高級(jí)英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)、修辭手法和課后答案Unit1、Unit2、Unit3、Unit6、Unit7、Unit12和Unit14

1、32Unit1【短語(yǔ)與表達(dá)】1. Be concerned about sth. 擔(dān)心，憂慮 。例：Please dont be concerned about me. 感興趣，關(guān)心。例：Now the students are concerned about the result of the exam.2. Be strewn with. 布滿例：Our way ahead is strewn with difficulties. 我們前面的道路布滿艱難險(xiǎn)阻3. Break up. 粉碎；破碎。例：That ship broke up on the rocks.那艘船觸礁撞碎了。散開；解散

2、。例：The meeting broke up at 12 oclock.結(jié)束。例：Our marriage has broken up.4. Check out sth. 調(diào)查；查證；核實(shí)。例：well have to check her out before we employ her.查看，觀察（有趣或有吸引力的人或事物）例：Check out the prices at their new store. (從圖書館等)借出.例：That book has been checked out in your name.5. Come in handy.有用處。例：Dont throw th

3、is book away-it might come in handy.6. Curl up.蜷曲著坐或躺。例：He curled up and closed his eyes.7. Give away.斷裂;倒塌;塌陷。例：Those pillars gave way and the roof collapsed.那些立柱坍塌了，屋頂墜落下來。8. Mount to.成為；升級(jí)為；達(dá)到。例：Debts have mount to the lowest level since1998.9. On the verge of (doing) sth.瀕于；接近于；行將。例：We are on th

4、e verge of signing a new contract. The little girl is on the verge of tears.10. Pitch in with sb.sth.投入；參與；支援。例：Everyone pitch in with that work.11. Prop sb.sth.up 撐起；支起。例：He had to prop up the roof with a wooden post.幫助；扶持；救濟(jì)。例：He cant always count on his colleagues to prop him up.他不能總指望自己的同事幫助他12.

5、 Reason out sth.通過思考想出對(duì)策。例; The detective reason out how the criminal had escaped.13. Ride sth out.安然度過（難關(guān)）；經(jīng)受得住。例：Our company will ride out the present financial crisis.14. Sit out sth.耐心等到結(jié)束；熬到結(jié)束。例：The sat out the storm at a caf.15. Traill away 聲音逐漸減弱到停止；逐漸消失。例: Her voice trailed away to nothing.【

6、修辭手法剖析】1. Simile(明喻) is a figure of speech that often uses the words like or as,etc. to make a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.明喻是常用like 或as 等詞把具有某種共同特征的兩種不同事物連接起來進(jìn)行比較的一種修辭手法。明喻的運(yùn)用使描寫的事物更加形象、生動(dòng)、具體，給人以鮮明的印象。明喻的表達(dá)方法是：本體像喻體。明喻有以下特點(diǎn)：1）比喻詞常用a

7、s 或like 2)本體和喻體都出現(xiàn) 3）本體和喻體分屬不同性質(zhì)的事物 4）本體和喻體至少在某一點(diǎn)上相似 The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade(L.1,Para.11) The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (L.1,Para.13) Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them

8、.(L.10, Para.19) and blow-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(L.5, Para 28)中把大人們傳遞孩子比喻成在救火時(shí)消防員傳遞水桶。中把狂風(fēng)的聲音比喻成一列離自己幾步之遙的經(jīng)過的火車發(fā)出的呼嘯聲。中把電話線桿子和松樹的斷裂聲比喻成放槍似的啪啪的爆裂聲中把吹斷的電線比喻成黑色的意大利細(xì)面條。2Metaphor(暗喻) is a figure of speech that describe something by referring to it as something else,

9、 in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful.暗喻和明喻一樣，都是把兩種不同事物的共同之處進(jìn)行比較，但與明喻不同的是，暗喻的比較不通過比喻詞as或like等進(jìn)行，而是直接將甲事物當(dāng)做乙事物來描寫。甲乙兩事物的聯(lián)系或共同點(diǎn)是暗含的，因此被稱為暗喻。暗喻的運(yùn)用可以起到化抽象為具體，化深?yuàn)W為淺顯，化平淡為生動(dòng)，化冗長(zhǎng)為簡(jiǎn)潔的作用。We can batten down and ride it out(L.2, Para 4)Wind and

10、rain now whipped the house. (L.1, Para 7)Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees. (L.4, Para 28)Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi. (L.1, Para 32)中把遭受颶風(fēng)襲擊的房子比喻成在海上與暴風(fēng)雨抗?fàn)幍拇恢邪芽耧L(fēng)暴雨對(duì)房屋的拍打比喻成鞭子在抽打中把被撕成布條的衣服比喻成花彩中把颶風(fēng)席卷密西西比州比喻成用耙子耙平密西西比州。3.Personification(擬人) is the

11、 practice of representing objects,qualities,etc. As humans,in art and literature.擬人是指把事物，包括物體，動(dòng)物，思想或抽象概念，當(dāng)做人來描寫，賦予其人的動(dòng)作、外表、性格或思想感情。擬人通常通過動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞等表現(xiàn)出來。通過運(yùn)用擬人的修辭手法，可以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的感染力，使描寫的事物生動(dòng)、形象，從而鮮明的表現(xiàn)出作者對(duì)所描寫的事物的感情。 A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof of the house and

12、 skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (L.1, Para 18) It seized a 600,00-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away (L.8, Para 19)中把本來用來描寫人的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞lifted和skimmed 用來描寫颶風(fēng)，生動(dòng)形象的描繪出颶風(fēng)把整個(gè)屋頂掀起并拋到40英尺以外的地方的情形。中把本來用來描寫人的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞seized和dumped用來描寫颶風(fēng)，生動(dòng)形象的描繪出颶風(fēng)卷起儲(chǔ)油罐并將其摔倒3.5英里以外的地方的情形。4. Transferred Epithet(移

13、就)is a figure of speech where an epithet(an adjective or a descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. 移就是有意識(shí)的把描寫A的詞語(yǔ)移用來描寫B(tài)。移就的運(yùn)用可以使描寫的人或物變得形象生動(dòng)、細(xì)膩微妙，而且融情于景、富于聯(lián)想，表現(xiàn)力極強(qiáng)，能在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境里起到意想不到的效果-言不言之意，傳難傳之音，讀起來意味雋永，發(fā)人深省。移

14、就主要分為以下三種：移人于物，即把描寫人的詞語(yǔ)用來描寫物，把人的思想感情外射到客觀事物中去，使其具有人的感情色彩，達(dá)到“草木為之含情，萬物因之生輝”的藝術(shù)效果。移物于人。即把描寫事物的詞語(yǔ)用來描寫人，創(chuàng)造出一種特殊的情調(diào)，達(dá)到簡(jiǎn)潔生動(dòng)，深刻有力的效果。移物于物。 即把用來修飾甲事物的詞語(yǔ)拿來修飾乙事物，給讀者一種新穎別致的感覺，從而給其留下深刻的印象。Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their specta

15、cular vantage point. (L.2, Para 20) 上述例句中的spectacular本該修飾颶風(fēng)，以形容颶風(fēng)的壯觀，但在此處卻用于修飾vantage point，從而說明該位置有利于度假者觀賞颶風(fēng)來襲的壯觀景象，給讀者留下深刻的印象。【課后習(xí)題】Paraphrase1. Our house is 23 feet above sea level.2. The house was built in1915, and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary pr

16、eparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator, it stopped working. As a result all lights were put out.5. Everyone go out through the back door and get into the cars!6. The electrical systems in the cars had been destroyed/ruined by water.7. As john watched

17、 the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the family by making the wrong decision not to flee inland.8. Oh, God, please help us to get through this dangerous situation.9. She sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually gre

18、w dimmer and stopped.10. Janis didnt show any fear on the spot during the storm, but she revealed her feelings caused by the storm a few nights after the hurricane by getting up in the middle of the night and crying softly.TranslationA.1. Each and every plane must be checked out thoroughly before ta

19、king off.2. The residents were firmly opposed to the construction of a waste incineration plant in their neighborhood because they were deeply concerned about the plants emissions polluting the air.3. Investment in ecological projects in this area mounted up to billions of yuan.4. The dry riverbed w

20、as strewn with rocks of all sizes.5. Although war caused great losses to this country, its cultural traditions did not perish.6. To make space for modern high rises, many ancient buildings with ethnic cultural features had to be demolished.7. In the earthquake the main structures of most of the poor

21、-quality houses disintegrated.8. His wonderful dream vanished into the air despite his hard efforts to achieve his goals.B.1. 但是，和住在沿岸的其他成千上萬的居民一樣，約翰不愿舍棄家園，除非他的家人妻子珍妮斯和他們的七個(gè)孩子，大的11歲，小的才3歲明顯處于危險(xiǎn)之中。2. 隨著一聲巨響，樓上一個(gè)房間里的法式雙開門砰地一聲被風(fēng)吹倒了。大家聽到樓上其他玻璃窗破碎時(shí)發(fā)出的像開槍一樣的啪啪的響聲。3. 大家都嚇壞了，喘不過氣來，全身都濕透了。他們坐在樓梯上，樓梯的兩側(cè)有內(nèi)墻保護(hù)著

22、。4. 誰都清楚已經(jīng)無路可逃，是死是活他們只能留在房子里了。5. 過了一會(huì)兒，一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)把整個(gè)屋頂掀到了空中，將其拋到了40英尺之外。6. 在颶風(fēng)中心約70英里寬的范圍內(nèi)，風(fēng)速接近每小時(shí)200英里，掀起的海浪高達(dá)30英尺。7. 未被颶風(fēng)刮倒的樹上像結(jié)彩似的掛滿被風(fēng)撕成布條的衣服，吹斷的電線像黑色的意大利面條一樣一圈一圈的散落在路面上。8. 在廢墟里尋找殘留物品本應(yīng)會(huì)令人沮喪，可事實(shí)上并非如此，因?yàn)槊恳患幢粴牡臇|西都代表他們戰(zhàn)勝狂風(fēng)的一個(gè)小小的勝利。C.24科沙克老爸心里非常惱火，為自己再颶風(fēng)面前無能為力而感到懊喪。也說不清為什么，他把一只杉木箱和一個(gè)雙人床墊從臥室拖進(jìn)了電視室。就在那時(shí)，風(fēng)刮

23、倒了一面墻壁，吹滅了提燈。又有一面墻在晃動(dòng)。查爾斯希爾試圖用自己的身體撐住它，但是墻塌在他的身上，砸傷了他的背。房子在顫動(dòng)搖晃，已經(jīng)從地基上挪開25英尺。世界好像要分崩離析了。25“讓我們把那個(gè)床墊豎起來！”約翰對(duì)自己的發(fā)親喊道?！白屗笨恐鴵鯎躏L(fēng)。讓孩子們躲到床墊下面，我們可以用自己的頭和肩膀把床墊頂?。　?26大一點(diǎn)的孩子趴在地板上，小一點(diǎn)的壓在他們身上，而大人們都彎下身子，把這9個(gè)孩子護(hù)在他們身下。地板傾斜了。裝著那一窩小貓的盒子從一個(gè)架子上滑下來，一下子就消失在風(fēng)中。貓媽媽斯普琪從一個(gè)活動(dòng)書柜頂上被刮走，也不見了蹤影。那只狗緊閉雙眼，縮成一團(tuán)。又有一面墻倒了。水拍打著傾斜的地板，約翰抓

24、住一扇連在一面壁櫥墻上的門。“地板要是塌了，”他對(duì)父親喊道，“我們就把孩子們放到這上面?！盪nit2【短語(yǔ)與表達(dá)】1. At the sight of sth.一看見就。例：Lucy has been known to faint at the sight of blood.2. Back away (from sb/sth)躲避可怕或討厭的人或事物）；避免做討厭的事；退避；例：Girls quickly back away from the fierce dog.3. Be oblivious of/to sth.未注意；不知道；未察覺。例：He is oblivious of some p

25、eople looking at him.4. bob up and down 迅速上下快速移動(dòng)；擺動(dòng)。例：Some tiny boats bobbed up and down in the harbor.一些小船在港灣中顛簸。5. By trade 就職業(yè)而言。例：He is a tailor by trade.他的職業(yè)是裁縫。6. fall out 掉落，脫落。例：His hair is falling out.7. flash by /past 飛逝。例：The afternoon has just flashed by.8. Have a lump in ones throat (因憤

26、怒或情緒激動(dòng)而引起的) 哽咽；喉嚨哽?。篒 had a lump in my throat and tried to fight back tears. 我喉嚨哽咽，拼命地想止住眼淚。9. Have little to do with sb./sth. 與毫不相干。例：They have little to do with this matter.10. Heave a sigh (常指吃力的)緩慢發(fā)出嘆息音；例：They all heaved a sigh of relief. 他們都如釋重負(fù)的舒了一口氣。11. In response to. 對(duì)的反應(yīng)；對(duì)的回應(yīng)。例：The product

27、 was developed in response to market demand.這種產(chǎn)品是為了滿足市場(chǎng)需求而開發(fā)的。12. Linger on 茍延殘喘，奄奄一息。例：The old man lingered on for several months after the heart attack.13. march on 繼續(xù)進(jìn)行；快速經(jīng)過。例：Time marches on and they still have not made a decision.時(shí)間過得飛快，而他們卻還沒拿定主意。14. On ones mind 掛在心上；惦念。例：I have always been o

28、n my mothers mind.15. On the part of sb./on sbs part 由某人所為。例：It was an error on my part.16. Rub shoulders/elbows with sb 與某人接觸（或交往）。 例：This is a rare opportunity to rub shoulders with the rich and famous.這是個(gè)與富翁和名人接觸的難得的機(jī)會(huì)。17. Screech to a halt. （車輛）嘎地停住。例：The car screeched to a halt outside the hote

29、l.18. Set off 出發(fā)；動(dòng)身；啟程。例：We set off for Paris just after 9.19. Sink in (話語(yǔ)、事情等)被完全理解，被充分意識(shí)到。He paused to allow his words to sink in.他停頓了一下，好讓人充分領(lǐng)會(huì)他的意思。20. Smell of sth.有（或發(fā)出）氣味。例：Her breath smelt of garlic.她嘴里有蒜味?！拘揶o手法剖析】1. Sarcasm(諷刺) is a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean i

30、n order to be unpleasant to somebody or to make fun of them.諷刺詩(shī)運(yùn)用一定的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式，顯示事物內(nèi)部的不協(xié)調(diào)性，暴露其荒謬可笑的本質(zhì)，以貶責(zé)、否定該事物或該事物的某個(gè)方面的修辭手法。諷刺帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩，主要用于針砭現(xiàn)實(shí)、揭露腐敗現(xiàn)象，也可用于善意的批評(píng)某些缺點(diǎn)、錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)社會(huì)的公正。諷刺可分為夸張諷刺，即運(yùn)用夸張的手法，將諷刺對(duì)象予以漫畫式的藝術(shù)變形，使其更加顯示出內(nèi)在本質(zhì)的丑態(tài)。對(duì)照諷刺，即運(yùn)用對(duì)比的手法，顯現(xiàn)人物前后不同的行為，形成一種強(qiáng)烈對(duì)照，充分暴露人物的虛假 面孔。仿擬諷刺，即運(yùn)用仿擬的手法，造成一種人為的語(yǔ)詞錯(cuò)位，揭

31、露某種可憎可笑的丑陋現(xiàn)象。比喻諷刺，即運(yùn)用比喻的方法，充分揭示了諷刺對(duì)象的可笑特征。反語(yǔ)諷刺，即運(yùn)用反語(yǔ)的手法，或反話反說，或正話反說，表現(xiàn)出對(duì)描寫對(duì)象的鄙薄和輕慢。 Hiroshima-the “Liveliest ”City in Japan.(Tibet) If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even if many of the towns people still bear hidden wounds, and burns. (L.3, Para

32、 27) 中的the“Liveliest”City 和中的the gayest city 均運(yùn)用了諷刺的修辭手法。眾所周知，廣島曾經(jīng)在遭到原子彈襲擊之后成為“死亡之城”，而作者卻用the “Liveliest ”(最有活力的)和the gayest(最快樂的)來修飾廣島，反話正說，屬于反語(yǔ)諷刺。即使故意忘記歷史，廣島也不可能變成最有活力的、最快樂的城市，因?yàn)闅v史給廣島人民乃至全世界人民留下的教訓(xùn)太沉重了。2. Alliteration(頭韻) is the use of the same sound at the beginning of words that are close togeth

33、er,頭韻在英語(yǔ)中又叫initial rhyme 或head rhyme,頭韻作為一種修辭手法，指的是在一組詞、一句話或一行詩(shī)里，在彼此靠近的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞中，其開頭的音節(jié)具有相同或接近相同的發(fā)音，通常是相同的字母形式。頭韻主要有三種形式：詞首輔音的重復(fù)、詞首輔音連綴的重復(fù)和詞首元音的重復(fù)，如now or never(機(jī)不可失失不再來)；pride and prejudice（傲慢與偏見）；first and foremost（首先）。但應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是，不發(fā)音的字母本身不能構(gòu)成頭韻，如physical pain 就不構(gòu)成頭韻，因?yàn)閜hysical 中字母p 并不發(fā)/p/音。頭韻的主要作用是增

34、強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感，或用于模擬很多事物的聲響，使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更為生動(dòng)形象。特別是有些頭韻短語(yǔ)既簡(jiǎn)潔明快又富有表現(xiàn)力，還具有音樂感，起到渲染和對(duì)比的作用。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，頭韻的運(yùn)用較廣，除主要用于詩(shī)歌，散文、諺語(yǔ)、警句外，還常用于廣告、書名以及報(bào)刊文章的標(biāo)題等。as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in the Hiroshima Station. (L.2, Para 1) I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. (L.5, Para

35、 31)中的slipped 和stop均以輔音/s/開頭，押頭韻，這使得火車漸漸滑行停穩(wěn)的過程更加形象化。中的testing 和treating 均以輔音/t/開頭，押頭韻，加快了語(yǔ)言節(jié)奏，表現(xiàn)出治療過程的復(fù)雜。3. Metaphor(暗喻) And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. (L.5, Para 1) The u

36、sher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview. (L.2, Para 5)中把哽咽的情形比喻成腫塊，形象的描寫出作者當(dāng)時(shí)的心情。中把接待人員長(zhǎng)嘆的聲音比喻成音樂，使本來很尷尬的場(chǎng)面變得輕松活潑，描寫了門口接待員無可奈何長(zhǎng)嘆的情形，說明作者已經(jīng)不是第一個(gè)走錯(cuò)地方的人了。4. Synecdoche(提喻) is a figu

37、re of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, or a whole is used to represent a part of something .提喻是不直接說某一事物的名稱，而是借事物本身所呈現(xiàn)的各種對(duì)應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象來表現(xiàn)該事物的一種修辭手法。提喻主要是借助于部分相似，大致歸納為四種情況：1）部分和全體互代；2）以材料代替事物；3）抽象和具體互代；4）以個(gè)體代替整類。 The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid b

38、eige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (L.5, Para 7) 上述例句中作者用little old Japan指代舊式日本小屋，使文章的表達(dá)豐富多彩，生動(dòng)形象，簡(jiǎn)潔明快。5. Metonymy(轉(zhuǎn)喻) is the act of referring to something by the name of something else that is closely connected with it. 轉(zhuǎn)喻指當(dāng)甲

39、事物與乙事物不相類似，但有密切關(guān)系時(shí)，可以利用這種關(guān)系，用乙事物的名稱來指代甲事物的一種修辭手法。轉(zhuǎn)喻的重點(diǎn)不是在“相似”，而是在“聯(lián)想”。以聯(lián)想為基礎(chǔ)，指代和被指代的事物緊密相關(guān)，存在某種現(xiàn)實(shí)聯(lián)系是轉(zhuǎn)喻這一修辭手法的特點(diǎn)。 The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige con crete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (L.5, Para 7)

40、 上述例句中作者使用kimono 和miniskirt 分別象征性地來指代日本傳統(tǒng)文化和西方現(xiàn)代文化，而struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt則代表了新舊事物之間或東西方觀念之間的沖突。6. Onomatopoeia(擬聲) is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive of some action or movem

41、ent.擬聲是指模擬自然界聲響，需要人的主觀情感蘊(yùn)含在內(nèi)的，從而產(chǎn)生相類似并讓人認(rèn)同或感知的聲音的一種修辭手法。擬聲能使語(yǔ)言具體、生動(dòng)，給人以身臨其境之感，還可以使語(yǔ)言達(dá)到幽默、含蓄和諷刺等修辭效果。 Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. (L.1, Para 4) 上述例句中的screeched to a halt 運(yùn)用的是擬聲的修辭手法，形象

42、的描述出出租車突然停下的情形，也顯示出作者對(duì)此頗感意外。7. Parallelism(排比) refers to the similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.排比是將結(jié)構(gòu)相同或類似、意義相關(guān)或并重、語(yǔ)氣前后一致的語(yǔ)言成分平行并列在一起。它具有結(jié)構(gòu)整齊、節(jié)奏鮮明、表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)練、語(yǔ)義突出的特點(diǎn)，能有效地增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì)，表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情，說明深刻的道理，故廣泛見于詩(shī)歌、散文、小說、戲劇和演講中。and I was again crushed by the thought that I

43、now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony. (L.3, Para 9) 上述例句中的兩個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句句式工整，使用了排比，使句子所表達(dá)的感情更為強(qiáng)烈，突出了原子彈所造成的危害之大。8. Anti-climax(漸降) re

44、fers to the sudden appearance of a ridiculous or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. Anti-climax is usually comic in effect.漸降表述的概念方式是使意義強(qiáng)烈的語(yǔ)言按照步步降低的語(yǔ)氣順序排列，語(yǔ)勢(shì)由強(qiáng)而弱

45、，語(yǔ)氣由重到輕，以達(dá)到取笑、諷刺或驚奇的結(jié)果。Seldom has a city gained such world-renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters. (L.1, Para 17) 上述例句表達(dá)的意思是，與會(huì)聽眾，包括作者在內(nèi)，都認(rèn)為廣島聞名于世的原因是曾經(jīng)遭受過原子彈的襲擊，但市長(zhǎng)卻停頓了一下（破折號(hào)在此表示停頓），之后說出了牡蠣這個(gè)詞，與聽眾的預(yù)想大相徑庭，充分表達(dá)了作者的驚愕，這是典型的漸降的修辭手

46、法。另外，廣島市長(zhǎng)之所以大談牡蠣而只字不提原子彈帶來的災(zāi)難，是因?yàn)樗幌胧乖趫?chǎng)的美國(guó)人陷入難堪的境地，同時(shí)也是希望人們忘掉過去的悲劇，而且廣島的牡蠣的確聞名于世。9. Climax(漸升) is derived from the Greek word for “l(fā)adder” and implies the progression of thought at a uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. That is, it involves arrangem

47、ent of phrase or sentences in ascending order of importance.與漸降相反，漸升是把一系列的短語(yǔ)或句子用升級(jí)的方法按語(yǔ)勢(shì)的強(qiáng)度順序排列的一種修辭手法。No one talks about it any more, and no one want to, especially, the people who were born here or who lived through it. (L.1, Para 23)上述例句中從“沒有人再去談它了”到“沒有人愿意再提起它”，使程度逐漸加深，語(yǔ)義逐漸加強(qiáng)化，深刻的闡明了作者的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也撥動(dòng)了讀

48、者的心弦。10. Euphemism(委婉語(yǔ)) is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.英文euphemism一詞源自希臘語(yǔ)，字面意思是“吉言”或“好的說法”。一般認(rèn)為，表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或者動(dòng)聽的言詞，均在委婉語(yǔ)之列。英語(yǔ)中的委婉語(yǔ)可分為傳統(tǒng)委婉語(yǔ)和文體委婉語(yǔ)。傳統(tǒng)委婉語(yǔ)與禁忌語(yǔ)密切相關(guān)。像生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物，如果直接表達(dá)，那就是禁忌語(yǔ)，給人的感覺是粗鄙、生硬、刺耳

49、、無理。反之，如果間接表達(dá)，就是委婉語(yǔ)，給人的印象是典雅、含蓄、中聽、有禮。文體委婉語(yǔ)，實(shí)際上是恭維話、溢美之詞，與禁忌語(yǔ)并無關(guān)系。英美人（尤其是當(dāng)代美國(guó)人）在交際過程中，為了表示禮貌、避免沖突，或是為了爭(zhēng)取合作，有時(shí)會(huì)采用夸飾的手法，對(duì)一些令人不快的事物以美言相稱。Everyday that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird ,and e add it to the others. (L.1, Para 3

50、8) 上述例句中的earthly cares 是委婉語(yǔ)，指的是現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活和所遭受的病痛，表達(dá)出作者內(nèi)心對(duì)遭受原子彈爆炸輻射的病人的深深的同情。11Rhetorical Question（修辭疑問句）Is a figure of speech in the form of a question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply. Rhetorical questions encourage the listener to think about what the answer (often obv

51、ious ) to the question might be .修辭疑問句不需要回答意思就很明確，只是為了達(dá)到某種效果，常常表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。修辭疑問句的使用可以使語(yǔ)言十分形象生動(dòng)，嚴(yán)肅又不失活潑，給人留下深刻的印象。Was I not at the scene of the crime? (L.10, Para 1)上述例句是修辭疑問句，表達(dá)出作者當(dāng)時(shí)沉重的罪惡感，在嚴(yán)肅的報(bào)道內(nèi)容中巧妙地表達(dá)了自己的情感?！菊n后習(xí)題】Paraphrase1. Serious-looking men were so absorbed in their conversation that they seemed no

52、t to pay any attention to the crowds about them.2. At last the taxi trip came to an end and I suddenly discovered that I was in front of the gigantic City Hall.3. The rather striking picture of traditional floating houses among high, modern building represents the constant struggle between tradition

53、al Japanese culture and the news, Western style.4. I suffered from a strong feeling of shame when I thought of the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.5. The few Americans and Germans also seemed to feel restrained like me.6. After three days in Japan one gets quite used to bowing

54、 to people as a ritual in greeting and to show gratitude.7. I was on the point of showing my agreement by nodding when I suddenly realized what he meant. His words shocked me out of my sad dreamy thinking.8. .and nurses walked by carrying surgical instruments which were nickel plated and even health

55、y visitors when they see those instruments could not help shivering.9. I have the chance to raise my moral standard because of the illness.TranslationA.1. There is not a soul in the hall. The meeting must have been put off.2. That modern construction looks very much like a flying saucer.3. Sichuan d

56、ialect sounds much the same as Hubei dialect. It is sometimes difficult to tell one from the other.4. The very sight of the monument reminds me of my good friend who was killed in the battle.5. He was so deep in thought that he was oblivious of what his friends were talking about.6. What he did had

57、nothing to do with her.7. She couldnt fall asleep as her daughters illness was very much on her mind.8. I have had the matter on my mind for a long time.9. He loves such gatherings at which he rubs shoulders with young people and exchange opinions with them on various subjects.10. It was only after

58、a few minutes that his words sank in.11. The soil smells of fresh grass.12. Could you spare me a few minutes?13. Could you spare me a ticket?14. That elderly grey-haired man is a coppersmith by trade.B.1. 其次，我感情激動(dòng)，喉嚨哽咽，愁思連綿，這同日本鐵路官員說什么毫不相干。2. 路上廣島的土地，呼吸者廣島的空氣，這件事本身就比我過去的任何旅行或采訪任務(wù)更為激動(dòng)人心。難道我不是就在犯罪的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)嗎？3. 這座歷經(jīng)磨難的城市中的高樓大廈從我們身邊一座座飛掠而過，而