環(huán)境英語翻譯實踐與經(jīng)驗

1、工程英語的特點及翻譯Group 4 以環(huán)境英語文本為例目錄123翻譯中遇到的問題和解決方法4詞匯特點句法特點文本特點1. 詞匯高度術語化（專有名詞）。2. 意譯（常用詞語專業(yè)化）。3. 詞性變化（用詞名詞化傾向）。4. 構(gòu)詞特征多為合成詞。5. 推敲重點單詞。1詞匯特點1、詞匯高度術語化（專有名詞） 為了概括自然現(xiàn)象，揭示客觀規(guī)律，工程英語必須用表意清楚地專業(yè)術語。 Example: IPCC, NASA, GHGs, Uruguay, Marshall Island etc.2、意譯（常用詞語專業(yè)化）大量使用英語常用詞匯，利用舊詞，賦新義于舊詞，使其成為專業(yè)術語用詞。Example: fee

2、dback loops land clearing disease vector in opearation 3、詞性變化（用詞名詞化傾向）廣泛使用表示動作或者狀態(tài)的抽象名詞或名詞作用的非限定動詞。Examples: the burning of fossil fuels,land clearing and agriculture. including a rising sea level and changes in the amount and pattern. no major efforts are undertaken to reduce the emissions. 4、構(gòu)詞特征多

3、為合成詞。除了常用詞語專業(yè)化這種方式，還通過現(xiàn)代英語構(gòu)詞法，構(gòu)成豐富多彩的專業(yè)單詞，如：合成詞，短語詞。Example:feedback loops buiness-as-usual human-induced greenhouse effect ice sheet 5、推敲重點單詞我們四人分歧點以及單詞本身在文中值得推敲l The Third Assseement Report projects that. project: n.項目，工程，計劃，課題 vi.伸出，突出 vt.放映，假話，展現(xiàn)l The Panel made up of about 2000 scientists who a

4、dvise the United Nations. advise: vt.通知，報告，提議，建議。 vi.接受勸告，商量，建議，提供意見lThe number of cars in operation will double. in operation: 運轉(zhuǎn)著，生效21、多用長難句 Long & difficult sentences2、多用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) Nominalization3、多用非謂語動詞形式 Non-finite verbal forms4、多用定語（從句）形式 Attribute(clause) 5、多采用慣用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)6、多采用省略結(jié)構(gòu) Elliptical stru

5、ctures句法特點 （syntactic features）1、多用長難句 Long & difficult sentencesI.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report projects that the Earths average surface temperature will increase between 2.5 and 10.4 F (1.4 -5.8) between 1990 and 2100 if no major efforts are under

6、taken to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (the business-as-usual senario).II.A 1m (3 feet) sea-level rise would affect 6 million people in Egypt, with 12% to 15% of agricultural land lost, 13 million in Bangladadesh, with 16% of national rice production lost, and 72 million in China and tens

7、 of thousands of hectares(1 hectares=2.47 actes) of agricultural land.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report （subject）projects （predicate）that the Earths average surface temperature will increase between 2.5 and 10.4 F (1.4 -5.8) between 1990 and 2100 if no majo

8、r efforts are undertaken to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (the business-as-usual senario).（object clause）長難句分析Tips: classify the sentence structure 劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu)2、多用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) Nominalizationl Examples of the feedback loops are ice/snow. (for example.)l A 1m (3 feet) sea-level rise would affect 6 mill

9、ion people in Egypt, with 12% to 15% of agricultural land lost. (Sea-level rises 1m. That would.) 理據(jù)：工程英語的“技術性（technicality）”和“說理性（reasoning）”1）名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)可以盡量減少感情色彩詞語和語義模糊詞語的使用，體現(xiàn) 了工程英語的客觀性(objectivity)、準確性(accuracy)2）名詞化后的句子詞匯密度加大，句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復雜，所包含的信息量 增大，因此較其他文體更為難懂名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)功能3、多用非謂語動詞形式 Non-finite verbal forms

10、非謂語動詞的使用可以緊縮冗長的主從復合句,使句子顯得簡潔、短小、精煉,且富于表現(xiàn)力。l Also contributing to deforestation is clearing new land for farming and pastures used for animals such as cows.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu).4、多用定語（從句）形式 Attribute(clause)lThe United States is responsible for 25% of the worlds CO2 emissions which equates to 7 billion

11、tons of CO2 emissions in one year.lThis process occurs naturally by photosynthesis(光合作用), which occurs less and less as we cut and burn down trees.工程英語中，由于有較多專業(yè)詞匯或抽象概念的說法，大量運用定語從句有助于讀者對專業(yè)性詞匯等的理解，或使抽象事物相對具象化，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更具條理性。5、多采用慣用的句型結(jié)構(gòu) 舉例 （examples）l Examples of the feedback loops are ice/snow.l These ch

12、anges may increase in global temperatures can in turn cause other changes, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, hurricanes, and tornados. 比例及倍數(shù)（proportion & multiple）l The United States is respnsible for 25% of the worlds CO2 emissions. in proportion to The ration is. in a ratio of.l The amount

13、 of CO2 released into the atmosphere in the next 30 years is expected to double or triple. 行為與結(jié)果 l This decrease leads to higher temperatures on the surface, leading to more warming.l Other consequences include higher or lower agricultural yields, glacier retreat. causes, gives rise to, leads to, br

14、ings about, results in 研究導向 常采用 according to, study, research, experiment等引用之前的研究，作為理據(jù)，佐 證作者觀點l This is based on new information released by the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change.l The year 2005 was the warmest year in over a century, according to NASA scientists studying temperature data from

15、 around the world. 6、多采用省略結(jié)構(gòu) Elliptical structures省略句在科技文體中重要的語言功能表現(xiàn)為承載一定的信息，并為下一步新信息的傳遞創(chuàng)造相應的信息輸出條件語篇簡潔功能、語篇銜接與連貫功能、信息焦點凸顯功能和信息焦點對比功能lA 1m (3 feet) sea-level rise would affect 6 million people in Egypt, with 12% to 15% of agricultural land lost, 13 million (people)in Bangladesh, with 16% of national

16、 rice production lost, and 72 million in China and tens and thousands of hectares of agricultural land.1、語義關系顯現(xiàn)化（explicitness)2、非人格化（depersonification)3、語義系統(tǒng)關系化（relationalization)3文體特征1、語義系統(tǒng)關系顯現(xiàn)化文章各部分及各語義成分之間的關系條理清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，這是由科技英語的主要功能-傳播科技知識和科技信息-所決定的。 - 邏輯性強2、非人格化盡量突出“客觀性”，因為科學技術注重事物的發(fā)生和存在，而通常不注重是誰使

17、其發(fā)生或存在的，因此實施者在科技英語語義系統(tǒng)中是弱項，常以被動語態(tài)或非人稱形式等語法手段被“隱藏起來” - 陳述客觀3、語義系統(tǒng)關系化在科技領域中，描述、論述或說明的著重點不是發(fā)生的事件或行為，而是事件與事件或行為與行為之間的關系。這樣，通常為物質(zhì)過程的表示事件或行為的小句要發(fā)生級轉(zhuǎn)移，成為一個關系過程的參與者，也就是名詞化現(xiàn)象。 - 名詞化現(xiàn)象A 無人稱The increase volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases(GHGs) released by the burning of fossil fuels, land cle

18、aring and agriculture, and other human activities, are the primary sources of the human-induced component of warming.is/are句型的大量使用 B 概念準確，名詞多，數(shù)據(jù)多The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Third Assessment Report projects that the Earths average surface temperature will increase between 2.5-

19、10.4F between 1990 and 2100 if no major efforts are undertaken to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (the “business-as-usual”scenario) C 文體質(zhì)樸，少修辭And the faster and more the warms, the greater the chances are for some irreversible climate changes. D 邏輯性強，連詞、分詞多This means that as trees absorb ca

20、rbon dioxide, and release oxygen, carbon is being put into trees. As the earth warms, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere goes up which is the most powerful greenhouse gas in existence翻譯中遇到的問題和解決方法4高度術語化 句式復雜詞性變化大長難句多專有名詞多背景知識不了解小組討論明辯義相關領域探資料翻譯理論取技巧研查字典究用法英譯中的四種方法以翻譯文本為例Reference: 錢歌川：翻譯的基本

21、知識英譯中的四種方法1.1.省譯法省譯法無論原文還是譯文，文字總以簡潔為上。翻譯時要可略則略可略則略。The causes of deforestation is clearing new land for lumber, pulpwood, and fuel wood.森林采伐是為了獲得木材、紙漿和薪材的原木。because the gases we have already released into the atmosphere will stay there for years or even centuries.因為我們已排入大氣中的氣體將保持數(shù)年，甚至幾個世紀。He is keep

22、ing his bed. 他正臥病。英譯中的四種方法2.2.增譯法增譯法有些英文字句如按照字面翻譯，意念是不完全的，必須得加上一些字眼來補充說明加上一些字眼來補充說明。What if he should fail! 萬一他失敗了，“要怎么辦？”A 1m (3 feet) sea-level rise would affect 6 million people in Egypt, with 12% to 15% of agricultural land lost, 13 million (people)in Bangladesh, with 16% of national rice produc

23、tion lost, and 72 million in China and tens and thousands of hectares of agricultural land.海平面每上升1米（3英尺），將會影響到600萬埃及人，造成12%到15%的農(nóng)用地流失；影響到1300萬的孟加拉人，使其國家稻米減產(chǎn)16%；以及影響到7200萬的中國人和“成千上萬”公頃（1公頃=2.47英畝）的農(nóng)田。英譯中的四種方法3.3.倒譯法倒譯法漢語的副詞等常置于句首句首，而英文則多置于句尾句尾。He came yesterday. 昨天他來過了。The year 2005 was the warmest year in over a