心理學(xué)專業(yè)英語講稿1什么是心理學(xué)what is psychology

1、English for Psychology（心理學(xué)專業(yè)英語）Perspectives in Psychology（心理學(xué)縱覽）What is psychology ?什么是心理學(xué)？1.DEFINITIONS:定義：The word "Psychology" is derived from two Greek roots: "Psyche", meaning "mind" or "soul" and "Logos", meaning "study of".心理學(xué)這個(gè)單詞是由p

2、syche和logos這兩個(gè)希臘詞派生出來的，psyche的意思是心靈或精神，logos的意思是對研究。Psychology, therefore,literally means "study of the mind".因此，從字面意思上來講（顧名思義），心理學(xué)就是對于心靈/精神的研究。However,a more recent definition by Atkinson et al(1991) suggests that psychology is:"The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes&

3、quot;然而，阿特金森（1991）等人提出了一個(gè)較新的定義，“心理學(xué)是對于行為與心理過程的科學(xué)研究”。（心理學(xué)是研究行為和心理過程的科學(xué)。）Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit misleading, since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should

4、be studied in the subject and how it should be studied.然而，僅僅給出這樣一個(gè)簡單的定義，會(huì)有一點(diǎn)誤導(dǎo)，因?yàn)闊o論是在歷史上還是現(xiàn)在，心理學(xué)家不僅對于心理學(xué)的定義沒有達(dá)成一致，而且對于在這個(gè)學(xué)科中應(yīng)該研究什么以及應(yīng)該如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。2. THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY心理學(xué)的歷史Where did psychology come from?心理學(xué)的源頭？Psychology developed from three main areas of study: PHILOSOPHY、BIOLOGY、PHYSICS心理

5、學(xué)是從三個(gè)主要的研究領(lǐng)域發(fā)展而來的：哲學(xué)、生物學(xué)、物理學(xué)。1. PHILOSOPHY哲學(xué)Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.心理學(xué)研究的很多問題，是由希臘哲學(xué)家最先清晰提出（概要）的。比如說公元前5世紀(jì)的蘇格拉底、柏拉圖和亞里斯多德等。Two more recent philosophical

6、influences on the development of psychology as a science were:當(dāng)今對于心理學(xué)作為科學(xué)的發(fā)展，對于它的兩個(gè)哲學(xué)性影響是：1 Empiricism - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behaviour.1）經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義認(rèn)為人們只能去測量可以客觀觀測的數(shù)據(jù)，比如說行為。2 Positivism - which argued that the methods and principles of s

7、cience should be applied to human behaviour.2）實(shí)證主義認(rèn)為科學(xué)的方法和原理應(yīng)該被應(yīng)用于人類行為的研究中。2. BIOLOGY生物學(xué)Biology has two important influences:生物學(xué)有兩個(gè)重要的影響：1） Evolution - Darwin's suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had

8、 many important implications for the study and understanding of behaviour.1.進(jìn)化論達(dá)爾文認(rèn)為人類是從別的動(dòng)物進(jìn)化而來的。遺傳學(xué)是由其進(jìn)化理論發(fā)展而來的，遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于研究和理解行為有重大的影響。2 Physiology - the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine system have significantly cont

9、ributed to the understanding of behaviour.2）生理學(xué)尤其是醫(yī)療行業(yè)，對腦，神經(jīng)，內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于理解行為有重大的貢獻(xiàn)。3. PHYSICS物理學(xué)A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.由于這一學(xué)科的巨大成功，在心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的許多科學(xué)家借鑒其科學(xué)方法和原則

10、，將其作為理想模型。Physicist, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century, with some success.物理學(xué)家，比如說費(fèi)希納在19世紀(jì)開創(chuàng)了針對人類的行為與經(jīng)驗(yàn)的學(xué)科心理物理學(xué)，并取得了一些成功。WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED?心理學(xué)的伊始？The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psycho

11、logy as a separate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig. 1879年通常被認(rèn)為是心理學(xué)作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的科學(xué)學(xué)科的開始時(shí)間，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)威廉·馮特在萊比錫創(chuàng)建了第一個(gè)心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father” of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that Wi

12、lliam James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.因此，馮特被認(rèn)為是心理學(xué)之父，但美國人

13、傾向于認(rèn)為應(yīng)該是威廉·詹姆斯擁有這個(gè)榮譽(yù)。因?yàn)樗?890年出版了，用12年寫成的心理學(xué)原理，這本書在心理學(xué)著作史上是一個(gè)重大的標(biāo)志性事件。此外，詹姆斯在1875年就開始在哈佛大學(xué)教授一門關(guān)于生理學(xué)與心理學(xué)的關(guān)系的課程。HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?心理學(xué)是如何發(fā)展的？l Structuralisml Functionalisml Psychoanalysisl Behaviorisml Cognitive psychologyl Humanistic approachl Biological approachl 結(jié)構(gòu)主義l 功能主義（機(jī)能主義）l 精神分析l

14、 行為主義l 認(rèn)知心理學(xué)l 人本主義l 生物學(xué)研究方法（生理心理學(xué)）1.Structuralism結(jié)構(gòu)主義Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards

15、at ones own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.結(jié)構(gòu)主義是第一個(gè)研究心理學(xué)的方法，是由馮特本人提出來的，他認(rèn)為心理學(xué)的研究對象應(yīng)該是意識，而且應(yīng)該是用內(nèi)?。ㄏ騼?nèi)探查自己的體驗(yàn)）的方法去研究，目的是將其分解為各個(gè)部分（比如說，表象，感覺，情感），就像化學(xué)家研究化學(xué)一樣。One structur

16、alist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.結(jié)構(gòu)主義者之一，鐵欽納聲稱共有46078種基本的感覺，聯(lián)合起來構(gòu)成了人類意識的結(jié)構(gòu)，但是這種方法在解釋方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主義取代了。2.Funct

17、ionalism機(jī)能主義Functionalism-the approach William James advocated. James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. 這種方法是由威廉·詹姆斯提出的。詹姆斯受達(dá)爾文觀點(diǎn)的影響，認(rèn)為意識的工作方式是功能性的，也需要去生存與適應(yīng)，

18、因此，我們應(yīng)該研究行為和思想的原因。Many of Jamess insights remain valid today, but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.詹姆斯的很多觀點(diǎn)在今天看來仍然是有用的，但是功能主義卻被始于世紀(jì)之交的兩種更強(qiáng)大（有說服力）的方法取代了。3.Psychoanalysis精神分析 Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of th

19、e therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial) impact on psychology. 精神分析實(shí)際上是由奧地利西格蒙德·弗洛伊德發(fā)展出來

20、的一種治療方法，但是在他很多主要的書中，例如夢的解析（1900），弗洛伊德開始詳細(xì)描述一個(gè)關(guān)于人類思想與行為的隱含的理論，對于心理學(xué)產(chǎn)生了重大的（并且是有爭議的）影響。Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind, and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.弗洛伊德認(rèn)為心理學(xué)的研究對象應(yīng)該是無意識（潛意識），我們的行為是由我們沒有意識到的心

21、理過程所決定的。4.Behaviorism行為主義Behaviorism-Behaviorists, such as John Waston, were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with “mind”, and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science.行為主義行為主義者，像約翰·華生，對所有以意識為研究對

22、象的方法極為不滿，并且認(rèn)為心理學(xué)如果想成為一門客觀的科學(xué)，就應(yīng)該研究可以觀測的行為。This approach dominated experimental psychology until the 1950s, when a strong resurgence of interest in the “mind” developed in the form of cognitive and the humanistic approaches, which suggested that behaviorism ignored all the most important and interest

23、ing things that go on in our heads.這種方法一直控制著實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)，直至十九世紀(jì)五十年代。在此期間，一股強(qiáng)大的研究“意識”的回潮，開始以認(rèn)知和人本主義方法的形式發(fā)展起來。他們認(rèn)為行為主義忽視了在我們大腦里那些最重要的和最有意義的東西。5.Cognitive psychology認(rèn)知心理學(xué)Cognitive psychology-aims to investigate the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at testable models of how the brain works, and then applying scientific methods to confirm these models.