關(guān)于教育類的英文專業(yè)詞匯

1、關(guān)于教育類的英文專業(yè)詞匯Systempreschool education / pre-elementary education 學(xué)前教育elementary education / primary education 基礎(chǔ)教育/小學(xué)教育secondary education 中等教育tertiary education / higher education 高等教育public education 公立教育private education 私立教育adult education / continuing education 成人教育/深造special education 特殊教育普及教育

2、 universal education義務(wù)教育 compulsory education; free education成人教育 adult education職業(yè)技術(shù)教育 vocational and technical education國(guó)家教育委員會(huì) State Education CommissionSchoolsday school / day nursery / preschool 日托所/托兒所kindergarten 幼兒園/學(xué)前班primary school / elementary school / grade school 小學(xué)（1-8年級(jí)）grammar school

3、 語(yǔ)法學(xué)校（1-6年級(jí)）secondary school 中學(xué)（9-12年級(jí)）high school 中學(xué)（10-12年級(jí)）junior high school 初中（7-9年級(jí)）senior high school 高中（10-12年級(jí)）public school （英）私立學(xué)校（美）公立學(xué)校private school 私立學(xué)校technical school 技校vocational school 職校boarding school 寄宿制學(xué)校night school 夜校adult school 成人進(jìn)修學(xué)校alma mater 母校，校歌ivory tower 象牙塔，高等學(xué)府（喻）

4、college 專科學(xué)校，大學(xué)，學(xué)院state college （美）政府資助的州立大學(xué)junior college 兩年制社區(qū)大學(xué)residential college 寄宿制大學(xué)community college 社區(qū)大學(xué)land-grant college 政府資助的低學(xué)費(fèi)大學(xué)university 綜合大學(xué)multiversity 由學(xué)院、專科院校組成的大規(guī)模高等學(xué)校graduate school 研究生院polytechnic / poly （英）工藝技術(shù)高等院校高等學(xué)校 institution of higher education綜合性大學(xué) comprehensive univer

5、sity文科大學(xué) university of liberal arts文科院校 colleges of art理工科大學(xué) college/university of science and engineering師范大學(xué) normal university; teachers' university師范學(xué)院 teachers' college工業(yè)大學(xué) polytechnical university工業(yè)學(xué)院 engineering institute農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) agricultural university農(nóng)學(xué)院 agricultural college醫(yī)科大學(xué) medical

6、university醫(yī)學(xué)院 medical college/school中醫(yī)院 institute of traditional Chinese medicine音樂(lè)學(xué)院 conservatory of music美術(shù)學(xué)院 academy of fine arts體育學(xué)院 physical culture institute分校 branch school重點(diǎn)學(xué)校 key school業(yè)余學(xué)校 spare-time school業(yè)余職工大學(xué) spare-time college for staff and workers電視廣播大學(xué) television and radio broadcast

7、ing university函授學(xué)院 correspondence school教師進(jìn)修學(xué)校 teachers' college for vocational studies成人夜校 night school for adults業(yè)余藝術(shù)/體育學(xué)校 amateur arts/athletic school半工半讀學(xué)校 part-work and part-study school中等專業(yè)學(xué)校 secondary specialized school; polytechnic school中等技術(shù)學(xué)校 secondary technical school; technical secon

8、dary school職業(yè)學(xué)校 vocational school附中 attached middle school在職進(jìn)修班 in-service training course進(jìn)修班 class for advanced studies短訓(xùn)班 short-term training course專修科 special (training) courseoff-job training 脫產(chǎn)培訓(xùn)in-job training 在職培訓(xùn) Studentsflatmate / dormmate 室友undergraduate / undergrad 本科生graduate 畢業(yè)生，研究生post

9、graduate / graduate student 研究生freshman 大學(xué)或高中一年級(jí)新生sophomore 大學(xué)或高中二年級(jí)學(xué)生junior 大學(xué)或高中三年級(jí)學(xué)生senior 大學(xué)或高中四年級(jí)學(xué)生underclassman 大學(xué)一、二年級(jí)學(xué)生upperclassman 大學(xué)三、四年級(jí)學(xué)生alumnus / alumni (pl.) （美）校友（男）alumna / alumnae (pl.) （美）校友（女）exchange student 交換學(xué)生（留學(xué)生為主）overseas student 留學(xué)生fellow student 同學(xué)（美）領(lǐng)取獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的研究生TA / teachi

10、ng assistant 助教（以研究生為主）peer adviser 高年級(jí)學(xué)生顧問(wèn)floor senior 寢室樓負(fù)責(zé)人（高年級(jí)學(xué)生為主）student union officer 學(xué)生會(huì)工作人員president of student union 學(xué)生會(huì)主席vice-president of student union 學(xué)生會(huì)副主席intern 實(shí)習(xí)生monitor 班長(zhǎng)vice-monitor 副班長(zhǎng) commissary in charge of studies 學(xué)習(xí)委員commissary in charge of entertaainment 文娛委員commissary in

11、charge of sports 體育委員commissary in charge of physical labour 勞動(dòng)委員Party branch secretary 黨支部書(shū)記League branch secretary 團(tuán)支部書(shū)記commissary in charge of organization組織委員commessary in charge of publicity 宣傳委員"Three Goods" student "三好"學(xué)生excellent League member 優(yōu)秀團(tuán)員 excellent leader 優(yōu)秀干部st

12、udent council 學(xué)生會(huì) Teaching Stafffaculty 院系，教職員工tutor / instructor （英）導(dǎo)師，家教（美）助教，講師lecturer 講師assistant professor 助理教授associate professor 副教授coordinator 課程協(xié)調(diào)老師school counsellor / adviser 指導(dǎo)老師，校顧問(wèn)student teacher 實(shí)習(xí)教師（在校生）liaison officer 校聯(lián)絡(luò)人員departmental head / chairperson 系主任dean （大學(xué)學(xué)院）院長(zhǎng)principal /

13、chancellor / university president （大學(xué)）校長(zhǎng)headmaster / headmistress （中小學(xué)）校長(zhǎng)Diploma & Degreecertificate 證書(shū)diploma 文憑，畢業(yè)證書(shū)degree 學(xué)位bachelors degree / undergraduate degree 學(xué)士學(xué)位masters degree 碩士學(xué)位doctorate 博士頭銜B.A. / Bachelor of Arts degree 文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位B.S. / Bachelor of Science degree 理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位M.A. / Master o

14、f Arts degree 文學(xué)碩士學(xué)位M. S. / Master of Science degree 理學(xué)碩士學(xué)位M.D. / Doctor of Medicine 醫(yī)學(xué)博士Ph.D. / Doctor of Philosophy 博士postdoctoral 博士后（研究人員）honorary degree 榮譽(yù)學(xué)位Coursesacademic year 學(xué)年school calendar / school catalog / academic calendar 校歷，大學(xué)情況一覽year book 畢業(yè)留念冊(cè)term / semester 學(xué)期（一學(xué)期四個(gè)月，一學(xué)年兩學(xué)期）quart

15、er / trimester 學(xué)季（一學(xué)期三個(gè)月，一學(xué)年三學(xué)期）orientation 新生和老師的見(jiàn)面會(huì)course 課程（包括上課，作業(yè)，考試等）crash programme / intensive course 速成課程，強(qiáng)化課程major course / mandatory course 主修課程elective course / optional course 選修課程correspondence course 函授課程introductory course 基礎(chǔ)入門課程core programme 核心課程syllabus 教學(xué)大綱curriculum 全部課程（集合）extr

16、acurricular 課外課程major 主修minor 輔修lecture 講課，講座tutorial （英）個(gè)別輔導(dǎo)課seminar 研討會(huì)，研討班課程field trip 實(shí)地考察課程internship 實(shí)習(xí)，見(jiàn)習(xí)Studies & Testsassignment / project 課外作業(yè)，工作任務(wù)presentation 陳述，口頭作業(yè)essay / theme 論文，作文term papers 學(xué)期論文thesis 畢業(yè)論文dissertation 畢業(yè)論文（尤指博士）entrance examination 入學(xué)考試assessment 評(píng)估achievement

17、test / standardized test 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試placement test 入學(xué)分級(jí)測(cè)試aptitude test 能力測(cè)試midterm test / midterm exam 期中考試final exam 期末考試open book exam 開(kāi)卷考試multiple-choice test 選擇題考試defense 論文答辯academic records / transcript 學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)，成績(jī)報(bào)告research method 研究方法（寫(xiě)論文的前期準(zhǔn)備）questionnaire 問(wèn)卷調(diào)查interview 訪談，采訪in-depth case study 案例深入分

18、析observation 觀察研究（多用于科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)）bibliography 參考文獻(xiàn)，圖書(shū)目錄pass-fail 考查課，有及格分?jǐn)?shù)線的考試credit system 學(xué)分系統(tǒng)，積分成績(jī)blue-book考卷report card成績(jī)單convocation notice 考試通知competitive examination 答辯考試Problemsattendance 出勤，出席play hooky / play truant 逃課deadline 截止日期（交作業(yè)）extension 延期（無(wú)法按時(shí)交作業(yè)）academic dishonesty 學(xué)術(shù)欺詐行為plagiarism 剽竊，

19、抄襲cheating 考試作弊double submission of papers 試卷重復(fù)使用aiding and abetting dishonesty 協(xié)助學(xué)術(shù)欺詐fabrication 偽造成績(jī)，捏造行為falsification of records 篡改成績(jī)drop out輟學(xué)quit school退學(xué)school discipline校紀(jì)attendance/participation出勤率attend a lecture上課miss a class缺課cut a class曠課expel sb from school開(kāi)除to repeat a year 留級(jí)Fundingtu

20、ition fee 學(xué)費(fèi)living expenses 生活費(fèi)incidental expenses 學(xué)雜費(fèi)grant 助學(xué)金stipend 固定生活津貼，固定獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金scholarship （本科生）獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金fellowship （研究生）獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金financial aid / financial assistance 資助tuition學(xué)費(fèi)miscellaneous expenses雜費(fèi)a grant-aided student領(lǐng)助學(xué)金的學(xué)生Campus Lifeaccommodation 住宿homestay 寄宿于當(dāng)?shù)厝思依飐tudent hostel 學(xué)生公寓，學(xué)生宿舍dormitory

21、寢室room allocation 房間分配flat / apartment 公寓（出租給學(xué)生）on campus 住校off campus 不住校student union 學(xué)生會(huì)auditorium 大禮堂resource centre 資料中心gym 體育館cafeteria 自助餐廳refectory 學(xué)院餐廳canteen 食堂common room （學(xué)校）休息室busing 校車接送student union 學(xué)生會(huì)fraternity （美）大學(xué)兄弟會(huì)enrollment 入學(xué)注冊(cè)registration 登記，報(bào)到matriculation 注冊(cè)（在大學(xué)）to enroll,

22、 to enroll 予以注冊(cè)commencement / graduation ceremony 畢業(yè)典禮reunion 校友聯(lián)誼聚會(huì)graduation appraisal畢業(yè)評(píng)估graduation ceremony=commencement畢業(yè)典禮diploma=graduation certificate畢業(yè)證書(shū)refresher course 進(jìn)修課程extracurricular activies 體育活動(dòng) recreational activities娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)academic activities 學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng) social activities 社會(huì)活動(dòng)課外閱讀 outside

23、reading辦學(xué)效益 efficiency in school management 協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展 coordinated and balanced program of development 教育投入 input in education 優(yōu)化教師隊(duì)伍 optimize the teaching staff 實(shí)行分區(qū)規(guī)劃 practice regional planning 社會(huì)參與 communal participation 新增勞動(dòng)力 incoming labor force 職前教育 pre-service education 崗位培訓(xùn) undergo job-specific tr

24、aining 提高.的思想品德 enhance the moral awareness of . 職業(yè)道德 professional ethics 重點(diǎn)學(xué)科 key disciplinary areas or priority fields of study （大學(xué)）?？?Major Types of Education in China short 2- to 3- year higher education programs 掃盲班 literacy class 注冊(cè)人數(shù) enrollment 年齡段（層）age bracket 反復(fù)灌輸 inculcate 希望工程 Project Ho

25、pe 學(xué)齡兒童 school-ager 人才枯竭 exhaustion of human resources 輟/失學(xué)青少年 school dropout/leaver 基金會(huì) foundation 服務(wù)性行業(yè) service trade 在職培訓(xùn) on-the-job/in-service training 國(guó)際勞工組織 International Labor Organization 基礎(chǔ)科學(xué) the fundamentals 學(xué)分制 the credit system 三學(xué)期制 the trimester system 雙學(xué)士制 a double BA degree system 主副修

26、制 a system of a major field of specialization plus a minor field 教學(xué)、科研、生產(chǎn)的"三結(jié)合" "3-in-1 combination" involving teaching,research, and production 三結(jié)合聯(lián)合體 tripartite complex 定向招生 students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 包分配 guarantee job assignments 燎原計(jì)劃 the

27、Prairie Fire Program 示范試點(diǎn) demonstration pilot project 結(jié)合、使加入 incorporate 動(dòng)員 mobilize 稅收 tax revenue 多學(xué)科的 multi-disciplinary 重點(diǎn)大學(xué) key university 授予（學(xué)士）confer 被授權(quán) be authorized to do 博士后科研流動(dòng)站 center for post-doctoral studies 專業(yè) speciality 愛(ài)國(guó)人士 patriotic personage 國(guó)家發(fā)明獎(jiǎng) National Invention Prize 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)

28、 National Prize for Natural Sciences 國(guó)家科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng) National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology 學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告會(huì)，專題討論會(huì) symposium 記者招待會(huì) press conference 國(guó)家教委主任 Chairman of the State Education Commission 國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局 the State Statistical Bureau 國(guó)家教育經(jīng)費(fèi) national expenditure on education 財(cái)政撥款 financial allocation 半文盲

29、semiliterate; functional illiterate 占百分比 account for .% 專任教師 full-time teacher 資料中心 data center 國(guó)際文化交流 intercultural communication 教育方針 guideline(s)/guiding principle(s) for education 教育必須為社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化服務(wù)，必須同生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合，培養(yǎng)德智體全面發(fā)展的建設(shè)者和接班人。 Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrate

30、d with productive labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectual and physically. 適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)需要，面向二十一世紀(jì)，具有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義教育體系。 a socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21s

31、t century 堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義方向 to keep to the socialist orientation 身體好，學(xué)習(xí)好，工作好。Keep fit, study hard and work well. 德才兼?zhèn)?to combine ability with character; equal stress on integrity and ability 成為有理想，有道德，有文化，守紀(jì)律的勞動(dòng)者 to become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline

32、 教育要面向現(xiàn)代化，面向世界，面向未來(lái) Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future 愛(ài)國(guó)主義教育 education in patriotism 國(guó)際主義教育 education in internationalism 集體主義教育 education in collectivism 共產(chǎn)主義教育 education in communism 共產(chǎn)主義道德品質(zhì) communist ethics 政治思想教育 political and ideological education 五愛(ài)（愛(ài)祖國(guó)、愛(ài)人

33、民、愛(ài)勞動(dòng)、愛(ài)科學(xué)、愛(ài)護(hù)公物） "Five Love": love the motherland, the people, labor, and science and take good care of public property. 教書(shū)育人 to educate the person as well as impart book knowledge 培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力 to cultivate the ability to analyze and solve concrete problems independently 啟發(fā)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考的能力 to

34、help develop the ability of the students to think things out for themselves 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自學(xué)能力 to foster the students' ability to study on their own 發(fā)揮學(xué)生主動(dòng)性、創(chuàng)造性 to give scope to the students' initiative and creativeness 自學(xué)成才 to become educated through independent study 啟發(fā)式 elicitation method (of teach

35、ing); heuristic method 填鴨式教學(xué)法 cramming/forced-feeding method of teaching 普及教育 universal education 義務(wù)教育 compulsory education; free education 學(xué)前教育 preschool education 初等教育 elementary education 中等教育 secondary education 高等教育 higher/tertiary education 普遍教育 general education 成人教育 adult education 職業(yè)技術(shù)教育 vo

36、cational and technical education 國(guó)家教育委員會(huì) State Education Commission 高等學(xué)校 institution of higher education 綜合性大學(xué) comprehensive university 文科大學(xué) university of liberal arts 文科院校 colleges of art 理工科大學(xué) college/university of science and engineering 師范大學(xué) normal university; teachers' university 師范學(xué)院 teach

37、ers' college 工業(yè)大學(xué) polytechnic university 工業(yè)學(xué)院 engineering institute 農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) agricultural university 農(nóng)學(xué)院 agricultural college 醫(yī)科大學(xué) medical university 醫(yī)學(xué)院 medical college/school 中醫(yī)院 institute of traditional Chinese medicine 音樂(lè)學(xué)院 conservatory of music 美術(shù)學(xué)院 academy of fine arts 體育學(xué)院 physical culture in

38、stitute 分校 branch school 重點(diǎn)學(xué)校 key school 業(yè)余學(xué)校 spare-time school 業(yè)余職工大學(xué) spare-time college for staff and workers 電視廣播大學(xué) television and radio broadcasting university 函授學(xué)院 correspondence school 教師進(jìn)修學(xué)校 teachers' college for vocational studies 成人夜校 night school for adults 業(yè)余藝術(shù)/體育學(xué)校 amateur arts/athle

39、tic school 半工半讀學(xué)校 part-work and part-study school 中等專業(yè)學(xué)校 secondary specialized school; polytechnic school 中等技術(shù)學(xué)校 secondary technical school; technical secondary school 職業(yè)學(xué)校 vocational school 附中 attached middle school 在職進(jìn)修班 in-service training course 進(jìn)修班 class for advanced studies 短訓(xùn)班 short-term trai

40、ning course 專修科 special (training) course 自學(xué)考試 self-taught examination 教職員 teaching and administrative staff 教學(xué)人員 the faculty; teaching staff 中、小學(xué)校長(zhǎng)headmaster/headmistress; principal 大專院校校長(zhǎng) president; chancellor 教務(wù)長(zhǎng) dean of studies （系）主任 chairman; chairperson 副主任 vice-chairman 教授 professor 副教授 assoc

41、iate professor 客座教授 visiting professor; guest professor 講師 lecturer 助教 assistant 專職教師 full-time teacher 兼職教師 part-time teacher 輔導(dǎo)員 assistant for political and ideological work 教研室/組 teaching and research section/group 教學(xué)組 teaching group 教員休息室 staff room; common room 母校 Alma Mater 校友 alumnus; alumna

42、學(xué)生會(huì) students' union/association 高年級(jí)學(xué)生 upper/higher grade pupil/student; pupil/student in senior grades 低年級(jí)學(xué)生 lower grade pupil/student; pupil/student in junior grades 走讀生 day student; non-resident student 住宿生 boarder 旁聽(tīng)生 auditor 研究生 graduate student; post-graduate (student) 應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生 graduating stud

43、ent/pupil; this year's graduates 聽(tīng)課 to visit a class; to sit in on a class; to attend a lecture 公開(kāi)課 open class 課程 course; curriculum 必修課 required/compulsory course 選修課 elective/optional course 基礎(chǔ)課 basic course 專業(yè)課 specialized course 課程表 school timetable 課外活動(dòng) extracurricular activities 課外輔導(dǎo) instr

44、uction after class 課堂討論 class discussion （大學(xué)的）研究小組；討論會(huì) seminar 教學(xué)大綱 teaching program; syllabus 教學(xué)內(nèi)容 content of courses 學(xué)習(xí)年限 period of schooling 學(xué)歷 record of formal schooling 學(xué)年 school/academic year 學(xué)期 (school)term; semester 學(xué)分 credit 分?jǐn)?shù) mark; grade 五分制 the 5-grade marking system 百分制 100-mark system

45、學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī) academic record; school record 成績(jī)單 school report; report card; transcript 畢業(yè)論文 thesis; dissertation 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí) graduation field work 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) graduation ceremony 畢業(yè)典禮 graduation ceremony; commencement 畢業(yè)證書(shū) diploma; graduation certificate 畢業(yè)鑒定 graduation appraisal 授予某人學(xué)位 to confer a degree on sb. 升級(jí) to be

46、 promoted to a higher grade 留級(jí) to repeat the year's work; to stay down 補(bǔ)考 make-up examination 升學(xué)t o go to a school of a higher grade; to enter a higher school 升學(xué)率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade 獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金 scholarship （國(guó)家）助學(xué)金 (state)stipend/subsidy 領(lǐng)取助學(xué)金的學(xué)生 a grant-aided stude

47、nt 學(xué)費(fèi) tuition (fee) 伙食費(fèi) board expenses 伙食補(bǔ)助 food allowanceA Useful Glossary for Educational Backgroundeducation 學(xué)歷educational background 教育程度educational history 學(xué)歷currculum 課程major 主修minor 副修educational highlights 課程重點(diǎn)部分curriculum included 課程包括specialized courses 專門課程courses taken 所學(xué)課程courses comple

48、ted 所學(xué)課程special training 特別訓(xùn)練social practice 社會(huì)實(shí)踐part-time jobs 業(yè)余工作summer jobs 暑期工作vacation jobs 假期工作refresher course 進(jìn)修課程extracurricular activies 體育活動(dòng)recreational activities娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)academic activities 學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)social activities 社會(huì)活動(dòng)rewards 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)scholarship 獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金"Three Goods" student "三好"學(xué)生ex

49、cellent League member 優(yōu)秀團(tuán)員excellent leader 優(yōu)秀干部student council 學(xué)生會(huì)off-job training 脫產(chǎn)培訓(xùn)in-job training 在職培訓(xùn)educational sustem 學(xué)制academic year 學(xué)年semester 學(xué)期（美）term 學(xué)期（英）president 校長(zhǎng)vice-president 副校長(zhǎng)acdemic dean 教務(wù)員department chairman 系主任professor 教授associate professor 副教授guest professor 客座教授lecturer

50、 講師teching assistant 助教research fellow 研究員rearch assistant 助理研究員supervisor 論文導(dǎo)師principal 中學(xué)校長(zhǎng)（美）headmaster 中小學(xué)校長(zhǎng)（英）master 小學(xué)校長(zhǎng)（美）dean of students 教務(wù)長(zhǎng)dean of students 教導(dǎo)主任 teacher 教師probation teacher 代課教師tutor 家庭教師governess 女家庭教師intelligence quotient 智商pass 及格fial 不及格marks 分?jǐn)?shù)grades 分?jǐn)?shù)scores 分?jǐn)?shù)ecamina

51、tion 考試grade 年級(jí)class 班級(jí)monitor 班長(zhǎng)vice-monitor 副班長(zhǎng)commissary in charge of studies 學(xué)習(xí)委員commissary in charge of entertaainment 文娛委員commissary in charge of sports 體育委員commissary in charge of physical labour 勞動(dòng)委員Party branch secretary 黨支部書(shū)記League branch secretary 團(tuán)支部書(shū)記commissary in charge of organization

52、組織委員commessary in charge of publicity 宣傳委員degree 學(xué)位post doctorate 博士后doctor (Ph.D) 博士maeter 碩士bachelor 學(xué)士student 學(xué)生graduate student 研究生abroad student 留學(xué)生returned student 回國(guó)留學(xué)生foreign student 外國(guó)留學(xué)生undergraduate 大學(xué)肄業(yè)生；（尚未取得學(xué)位的）大學(xué)生1教育目的：是社會(huì)對(duì)教育所要造就的社會(huì)個(gè)體的質(zhì)量規(guī)格的總的設(shè)想或規(guī)定.Educational purposes: a community edu

53、cation to create the social individual vision of total quality specifications or requirements.2形式教育說(shuō)：課程論中另一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期引起爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題,是怎樣看待知識(shí)在教學(xué)中的作用.一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,選擇某種知識(shí)作為課程就是因?yàn)檫@種知識(shí)可以訓(xùn)練人的智力,使人變得更聰明.這就是所謂的“形式教育說(shuō)”.Forms of education, said: Another long-term course on controversial issues is how to look at the role of knowle

54、dge in teaching. One view is that the choice of a knowledge as a course. Because such knowledge can be trained human intelligence, people become more intelligent. This is the so-called "form of education, said."3實(shí)質(zhì)教育說(shuō)：關(guān)于知識(shí)在教學(xué)中的作用,還有一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,選擇某種知識(shí)作為課程的原因,就在于這種知識(shí)本身的價(jià)值.知識(shí)是人類智慧的結(jié)晶,是探求真理的鑰匙,人們掌握

55、了知識(shí),就可以利用它去實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的各種生活目的.教育學(xué)上把這種觀點(diǎn)稱為“實(shí)質(zhì)教育說(shuō)”. Real Education, said: on the role of knowledge in teaching, there is a view that the choice of knowledge as a reason for the course, is that the value of this knowledge itself. Knowledge is the crystallization of human wisdom is the key to exploring th

56、e truth, people mastered the knowledge, you can use it to achieve its purpose of all life. Education on to this view as "real education, said."4教學(xué)過(guò)程最優(yōu)化：是前蘇聯(lián)教育家巴班斯基（19272987）提出的教學(xué)理論和方法.20世紀(jì)70年代,為了克服學(xué)生普遍存在的留級(jí)、學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)不佳的現(xiàn)象,巴班斯基提出,要對(duì)學(xué)校教學(xué)進(jìn)行整體優(yōu)化.教學(xué)過(guò)程的最優(yōu)化是指在一定的教學(xué)條件下尋求合理的教學(xué)方案,使教師和學(xué)生花最少的時(shí)間和精力獲得最好的教學(xué)效果,使學(xué)生獲得最好的發(fā)展.Optimize the teac