牛津版牛津高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)(權(quán)威)

1、 高中牛津英語(yǔ)一 定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句的介紹就像是一個(gè)形容詞或介詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞一樣，定語(yǔ)從句也可以修飾名詞。定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。形容詞：The green team介詞短語(yǔ)：The team in green定語(yǔ)從句：The team who were wearing green定語(yǔ)從句通常由關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞可以在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞可以在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。如：做主語(yǔ)The trees which are on the school

2、campus have lost their leaves.做賓語(yǔ)The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.做表語(yǔ)Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定語(yǔ)She has a brother whose name I cant remember.做狀語(yǔ)The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二 定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who，whom，和whose在定語(yǔ)從句中，that和whic

3、h用來(lái)指代物。如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.在定語(yǔ)從句中，who 用來(lái)指代人。如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.當(dāng)who在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用whom來(lái)取代，且whom比who更正式。如：I dont know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

4、，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.Whose用來(lái)表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.一 定語(yǔ)從句：介詞提前的定語(yǔ)從句 （prepositionwhich; prepositionwho

5、m）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞（which/whom）做定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以把介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的前面。如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.在非正式英語(yǔ)中，介詞通常放在定語(yǔ)從句的最后。如：Art is the subject which I know little about.如果介詞放在定語(yǔ)從句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做定語(yǔ)從句中

6、介詞的賓語(yǔ)，并且介詞又放在定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí)，我們通常省略關(guān)系代詞who和that。如：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.當(dāng)先行詞是way時(shí)，我們用in which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，這種情況下，in which或that 可以被省略。如：I didnt like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.二 定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系副詞：when，where， why1我們通常用

7、關(guān)系副詞when 引導(dǎo)先行詞是time，moment，day， season，year 等的定語(yǔ)從句。如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.2我們通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)先行詞是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定語(yǔ)從句。如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.This is not a family where

8、bad behavior goes unpunished.3我們通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)先行詞是reason的定語(yǔ)從句。如：I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.4在更加正式的英語(yǔ)中，where，when和why能夠被介詞which 所替代。如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the

9、whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.一 定語(yǔ)從句：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句1非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前通常有個(gè)逗號(hào)。如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.2當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)主句時(shí)，可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如：He missed the show, which was a g

10、reat pity.3我們可以用allwhom/which 來(lái)表示全部數(shù)量，用some ofwhom/which來(lái)表示部分?jǐn)?shù)量。如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.1附加疑問(wèn)句是放在陳述句后面的短問(wèn)句。它們通常被用在口語(yǔ)中來(lái)引出一段對(duì)話，以一個(gè)更加禮貌的方式來(lái)詢問(wèn)信息，溫柔的發(fā)號(hào)施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)詢問(wèn)意見(jiàn)或征求

11、同意。當(dāng)我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)詢問(wèn)意見(jiàn)時(shí)，為了期待對(duì)方能同意我們的觀點(diǎn)，附加疑問(wèn)句會(huì)用降調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)。當(dāng)我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)征求同意時(shí)，我們實(shí)際上是在詢問(wèn)我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時(shí)候附加疑問(wèn)句會(huì)用升調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)。2附加疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成有以下幾種：1）在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用否定的附加疑問(wèn)句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用肯定的附加疑問(wèn)句。如：We can still be friends, cant we?He doesnt like ice cream, does he?當(dāng)主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom這類

12、詞時(shí)，它們被認(rèn)為是否定的，因此后面會(huì)跟個(gè)肯定的附加疑問(wèn)句。如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you?No one has found my CD, have they?Nobody understood his speech, did they?His sister seldom argues with people, does she?人稱代詞如I，we，you，he，she，it或they會(huì)放在附加疑問(wèn)句中。如：I was pretty silly, wasnt I?Everyone has advises you not to go on a

13、 diet, havent you?助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞會(huì)放在附加疑問(wèn)句中。如：You like traveling, dont you?There is something wrong, isnt there?You cant speak Italian, can you?祁使句后用will you， Lets后用shall we如：Post a letter for me, will you?Lets have a break, shall we?牛津高中英語(yǔ)模塊二第一單元一 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)1我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在最近的過(guò)去發(fā)生的但跟現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的事情。如：The disappear

14、ance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.2我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在過(guò)去剛開始，并且現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)結(jié)束的事情。如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的確切時(shí)間不清楚或不重要時(shí)，我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。經(jīng)常連用的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)有：already ever for just lately never recently since yetalready 用語(yǔ)肯定句，yet用語(yǔ)否定句。如：The boy has already come home. I havent heard anything f

15、rom him yet.for+一段時(shí)間 since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間如：We havent seen him for two years. We havent seen him since 2002.注：當(dāng)已給定具體的時(shí)間時(shí)，我們往往用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，而不是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。 我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作。如：The police have just finished searching the area.我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成是：have/has+動(dòng)詞

16、的過(guò)去分詞二 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)1我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在過(guò)去發(fā)生的并且仍將繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作。如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示剛剛結(jié)束但以某種方式和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作。如：- Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long?- Yes, Ive been waiting for an hour.3現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：have/has +been +doing注：for和since和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)連用。如：I have been waiting for

17、a long time.He has been waiting since nine oclock.三 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)1我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去并且現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.) Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.)2我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行

18、時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示不停的動(dòng)作。如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)用于回答how many/much的提問(wèn)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)用語(yǔ)回答how long的提問(wèn)。 如：How many times have you swum in the lake?How long have you been swimming in the lake?3狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，但只有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。如：I have had this camera

19、for five years. (狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞）I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞）注：動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動(dòng)作，如go，play。狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示保持不變的動(dòng)作，如like， know，exist4當(dāng) never，yet，already，ever出現(xiàn)在句子中時(shí)，只用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，而不用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：Ive never visited Paris.Ive already been to Paris.第二單元一 將

20、來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)1我們用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)：1）談?wù)搶?lái)一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的事情。如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week2）談?wù)搹膶?lái)的某一點(diǎn)開始并且有可能要持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的事情。如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.3）沒(méi)有任何意圖的表達(dá)將來(lái)的事情。如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.在這種情況下表示事情

21、是很自然的發(fā)生的，沒(méi)有人為的安排。4）禮貌地詢問(wèn)有關(guān)其他人將來(lái)的計(jì)劃。如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania?2將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：1）陳述句：will(not)+v-ing如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco.2）疑問(wèn)句：will 提到主語(yǔ)的前面如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July?3）回答：will（not）如：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(wont)二 過(guò)去

22、將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)1我們用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)：1）表示過(guò)去的將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.2) 暗指一個(gè)過(guò)去的目的。如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.3) 暗指一個(gè)過(guò)去的安排。如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.4) 指代實(shí)際已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如：The journey that was to c

23、hange Tobys life started in July that year.2陳述句中過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：1）would +動(dòng)詞原形如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didnt have time.It was his last day at school-he was to leave th

24、e next morning.Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三單元一 過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)1我們用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)撘粋€(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)我們想要談?wù)摫冗^(guò)去更早的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：Upon entering the tomb, Carters lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.2在直接引語(yǔ)中，我們用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)指代說(shuō)話的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成

25、時(shí)態(tài)在間接引語(yǔ)中改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.3過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)只是指在另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，并不是指發(fā)生在一長(zhǎng)段時(shí)間以前的動(dòng)作。如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常跟以下引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，如when, after, b

26、efore, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.5過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：had+v-ed如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.二 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)當(dāng)我們談?wù)撘粋€(gè)與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的過(guò)去的事情

27、時(shí)，我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.當(dāng)我們?cè)谡務(wù)撨^(guò)去，并要說(shuō)明一個(gè)更早發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，我們就要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carters team began to fall ill and die strangly.牛津高中英語(yǔ)模塊三第一單元一 名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)的作用是一樣的。我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語(yǔ)

28、。如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether hell be able to come is not yet known.Why they have not left yet is unclear.我們可以用it來(lái)做形式主語(yǔ)。如：It was good news that everyone got back safely.我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：she sensed that she was being watched.I wonder if/whether thats a good

29、idea.Polly didnt know which way she should go. 我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：Im interested in who that tall man is.There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.我們可以用it來(lái)做形式賓語(yǔ)。如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be

30、running.我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做表語(yǔ)。如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far. My question is whether Polly can find her way home. The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.我們可以用名詞性從句來(lái)做一個(gè)名詞的同位語(yǔ)。如：the fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity.The news that th

31、e plane had crashed made us sad.Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing?我們用that，if/whether或一個(gè)疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。如：I hope that Polly will be OK.No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.She couldnt imagine how the blind man had found her.二 名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句1我們用that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)名

32、詞性從句。1）當(dāng)從句是一個(gè)陳述句時(shí)，我們用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.2) 在大多數(shù)情況下，我們不用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)介詞后的名詞性從句，但是，可以用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)in或except后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.I didnt tell him anything except that I wasnt able to find my way back.3）當(dāng)名詞性

33、從句做句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。如：That we couldnt find our way out was really bad news.4）在非正式英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)名詞性從句做句子的賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，that可以省略。如：She wished (that) someone would come along to help her.The truth is (that) the buses will not be running.我們用if或whether 來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。當(dāng)從句是個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，我們用if或whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。我們把if或whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的

34、語(yǔ)序。如：She wondered. Would the buses still be running?She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.介詞后只能用whether，而不能用if。如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.當(dāng)從句做主語(yǔ)放在句子開頭時(shí)，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.只能用whether or not，而不能用

35、if or not。如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.如果and或but引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的that或whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，后一個(gè)句子的that或whether/if不可省。如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining.No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will co

36、me to work.第二單元一 名詞性從句：由疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句我們用以下的疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。當(dāng)從句是wh-引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，我們用疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。從句可以做句子的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.That is why English is a la

37、nguage with so many confusing rules.我們把疑問(wèn)詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語(yǔ)序。如：What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.3在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問(wèn)引導(dǎo)詞。二 形式主語(yǔ)it在英語(yǔ)中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末

38、尾用于強(qiáng)調(diào)。這被稱做句末強(qiáng)調(diào)效果。用形式主語(yǔ)it就可以達(dá)到這一效果。It只是語(yǔ)法意義上的主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在句子的后面。我們通常用it來(lái)做形式主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)我們用一個(gè)名詞性從句來(lái)做句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)：（更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.（正確的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)：（更好的）It is hard to master a foreign langu

39、age.（正確的）To master a foreign language is hard.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞-ing形式時(shí)：（更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop.（正確的）It is difficult to stop smoking.It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的形式主語(yǔ)。如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.It happens that my new neighbor comes

40、from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.我們可以用句型it+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞或短語(yǔ)+that或who引導(dǎo)的從句來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。如：It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English.如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)任何成分，句子可以是：I read about the history of English last night.第三單元一 賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)1賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)為賓語(yǔ)提供更多的信息。如：They ca

41、lled her the Loulan Beauty.2賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)通常以下面形式出現(xiàn)：動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)通?？梢允敲~短語(yǔ)或形容詞。如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society. We found the ruins most interesting.有時(shí)侯帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式和不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式可以做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：They believed him to be honest. Professor Zhangs speech made us all laugh.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以時(shí)介詞短語(yǔ)。如：She found ours

42、elves in the middle of a desert.賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)通常和賓語(yǔ)在數(shù)上是一致的。如：She made Joe her assistant.She made Joe and Sue her assistants.二 Either or 和 Neither nor1我們用eitheror來(lái)表示選擇性。如：（連接主語(yǔ)）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.(連接動(dòng)詞) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.(連接賓語(yǔ))we could choose to

43、 eat either noodles or rice.(連接狀語(yǔ))they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.我們用neithernor來(lái)連接表示否定的觀點(diǎn)。（bothand的反義詞）如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.They went there neither

44、by train nor by air.三 主謂一致主謂一致是指在主語(yǔ)后選擇正確的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。以下幾點(diǎn)幫助我們決定動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)或是復(fù)數(shù)。動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是單數(shù)，如果主語(yǔ)是：?jiǎn)螖?shù)的名詞或不可數(shù)名詞如：the city was founded in the 8th century BC.The food they offered on the plane was delicious.2) 計(jì)量的短語(yǔ)，標(biāo)題或名字如：two hours is too short for the visit.Little women is a great novel.3) 一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或從句如：travelling to Pompei

45、i is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists.動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)，如果主語(yǔ)是：一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞如：both cities were very rich.由and連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞或短語(yǔ)如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名詞/代詞，動(dòng)詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。如：all of us have attended the lecture ab

46、out Pompeii.Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是集合名詞，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 時(shí)，如果名詞指代的是集體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果名詞指代的是個(gè)體，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：our team is very important to me.Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是news, physics, mathematics, Aids時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是goods,

47、 clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.當(dāng)eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut,連接句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞采取就近原則。如：either the team leader or the guides a

48、re looking after the students.Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.注：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。牛津高中英語(yǔ)模塊四第一單元一 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)1我們用直接引語(yǔ)來(lái)闡述所說(shuō)的話。如果我們把引語(yǔ)寫下來(lái)，這些單

49、詞就會(huì)被放在引號(hào)但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語(yǔ)來(lái)闡述所說(shuō)的話。直接引語(yǔ)：She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people.”間接引語(yǔ)：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.2我們可以通過(guò)把所說(shuō)的話改成賓語(yǔ)從句或動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的形式來(lái)把直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)。如：She said, “Im used to ads.”- She said that she was used to ads.“We must not fall for this kind of trick!”

50、she said.-She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.3除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變：人稱代詞的改變：如：She said, “I did some research.”- She said that she had done some research.時(shí)態(tài)的改變：如：She said, “This as is very clever.”- She said that that ad was very clever.下面列舉當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)是如何變化的：直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一

51、般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)注：當(dāng)陳述一個(gè)不變的事實(shí)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如： “l(fā)ight travels at great speed,” he said.- He said that light travels at great speed.時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化：如：Tom said, “I am working here today.”- Tom said he was working there that day.下面列舉這種變化的例子：直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)today that day/ yesterday

52、 / on Wednesday, etc.tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.last year the year before / the previous year, etc.a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc

53、.4）其它的例子：直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)this that these thosecome go二 間接引語(yǔ)：陳述句，疑問(wèn)句和祈使句1陳述句1）我們用that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來(lái)陳述一件事。如：She said, “Advertisements are an important part of our lives.”-She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives.2) 除了say之外，還有其它的動(dòng)詞可以這樣用：tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind,

54、suggest, warn如： “PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said.-The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.2疑問(wèn)句我們用whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來(lái)陳述一般疑問(wèn)句。如：Matt asked Ann, “Are you the happiest person in the world?”-Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world.我們用wh-疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名

55、詞性從句來(lái)陳述wh-疑問(wèn)句。如：I asked her, “How can that could be?-I asked her how that could be true.3祈使句1）我們用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)陳述祈使句：陳述動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+（not）+ to-動(dòng)詞不定式如：The writer said, “Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.”-The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested.“Dont worry, Mickey,” Jen said.- Jen asked Mickey not to worry.2) 其它的單詞也有同樣的用法：advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn如： “Dont believe every advertisement you read