盤古開天辟地等中外神話

1、1 盤古開天辟地Pangu Separates the Sky from the earthThe sky and the earth were at first one blurred entity like an egg. Pangu was born into it. The separation of the sky and the earth took eighteen thousand years- the yang which was light and pure rose to become the sky, and the yin which was heavy and mu

2、rky sank to form the earth. Between them was Pangu, who went through nine changesevery day, his wisdom greater than that of the sky and his ability greater than that of the earth. Every day the sky rose ten feet higher, the earth became ten feet thicker, and Pangu grew ten feet taller. Another eight

3、een thousand years passed, and there was an extremely high sky, an extremely thick earth, and an extremely tall Pangu. Then came the Three Emperors.So these numbers came into existence and evolve like this. The number begins with one, becomes established at three, is completed at five, prospers at s

4、even, and ends in nine. So the sky is nine thousand li from the earth.2 盤古化生萬物 Pangu Turns into a Myriad ofThingsPangu, who was born before anything else, underwent great bodily changes when he was dying. His breath became winds and clouds, his voice thunder, his left eye the sun and right eye the m

5、oon; his arms and legs the four poles of the earth and the five parts of his body the five mountains; his blood formed the rivers and his veins the roads; his flesh and skin became the soil of the fields and his hair and moustache the stars; the fine hair on his skin turned into grass and trees, his

6、 teeth and bones metals and rocks; his marrow changed to pearls and jade, and his sweat fell as rain that nourished all things; the insects on his body, caressedby the winds, took the shape of men and women.3.女媧造人 N iwa Makes MenIt is said that there were no men when the sky and the earth were separ

7、ated. It was Niwa who made men by moulding yellow clay. The work was so taxing that her strength was not equal to it. So she dipped a rope into the mud and then lifted it. The mud that dripped from the rope also became men. Those made by moulding yellow clay were rich and noble, while those made lif

8、ting the rope were poor and low.4. 女媧補天 N iwa Me nds the SkyIn ancient times, the four corners of the sky collapsed and the world with its nine regions split open. The sky could not cover all the things under it, nor could the earth carry the things on it. A great fire raged and could not be checked

9、. Savagebeastsdevoured innocent people; vicious birds preyed on the weak and old.Then Niwa melted rocks of five colors and used them to mend the cracks in the sky. She supported the four corners of the sky with the legs she had cut off from a giant turtle. She killed the black dragon to save the peo

10、ple of Jizhou, and blocked the flood with the ashes of reeds.Thus the sky was mended, its four corners lifted, the flood tamed, Jizhou pacified, and harmful birds and beasts killed, and the innocent people were able to live on the square earth under the dome of the sky. It was a time when birds, bea

11、sts, insects and snakes no longer used their claws or teeth or poisonous stings, for they did not want to catch or eat weaker things.精衛(wèi)填海 Jingwei Determines to Fill up the SeaOn Fujiu Hill grew a lot of mulberry trees. Among them lived a bird which looked like a crow, but had a colorful head, a whit

12、e bill and two red claws. Its call sounded like its name: Jingwei. The bird was said to be Emperor Yandi ' youngest daughter, N iwa, who, while playing on the East Sea, had been drowned and never returned. She had turned into Jingwei, and the bird would often carry bits of twigs and stones all t

13、he way from the west mountains to the East Seto fill it up.夸父逐日 Kuafu Chases the SunKuafu was chasing after the sun when he came too close to it. He became very thirsty. Therefore, he drank from Yellow River and the Wei River, but there was not enough water in them. So he turned north, intending to

14、drink from the Daze, but he died of thirst before he reached the place. The walking stick he threw away turned into a forest of peach trees.牛郎織女 The Cowherd and the Girl WeaverOn the east bank of the heavenly River lived a girl weaver, daughter of the Emperor of Heaven. She worked hard year in and y

15、ear out, weaving colorful clothes for gods and goddesses.Since she lived all alone, the emperor took pity on her and allowed her to marry the cowherd on the west bank of the river. However, she stopped weaving after she was married. Greatly outraged, the emperor forced the girl back across the river

16、 and allowed her to join her husband only once a year.On the seventh day of each autumn, magpies would suddenly become bald=-headed for no obvious reasons at all. According to legend, that the cowherd and the weaver met on the east bank of the river, and magpies were made to form a bridge for them.

17、And for t his reason the down on their heads was worn out.希臘神話在希臘神話里，諸神都住在奧林匹斯山里（Mt. Olympuc），其首領是宙斯（Zeus）,他用雷電維持著天地的秩序。他的妻子赫拉（Hera）是婚姻 和家庭女神。他的兄弟波賽冬（Poseidon）是主管海 洋的海神，另一個兄弟哈得斯（Hades）是主管死亡之 國的冥王。他的女兒雅典娜（Athe na）是智慧女神， 為雅典娜神廟的保護神，象征著文明和藝術。他的兒 子阿波羅（ Apollo ）是太陽神，是主管真理、光明和 醫(yī)藥之神。阿波羅的孿生妹妹阿爾忒密斯（ Artemis）

18、 是月亮和狩獵女神，阿芙羅狄蒂（Aphrodite）為愛和 美的女神。赫菲斯托斯（HephaestuS是破腿鍛冶之 神，鍛造了宙斯的雷電。宙斯的另一個兒子赫爾墨斯（Hermes）是宙斯的使者和仆人，也是商人和小偷之神。狄俄尼索斯（Dionysus）是酒神，代表狂喜原則，也主管戲劇，和阿波羅的智力原則正好相反。宙斯的妹妹赫斯提（Hesti a）是灶神和家室之神。阿瑞斯（Aris ）也是宙斯的兒子，是戰(zhàn)神。還有些小神，如五谷之神得米特（Demeter）、愛神厄洛斯（Eros）（丘 比特）、森林之神潘（Pan）、復仇女神厄里倪厄斯（Eriu nes）、青春女神赫柏（Hebe）、學問和藝術女神九纓斯（

19、Mousai）,她們分別主管歷史、天文、悲劇、喜劇、舞蹈、史詩、情詩、圣詩、抒情詩等。在眾多的希臘神話和傳說當中最有名的是下面幾個：特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭的起源和經(jīng)過,阿特柔斯家族,底比斯締 造者卡德摩斯家族,金羊毛的故事,赫拉克勒斯和忒 修斯的傳說,俄迪普斯的故事,七英雄遠征底比斯, 奧得賽的故事等。這些神話基本上以家族為中心,具 有不同的系統(tǒng),但都反映了當時普通人民避惡揚善、 追求美好生活的愿望,歌頌了富于幻想、英勇豪邁的 氣質。例如傳說赫拉克勒斯力大無比,褪褓之中便扼 殺了一條蛇,成人之后殺死過九頭毒蛇和女妖美杜薩, 甚至擊敗了冥王哈得斯,救回了被囚禁的忒修斯,讓 他們夫妻得以團圓。 金羊毛的故事更

20、帶有些浪漫色彩。希臘塞薩利的古國約爾科斯國王埃宋遭其異母兄弟匹 里阿斯的謀害，壬位也遭其篡奪。匹里阿斯奪位后派 埃宋之子伊阿宋去尋找金羊毛'聲稱如能找到羊毛就 將壬位還他。出于安全原因伊阿宋帶領一班人乘坐阿 爾格號船出發(fā)，歷經(jīng)千辛萬苦，終于在其妻美狄亞的 幫助下如愿以償?shù)玫搅私鹧蛎?。返回后美狄亞設計殺 死了匹里阿斯，但不久卻遭伊阿宋的遺棄，美狄亞悲 憤交加，殺死了她和伊阿宋的幾個孩子。這個故事以 后成了希臘劇作家歐里庇得斯創(chuàng)作的悲劇美狄亞 的主要素材。希臘神話是構成希臘宗教的重要基礎, 也顯示了它的重要特性。羅馬神話早期羅馬宗教的神祗沒有人形，只是些神靈，其儀式 簡單、機械，缺少思想內

21、容，不能對一般人生活和道 德產(chǎn)生什么影響，而只是一般性地稱頌神的恩惠，主要集中在田野生活和個人家庭上。他們相信的家庭神 包括保護神（即家庭的監(jiān)護者）、陰間諸神（即祖先 的精靈）。家神即保護家庭財產(chǎn)者，如維斯太為管理 家灶者，兩面神伊阿諾斯是門神，農(nóng)業(yè)諸神包括：拉 瑞斯農(nóng)業(yè)和田野神，刻瑞斯為主管谷物的神，波 莫拿為主管果園的神，法烏諾斯為主管動物的神等。 羅馬人對這些神靈采取了一種非常恭敬、 虔誠的態(tài)度， 一家之父的職責就是充當家庭祭師，主持撫慰眾多守 護神的儀式。這些儀式包括日常祈禱、燒香以及飲奠 酒，但到忙時則只要念念諸神的名字以示崇拜就行了。隨著羅馬勢力的擴展和鞏固，國家采取措施對神靈的 設置進行了整頓，將分散和設置上帶有一定任意性的 諸多神靈統(tǒng)一到 l3 個神上。他們分別是朱庇特（Jupiter）、朱諾（Ju no）和密涅瓦（Mi nerva）。朱庇特是主神；朱諾是他的妻子，主管工藝和智慧的女 神；密涅瓦相當于希臘神話的雅典娜，為守護和保衛(wèi) 手藝、醫(yī)術、樂師和詩人的女神。后來羅馬神話又引 進了些其他的神，主要有瑪爾斯（Mars） 相當于 希臘神話中的戰(zhàn)神阿瑞斯（Ares），墨丘利（Mercury） 相當于希臘神話中的赫爾墨斯（Hermes）以及畜 牧之神。羅馬宗教還從東方宗教