英國概況之政府

1、The government of theThe government of the United Kingdom United Kingdom The system of government: constitutional monarchy The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a King or a Queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majestys Gove

2、rnment. 聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。聯(lián)合王國以君的名義,由國王或女王陛下政府治理。 The system of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution. The British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and in

3、terprets statutes. 英國的議會(huì)制度并不是基于成文憲法,英國憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習(xí)慣法和慣例組成。司法部門裁定習(xí)慣法或解釋成文法。The formation of government the U.K is divided into 659 geographical areas ( constituencies)選區(qū)選區(qū) - each one has its own MP(Member of Parliament)in the parliament. the party that holds the majority of the seats in parliam

4、ent forms the government and the party leader as the Prime Minister. term of service -Each government can be in power for 5 years then it has to resign and hold a “general election”.The Constitution- Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British State are laid out in pstatute l

5、aw(成文法), which are laws passed by Parliamentpthe common laws(普通法,判例法), which are laws established through common practice in the courtspconventions(習(xí)慣法), which are rules and practices not existing legally, but regarded as vital to the workings of government.The Monarchy（君主制）（君主制） - the oldest instit

6、ution of government(hereditary)divine right of kings (君權(quán)神授) -The ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. This was used by the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the power of the king and the parliament led to the civil w

7、ar.Magna Carta - a medieval Latin name meaning “Great Charter”. In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal barons and the Church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the kings ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Br

8、itains key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.The Parliament The Dispute over the Power of King VS Parliament 1). James I/ Charles I/ Charles II / James II tried to govern without the consent of parliament 2)The settlement of the dispute- in the Glorious Revolution Mary and Willi

9、am of Orange ( from Holland)replaced James II( he tried to restore Catholics be the Church of England )in 1688. 3)Parliament passed the Bill of Rights in 1689, which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.functions:1. passes laws2. voting for taxation3. scrutinize government

10、policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.power (Parliament is supreme in the British State)1. It alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution.2. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change laws, change or overturn establ

11、ished conventions or even prolong its own life without consulting the electorate.(修改或推翻已成定規(guī)的習(xí)慣法,甚至可以不用征得選民同意而推遲選舉日期)three institutions - the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commonsthe House of Lords - the Lords Spiritual(上議院的神職議員), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the

12、 Church of England; and the Lords Temporal(上議院的世俗議員), which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers(called hereditary peers) or they have been appointed(by the sovereign, at the suggestion of the Prime Minister and were called life peers(終身貴族). The roles of th

13、e House of Lords. 1. Receiving no salary 2. Are not elected 3. few attending the parliament sittings4. Representing their own interest the House of Commons Parliament (MPs) elected - the real center of British political life which consists of about 650 Members of by the people to represent them. The

14、se MPs are elected in the General Elections and should make and debate policy in the interests of the people who vote for them.The roles of the House of Commons1. Receiving salary2. Are elected3. Representing the public interest of the electorate.4. Most MPs belong to political parties- Labour, the

15、Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats Queen Elizabeth II the title: Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defende

16、r of the Faith.伊莉莎白二世，她的全稱是“上帝神佑，大布列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國以及她的其他領(lǐng)土和領(lǐng)地的女王，英聯(lián)邦元首，國教保護(hù)者伊莉莎白二世?！?the role:1. symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British State2. legally head of the executive(行政部)3. an integral part of the legislature(立法機(jī)關(guān))4. head of the judiciary(司法部)5. commander in chief of the armed forces6

17、. “supreme governor” of the Church of EnglandHer functions:1. summons, prologues(休會(huì),閉會(huì)) and dissolves Parliament(normally done at the request of the Prime minister)2. makes the opening speech and outlines her governments program.3. gives her assent(同意) to Bills before they become the law4. confers p

18、eerages and other honours5. concludes treaties, declares war, makes peace, recognizes foreign states and governmentsthe Queens important jobs1. represents Britain at home and abroad, the living symbol of national unity2. sets standards of good citizenship and family life3. a confidante(知己的女友) to the

19、 Prime Minister, offering valuable observations on the running of government 如今君王的作用主要是象征英國的傳統(tǒng)和國家統(tǒng)一。顯然，首相及執(zhí)政黨任何時(shí)候都只會(huì)代表選舉他們的那部分人。然而，女王沒有任何政治傾向，屬于每一個(gè)人。按照憲法的規(guī)定，女王的其它職責(zé)是：她是法律意義上的行政首腦，立法機(jī)構(gòu)的不可缺少的一部分，司法機(jī)構(gòu)的首腦，軍隊(duì)最高統(tǒng)帥，以及英國國教的最高領(lǐng)袖。The cabinet and The Prime Minister The Cabinet is made up a selection of senior MPs from the House of Commons and some members of the House of Lords to ensure a good tie between the Monarch and the Parliament. It is