淺析中英問候語的差異

1、畢業(yè)論文題目：淺析中英問候語的差異Title: Brief Analysis of Differences on Chinese Greetings and English Greetings2009年5月20月ivAcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, I have to thanks my parents, without their love and encouragement my graduate paper shouldnt have been finished. I would also like to extend my sincere than

2、ks to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past three academic years. I have benefited intellectual growth through their lectures. Then, I would also thanks to my supervisor Lu Yimiao. It is for her careful reading, her critical instructions, her scrupulous teaching, her vigorous think

3、ing and her precious suggestions that this paper appears in the present form. Finally, I would also thanks to many writers, Qian Houshu, Leech, Geoftrey, Hu Mingyang, and Bi Jiwan, whose manuscripts gave me much information about my graduate paper so that my graduate is more consummate.AbstractGreet

4、ings are a series of actions, which keep and strengthen relationship of between the two speakers, Greetings has certain functions, referring to set up relationship and delay the relationship. The paper hopes to advance peoples communication in different cultures and language backgrounds and to get c

5、rossculture communication. The paper will review different versions of the definition of greetings, which are defined by several linguists. Greetings are effected by many factors in progress of using, these factors include British peoples spoken habit and Chinese peoples spoken habit; The Special co

6、ntext (Firstmeeting, People with Different Social Status). So in part II，it will discuss that how factors restrict the greetings. Because greetings is restricted by a series of factors causing that Chinese greetings is different from English greetings, so Part III will analyze about content, structu

7、re, ways of greetings. Because Chinese greetings is different from English greetings, referring to content, structure，ways of greetings. Part IV will give some suggestions to avoid the troubles they'll meet when greeting to each other.Key words: greetings; crossculture; communication摘 要 問候語是交際雙方

8、見面時(shí)為了維持和加強(qiáng)雙方的人際關(guān)系而進(jìn)行的一系列的交際活動(dòng)，問候語具有建立和延遲各種人際關(guān)系的作用。通過問候語的使用和對(duì)中英問候語的對(duì)比分析，希望促進(jìn)不同文化和不同語言背景下人們的相互溝通和通過避免文化差異達(dá)到文化交流.問候語在日常生活中有一定的重要性，但是由于問候語在使用的過程中受到了一系列的因素的影響，這些因素包括英國語言習(xí)慣和中國語言習(xí)慣；特殊語境（第一見面；特殊地位），因此，在Part II 中會(huì)討論這些因素是怎么制約問候語的。由于問候語受到一系列的因素制約，使得中英問候語會(huì)有一定的差別，Part III 分別從問候語的內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、方法的不同，對(duì)中英問候語進(jìn)行比較。由于中英問候語存在這

9、些差別，在Part IV 中建議人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪惺褂脝柡蛘Z的時(shí)候，能準(zhǔn)確的使用問候語，從而能達(dá)到問候的目的。關(guān)鍵詞: 問候語; 跨國文化; 交流ContentsIntroduction.1I. Definition of Greetings.2II. Factors Effecting the Chinese Greetings and English Greetings.22.1 Spoken Habits.32.2 The Special Context.4III. Research of Greetings in Chinese and English.53.1 Differences

10、between Chinese Greetings and English Greetings.5IV. Suggestion to People 104.1 Application of Greetings in Different Situations.10Conclusion .12Bibliography13IntroductionEveryday people maybe apply greetings to convey their feelings, and greetings is a kind of communication. Greetings is serious of

11、 actions, which is to keep and strengthen relationship of between the two speakers, Greetings has function referring to set up relationship and delay the relationship. It is important to study greetings in both Chinese and English.First, a theoretical study of greetings, an everyday action, can help

12、 people to realize that every life is important for the understanding of culture and society. Although a seemingly minor episode of interaction, greetings has an important function in the management of human relation. It is by means of greetings that friends acknowledge confirm, and strengthen their

13、 friendship. A study of greetings will contribute much to understanding the structuring of the interpersonal relationship in social community.Second, the study of greetings helps to develop a situational approach to wards the study of culture. Generally speaking, greetings is a reutilized situationa

14、l frames, such as parting, complementing, apologizing, wedding, etc, greetings is one of the culture blocks, which varies crossculturally. A systematic description of greetings with social cultural factors taken into account will tend to better comprehend the structure of a certain society and cultu

15、re.Third, contrastive study of greetings helps people to enhance their crosscultural awareness with the accelerated development of globalization, chance is that cultural clashes backgrounds. As a result an urge task confronted by us is to develop and sharpen our cross-cultural awareness for the cros

16、s-cultural communications.Definition of GreetingsCoffman (1971) expresses his view that greetings mark the transition to a condition of increased access in his definition of “access rituals” which mark a change in degree of access. Goodys study of greeting in 1971 does not clearly define greeting, b

17、ut from her discussion of the functions of greetings,it can be seen that greetings are regarded as something reutilized at the beginning of encounters to open.Communicative acts,” to define and affirm, “both identity and rank, and to manipulate “a relationship in order to achieve a specific a result

18、”. Irvine (1974) regards greetings as a means of status manipulation a strategy a speaker may use to manipulation the role structure of interaction and to convey his self-image in relation to those roles. There are some different kinds of definitions for greeting, no matter what is definition, it is

19、 expression that the same meaning, the greeting is a kind of communication to way. II. Factors Effecting the Chinese Greetings and English GreetingsThe following communication happened between Chinese student（A）communicate with English person (B). A: Hello, How do you do?B: How do you do?A: Have you

20、 had supper?B: (puzzle): Why do you ask me that? What do you mean?A :( embarrassed): ErrErrI cant explain it .In china, we often ask about eating when we see each other.This is true dialogue, Chinese student apply to spoken-word habit in Chinese to ask the English people (Have you had your supper)?

21、你吃了沒有？The English people fell very puzzled; he doesnt understand what the meaning is? Many factors affect the Chinese greetings and English greetings; it is special that spoken habits and the special states are factors effecting the Chinese greetings and English greetings.2.1Spoken habit2.1.1British

22、 peoples spoken habitBecause England is a land country and the English Channel cuts off it to contact with outside, and English weather often rain. So English people usually discuses weather to address others. They will apply to a special model .For example,” beautiful day, isnt it? “Its terribly co

23、ld? “It looks like rain, dont you think?” General speaking, In English greetings, the appellation is behind greetings. Such as “Hi, John,” “good morning, Mr. Smith.” and go on. 2.1.2Chinese peoples spoken habitBecause China is a developing agricultural country, for thousands years, Chinese the major

24、 population is farmers .So when people meet each others, they like to ask about having eating .Such as “have you had supper”? “Have you had dinner” and go on .Sometimes, they like to ask about that “where are you going”? Etc, they apply to a special mode too. For example, The appellation can change

25、place with greetings .such as “早上好，李先生”, “ 李先生,早上好”.2.2The Special context 2.2.1 First-meetingThe first-meeting, English people always introduce themselves and they can ask others name, country and city. In fact, they hug others to express their greetings, but not kiss others to express their greeti

26、ngs in the first-meeting. The British are so conservative that they avoid asking others private matters and they hate to be asked private matters. And they don't ask others telephone numbers and give telephone numbers to others. Because they think that is the privacy too.In contrast with the Bri

27、tish, in the first-meeting Chinese people always ask others name and handshake with them to express their gre- 13 -etings. And they will ask others telephone numbers and give telephone numbers to them. Because they think it is a kind of amity and greetings. In order to express carefully, Chinese peo

28、ple are used to asking more personal information, Such as age, income and the habits. Following dialogue is the first-meeting of Chinese boy (A) and English girl (B) A stand for Chinese people and B stand for English person.A: Nice to meet you. B: Nice to meet you too. A: Whats your name? And where

29、are you from? B: why do you ask that? (Surprise and angry) A: I want to know more your information. In this dialogue, the English girl thought that Chinese boy asked her privacy. In fact the boy didnt ask her privacy, he was careful to her and express him greetings. She had misunderstood his meaning

30、 that she didnt answer him questions. So in specific circumstances, People's greetings will be affected.2.2.2People with Different Social StatusChinese greetingsA : 您好,張老師.B : 你好,李華.A : 明天我們班去野餐,我們想邀請(qǐng)您去,行嗎?B : 好啊,謝謝你們.English greetingsA: Say, Hello, Mr. Grace, How are you doing? (哈嘍，格蘭斯老師你好嗎？)B:

31、 Fine, Mike. How are you? (很好,邁克,你好嗎？)A: Not bad. Where are you doing? (不錯(cuò),你去那里？)B: To the McDonalds. (去麥當(dāng)勞. )The first, from these dialogues，we note that the title you(你) is the same meaning the you（您）in English greetings .Although title you（你）and title(您) have the same meaning, yet title you (您) i

32、s used to express the younger generation to respect their elders, in Chinese greetings.Second, to address others name is very common, in English greetings. According to British concepts, the younger generation and students address the elders and teachers for expressing their relationship very close.

33、 But according to Chinese concepts, the younger generation and students cant use the title (你)to address the elders and teachers. It responds that the younger generation doesnt respect their elders and teachers. III. Research of greetings in Chinese and EnglishBecause spoken habits and the special s

34、tates of Chinese and English affect Chinese greetings and English greetings, so the thesis will research greetings in Chinese and English. 3.1 Differences between Chinese Greetings and English Greetings 3.1.1 Difference in ContentOne major difference of greetings between Chinese and English lies in

35、the content. In English culture, personal matters are regarded as ones privacy which people dont like to talk about. Chinese greetings, such as “what are you doing”, “where are you going? This fact may account for the neutral character in the content of English greetings，Such as talking about the we

36、ather or other none-personal matters.On the other hand, Chinese people tend to show consideration of other people through the exchange of greetings, such as “你吃了嗎”,“你在干什么”,for the sake of tradition. In Chinese culture, this kind of greeting is taken as attitudinal warmth and care about others person

37、al matters.In addition, English people like to talk about weather in greetings, such as “It is a fine day” and“ It looks like rain”，Chinese people use relation in greetings routines to enhance solidarity such as “你好，你好 or “ 久仰久仰”.Chinese people are often suspected of trampling upon others privacy wh

38、en they ask such questions as “where are you doing” and “what are you doing” etc, to show their warm attitude to the address. Chinese society used to be loosely composed of small-scaled, self-contained, Community like family, clans, etc.Within each community, the members were in close contact with e

39、ach other, while contact with other communities was rather limited since the chief model of production was small farming and handcrafts, which created a close tempo of life. It was natural for them to spend time on greetings each other by asking something on their daily life when they meet in the vi

40、llage or in the lane. An inquiry such as “have you had dinner?” is often heard around meal time in Chinese, it is not real question, but a friendly salute. However hearing this, English people will frequently take it as an invitation. 3.1.2 Difference in StructureThe other major difference of greeti

41、ngs in Chinese and English lies in the structure. There are four structures in greetings: address, questions, affirmation, an address +a question.（1）AddressIn English, the most frequently used address forms are first name (FN), and title (Mr./ 阿two forms of address allow three possible patters(a) bo

42、th interlocutors may use the others first name, when they are of similar age and social status. i.e., in level greetings;(b) both of them use title plus last name on formal occasions; and (c) one can use the others first name ,but be addressed in turn by his title plus last name, or vice versa, when

43、 they differ significantly either in age，social，occupational status, i.e., in upward and downward greetings. The use of FN and TLN implies that the first name in English used to be alone without a title, and the English surname (LN), must be combined with a title. When they are used .Thus forms like

44、 Black, (Mr. / Mrs. / Miss Jane) are unacceptable.But in Chinese, an address is much more complicated than the English one. The chief term of address in Chinese includes names, surname plus title, kinship term ,and such general addressing terms as 同志(comrade),師傅(master),etc.In Chinese, the given nam

45、es are for family members or intimate friends, and intimate friends. The older generation can also use them to address the younger generation. The last character of a given name is especially reserved between the same generations or by older generation to address younger generations and superiors to

46、 inferiors .First naming has very high frequency of occurrence in English.English culture allows status or age inferiors to firstname their superiors while Chinese culture strictly forbids in English. Full name are rarely used to address an acquaintance.Moreover, one striking difference between Engl

47、ish and Chinese, such as “爺爺”(grand),“叔叔(uncle),“阿姨”(aunt),or kin title plus a surname or given name 方阿姨(aunt fang),and 長叔叔(brother Chang li) Structure of Chinese greetings Structure of English greetings你好，張老師！(Ni hao ,zhang lao shi)Hello，Mr. Zhang.(right )Hello, Zhang teacher (wrong) 早上好，李爺爺！（Zao s

48、hang hao Li ye ye）Good morning, Grandpa(right)Good morning, Li Grandpa (wrong)Good morning, Grandpa Li (wrong(1) QuestionGreetings in the form of a question usually happen between interactions Who have been acquainted with each other for reasonable period of time, between initial acquaintance and /o

49、r strangers, this type of greeting seldom occurs (How do you do? can be used meeting for firsttime. there are five types in question forms. (i) Howquestions about the greeters work，health, conditions of greeters family members, etc.Structure of Chinese greetingsStructure of English greetings最近怎么樣？Ho

50、w are you doing? 家里還好吧？How is your family? 伯母還好嗎？How is your mother?(ii) Whatquestions in English and Chinese Structure of Chinese greetingsStructure of English greetings 你怎么了？ Whats up? 干什么去？ What are you doing?(iii) Wherequestions, only Chinese greetings include this type asking about the place wh

51、ere the greeter is heading for or has been to. For example: 去哪兒？and 去那了？However, if you ask a foreigner such questions, you will be suspected of violating his privacy.（2）AffirmationGreetings in the form of affirmation are conventional and formal to degree. They convey information rather than seek in

52、formation as the question types of greetings do .In English this type of greeting is “Hello!”,“Good Moring/ afternoon/evening).Those most frequently and conventionally occurring in Chinese are “ni hao/nin hao”, and “ni/nin zao).(2)An address +a questionThis type only is found in Chinese greetings, f

53、or example，“燕子，去哪里”. 3.1.3 Difference in WayIn English, people usually introduce themselves to express their greetings, in the first-meeting. When they meet good friends and closed-friends, family members, and old generations they will hug and kiss each others. In Chinese, people usually ask others

54、name and some information to express their greetings, in the first meeting. When they meet good friends and closed-friends, they will wave hand， hand shake and call name. and when they meet old generations ,they will call appellation/name +appellation for example ,（“叔叔”，“張建叔叔”）。In additions, both Ch

55、inese people and English people are making telephone to express their greetings. But there is difference in way. This is making telephone situation.“A” is calling “B is calledChinese English A: 你好，是李婷嗎？B: 你好，我是李婷，你是?A: 李娜。B: 最近在忙什么??？一直沒你的消息。 A: Hello, this Lila, who are you? B: Hello, Lila, I am Li

56、ting. A: How are you doing? B：I am fine IV. Suggestions to People Because of some difference between Chinese greetings and English greetings, It will give some suggestions to avoid the troubles they'll meet when greeting to each other. 4.1 Application of Greetings in Different Situations 4.1.1 M

57、aking TelephoneIn England, when people make telephone to greet others, first, they must introduce themselves. No matter whom they are. But in china, when people make telephone the others, they can not only introduce themselves but also ask “who are you”. 4.1.2 Face to face communicationWhen English people take Face to face communication to express their greetings, they will greet “How are you doing”? or” How is your family”? They avoid asking other “Have yo