cleaning (brushing, grinding, etc.), method of back gouging, oscillation, method of tack welding, multipass or single pass per side, single or mul

24、tiple electrodes, one side welding or rewelding at backside, all welding parameters such as current (ac or dc), polarity, amps (range) volts (range), travel speed (range) and the required heat input (range). for weld overlay operations, the minimum overlap of adjacent beads must be specified. for ta

25、ck welding, all relevant information and parameters shall also be specified in the wps.所采用的焊接技術(shù)的相關(guān)因素：每道焊縫的焊條或焊絲直徑，焊縫的焊接次序，直線或橫向擺動(dòng)，根部和層間清理（鋼絲刷、打磨等），背部清根，擺動(dòng)幅度，點(diǎn)焊方法，每面多道或單道焊，單焊條（絲）或多焊條（絲），單面焊或雙面焊，所有的焊接參數(shù)，如電流（交流或直流）、極性、電流（范圍）、電壓（范圍）、焊接速度（范圍）和要求的熱能量。對(duì)于搭接焊縫，必須給出相鄰焊縫的最小搭接長(zhǎng)度。對(duì)于點(diǎn)焊，所有相關(guān)的要求及焊接參數(shù)也應(yīng)在wps中做出規(guī)定。6)

26、name(s) of welding process( es) to be used, (e.g. smaw, saw, gtaw, etc.). in case of a combination of welding processes it shall be clearly specified which part (thickness) of the weld(s) will be performed by which welding process.所使用的焊接方法的名稱（如smaw、saw、gtaw等）。如果使用組合焊接方法，應(yīng)明確規(guī)定哪一部份的焊縫（厚度）使用哪一個(gè)焊接方法。7)

27、details of welding consumables including the make and brand of electrodes, fluxes, wires and other consumables and adequate filler metal classification according to aws.焊接材料的詳細(xì)情況：焊條、焊劑、焊絲和其他焊接材料的類型牌號(hào)，熔敷金屬按照aws標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的分類。8) shielding gas with percent composition (mixtures), flow-rate (liter/minute), backi

28、ng gas composition and flow rate (liter/minute) and size of gascup to be used.保護(hù)氣體的組成百分比（混合氣體），流量（升/分鐘），背面保護(hù)氣體的組成百分比和流量（升/分鐘）以及所用氣罩的尺寸。9) welding position (position of groove) and welding progression (upward, downward).焊接位置（坡口位置）和焊接方向（向上、向下）。10) minimum preheat and maximum interpass temperature with

29、 method of heating and method of temperature measurement.最小預(yù)熱溫度和最大層間溫度及所使用的加熱方法和測(cè)溫方法。11) post weld heat treatment (pwht), listing holding temperature range, holding time range and method of heating (e.g. electric furnace, gas furnace, resistance locally etc.).焊后熱處理(pwht)：列出保溫范圍，保溫時(shí)間范圍和加熱方法（如電爐加熱、氣爐加

30、熱，局部電阻絲加熱等）12) name and signature of vendors welding engineer or other authorized person with date.供貨商的焊接工程師或其他授權(quán)人員的姓名和簽名及日期。13) for each automatic welding process, the wps shall specify all applicable equipment settings.對(duì)每一個(gè)自動(dòng)焊的焊接工藝，wps應(yīng)明確所有適用的設(shè)備設(shè)定值。4.2 welding procedure specifications are required

31、 for repairing welds. if a production welding procedure is utilized for repair welding this shall be stated in that procedure.要求焊接工藝規(guī)程適用于焊縫的返修。如果產(chǎn)品的焊接工藝適用于焊縫的返修，應(yīng)在焊接工藝中說(shuō)明。4.3 production welding shall be performed using the same name, brand and classification of electrodes, rods, wire and flux combin

32、ation and range of amperage, voltage and travel speed as used for the procedure qualification, unless otherwise agreed upon.除非經(jīng)過(guò)同意，產(chǎn)品的焊接應(yīng)采用焊接工藝評(píng)定時(shí)所使用的同一名稱、牌號(hào)和類別的電焊條、光焊條、焊絲、組合焊劑，以及電流范圍、電壓范圍、焊接速度。5.0 welding procedure qualification record (pqr) 焊接工藝評(píng)定pqr tests are required conform to asme ix, and the

33、following additional requirements of this specification:焊接工藝評(píng)定應(yīng)符合asme ix，及本規(guī)范的以下附加規(guī)定：5.1 each combination of welding processes, pqrs, or both requires qualification as a combination unless specifically approved by purchaser.除非經(jīng)買方批準(zhǔn)，每一個(gè)組合焊接方法，焊接工藝評(píng)定報(bào)告或兩者均需作為一個(gè)組合進(jìn)行評(píng)定。5.2 all non-destructive testing wh

34、ich is required to the relating production welds unless otherwise agreed upon with purchaser.除非買方同意，應(yīng)對(duì)相關(guān)產(chǎn)品焊縫進(jìn)行所要求的所有無(wú)損檢測(cè)。5.3 charpy-v impact tests based on the minimum design metal temperature (mdmt) as specified in the equipment specification.按照設(shè)備規(guī)格書規(guī)定的金屬設(shè)計(jì)最低溫度（mdmt）進(jìn)行夏比-v形缺口沖擊試驗(yàn)。5.4 macro examinat

35、ion and (for ferritic steels) hardness tests on a cross section through the weld and related heat affected zones and adjacent base metal(s). the hardness measurements shall be made on the polished and etched cross section of the weld. hardness traverses shall be taken maximum 2mm from both surfaces

36、of the test-sample. the hardness traverse shall include hardness testing of both the base metals, both the heat affected zones and the weldmetal. each hardness testing shall include a minimum of three hardness readings.在焊縫與熱影響區(qū)和相鄰母材的橫斷面進(jìn)行宏觀金相檢查和鐵素體鋼的硬度檢測(cè)。硬度檢測(cè)應(yīng)在經(jīng)拋光和侵蝕后的橫斷面上進(jìn)行。硬度橫切線最長(zhǎng)為試樣兩面的距離加2mm。硬度試驗(yàn)

37、的橫切線應(yīng)包括焊縫兩側(cè)的母材、熱影響區(qū)和熔敷金屬。各硬度試驗(yàn)至少取三次硬度讀數(shù)。5.5 the maximum allowable hardness of welds in steam and water service shall be 290 hv10 and the maximum hardness in process service shall be 248hv10.焊縫的最大允許硬度為：蒸汽或水介質(zhì)時(shí)290hv10，工藝介質(zhì)時(shí)248hv10。5.6 a complete chemical analysis (and a ferrite content determination o

38、f austenitic stainless steel) of clad restoration and of weld overlay per the following requirements: the top layer, 0.75 of the required minimum cladding thickness, shall meet the complete chemical requirements of the specified stainless steel grade, or other alloy, (the above requirement applies t

39、o the top weld layer after machining, where applicable), unless otherwise specified on data sheet.除非數(shù)據(jù)表中另有規(guī)定，應(yīng)按下列要求對(duì)修復(fù)的覆層和焊縫堆焊層進(jìn)行完整的化學(xué)分析（包括奧氏體不銹鋼的鐵素體含量測(cè)定）：面層，所需要的最小覆層厚度的0.75應(yīng)完全符合規(guī)定等級(jí)的不銹鋼或其他合金的化學(xué)要求，（對(duì)需要焊后表面加工的焊縫，以上要求適用于機(jī)械加工后的面層焊縫）。5.7 the ferrite content of austenitic weldoverlay and clad restoration

40、 shall be confined with the limits of 3% minimum and 8% maximum. the composition related to the schaeffler/delong diagram.奧氏體堆焊層和修復(fù)的包覆金屬的鐵素體含量應(yīng)限定在3%至8%之間。其組成符合舍夫勒/德隆圖表。5.8 for weld overlay, the overlap of adjacent beads shall be specified in the welding procedure qualification.對(duì)于堆焊焊縫，相鄰焊道的堆焊深度應(yīng)在焊接工藝

41、評(píng)定中做出規(guī)定。5.9 applied overlap for the qualification shall be recorded and included in the applicable welding procedure specification(s). the overlap may not be less than qualified.評(píng)定采用的堆焊應(yīng)記錄并寫進(jìn)相應(yīng)的焊接工藝規(guī)程中。堆焊層厚度不應(yīng)低于評(píng)定值。5.10 the weld overlay or clad restoration surface of the procedure qualification test

42、 shall be liquid penetrant examined.工藝評(píng)定試驗(yàn)的堆焊層或覆層修復(fù)應(yīng)進(jìn)行滲透探傷。5.11 weld overlay and clad restoration procedure qualifications for equipment which has to be post weld heat treated, shall be subjected to the intergranular corrosion test in accordance with astm-a262 practice e, after post weld heat treatm

43、ent.需焊后熱處理的設(shè)備，堆焊或覆層修復(fù)工藝評(píng)定應(yīng)按照astm-a262中e法，在熱處理后進(jìn)行晶間腐蝕試驗(yàn)。5.12 procedure qualification tests in cladplate shall be made in cladplate of the same base and clad material grade as used for production or an equivalent.復(fù)合鋼板的焊接工藝評(píng)定試驗(yàn)應(yīng)在用于生產(chǎn)的相同母材和覆層等級(jí)的復(fù)合鋼板或類似材料上進(jìn)行。5.13 before start of production welding of tub

44、e-to-tube sheet connections sample welds shall be made and tested in accordance with project specification: 40-010-00-0-0-00-015. however, the polished and etched macro shall show the throat thickness or leak path not less than the nominal wall thickness of the tube. vendor shall prepare a complete

45、plan, including assembly, cleaning, weld preparation, welding sequence, expansion after welding and testing.在進(jìn)行管/管板設(shè)備焊接之前，應(yīng)按照項(xiàng)目技術(shù)規(guī)范（40-010-00-0-0-00-015）進(jìn)行試件的焊接和試驗(yàn)。但是拋光和侵蝕后顯示出的角焊縫高度和熔深不得低于管的公稱壁厚。供貨商應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備一份完整的方案，其中應(yīng)包括裝配、清潔、焊縫準(zhǔn)備、焊接次序、焊接及試驗(yàn)后的膨脹。5.14 all welding procedure qualification records (pqrs) shal

46、l include all required details (such as: material(s), thickness, welding consumables, applied welding process and measured parameters, pwht, etc.) to establish their validity on basis of this specification. where complete and valid procedure qualifications are not available, the vendor shall perform

47、 therequired additional qualification tests. the test results shall be submitted to purchaser.所有的焊接工藝評(píng)定應(yīng)包括所有的詳細(xì)要求（例如：材料、壁厚、焊材、焊接工藝、測(cè)量參數(shù)、焊后熱處理等）以確定其技術(shù)規(guī)范的有效性。如果沒有完整有效的工藝評(píng)定，供貨商應(yīng)進(jìn)行所要求的補(bǔ)充試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果應(yīng)提交買方。5.15 purchaser reserves the right to witness welding and/or testing of procedure qualifications.買方保留對(duì)焊接和/

48、或焊接工藝評(píng)定試驗(yàn)見證的權(quán)利。5.16 additional procedure and performance qualifications are required whenever the accessibility, the restrain or the environment of the standard qualification fails to simulate production welding conditions. the need of additional testing shall be agreed upon with the purchaser.只要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工

49、藝說(shuō)明書的操作難易度、障礙限制、周圍環(huán)境與產(chǎn)品實(shí)際焊接條件不一致，就要求做補(bǔ)充工藝試驗(yàn)。所需補(bǔ)充試驗(yàn)應(yīng)征得買方同意。6.0 welding performance qualifications焊接操作資格考試6.1 welder performance qualifications are required for all welders and welding operators involved with the fabrication of all equipment and piping covered by this specification. performance qualif

50、ication records shall be made available for the purchasers inspector.所有參加本規(guī)范所涉及的設(shè)備及管道制造的焊工和焊接設(shè)備操作工都需要進(jìn)行焊接操作資質(zhì)考試。焊工考試記錄可供買方的檢查員檢查。6.2 welders performance qualifications shall be performed in accordance with the requirements as described in the asme section ix. a separate welder performance qualificat

51、ion for weld overlay shall be done.應(yīng)按照asme第ix冊(cè)所述的要求進(jìn)行焊工操作資質(zhì)考試。堆焊層焊工的資質(zhì)考試應(yīng)單獨(dú)進(jìn)行。7.0 production weld test plates 產(chǎn)品焊接試板production weld test plates shall be made and tested according to the applicable code requirements and/or as specified in the equipment specification.應(yīng)按照相關(guān)規(guī)范和/或設(shè)備規(guī)格表的規(guī)定完成產(chǎn)品試板焊接和試驗(yàn)。8.0

52、acceptable welding processes (fusion welding only)可接受的焊接方法（僅對(duì)熔化焊）8.1 only the following welding processes are acceptable, and shall be applied within the mentioned limits:只有以下焊接方法可接受，并可用于所述范圍：1) shielded metal arc welding with covered electrodes (smaw).藥皮焊條電弧焊（smaw）2) manual and automatic gas tungst

53、en arc welding (gtaw), with addition of fillermetal and with high frequency starting equipment. this process is not permitted for buffer layers in austenitic stainless steel clad material or weld overlay.帶有送絲和高頻引弧裝置的手工和自動(dòng)鎢極氣體保護(hù)電弧焊(gtaw)。對(duì)于奧氏體不銹鋼覆層或堆焊層的過(guò)渡層，本方法不適用。3) submerged arc welding (saw).埋弧焊（sa

54、w）4) flux cored arc welding (fcaw), with the application of shielding gas. the short circuiting arc transfer is not allowed. (see also project specification 40-010-00-0-0-016)藥芯焊絲電弧焊，使用保護(hù)氣體。不允許使用短路引?。ń佑|引?。＃▍⒁婍?xiàng)目標(biāo)準(zhǔn)40-010-00-0-0-016）。5) gas metal arc welding (gmaw). the short circuiting arc transfer m

55、ode is not allowed.(see also project specification 40-010-00-0-0-016)熔化極氣體保護(hù)電弧焊（gmaw）。不允許使用短路引?。ń佑|引弧）。（參見項(xiàng)目標(biāo)準(zhǔn)40-010-00-0-0-016）。6) a combination of the above processes.上述方法的組合。8.2 whenever a back purging gas is selected to prevent oxidation or scale formation at the underside of the weld, the amount

56、 of metal deposited, before back purge is discontinued shall be indicated in the welding procedure specification.當(dāng)選擇背面氣體保護(hù)以防止焊縫背面形成氧化物時(shí)，應(yīng)在焊接工藝規(guī)程中明確在停止背面充氣保護(hù)前的熔敷金屬量。8.3 for single side welded groove welds in steel containing more than 5% chromium and in non ferrous metals, the rootpass shall be perfo

57、rmed by gtaw with the application of an inert gasbackpurge (including former gas). the gas back purge is required until at least 5 mm depth of weldmetal is deposited, even when subsequent passes are performed with an other welding process.當(dāng)母材中含有超過(guò)5的鉻和母材為非鐵金屬時(shí)，對(duì)于單面焊坡口焊縫，其根部焊道應(yīng)采用gtaw（鎢極氣體保護(hù)電弧焊）焊接，并使用惰

58、性氣體進(jìn)行背面（包括正面）保護(hù)。即使下一層焊道使用其它焊接方法，也要保證只有熔敷金屬的厚度至少為5mm時(shí)才不需背面氣體保護(hù)。8.4 tube to tubesheet welding shall be performed with smaw or manual or automatic gtaw. manual welding in the vertical-down position is not allowed.管與管板的焊接應(yīng)使用smaw（藥皮焊條電弧焊）、手工或自動(dòng)gtaw（鎢極氣體保護(hù)電弧焊）。垂直向下位置的手工焊是不允許的。9.0 filler metal requirements 對(duì)填充金屬的要求9.1 all filler metals shall be approved by internationally recognized inspection authorities. unless specifically authorized by the purchaser, a filler material shall be used only for the primary material and