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1、一、 教學(xué)目標(biāo):英語中8種常用時(shí)態(tài)的語法和運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此,當(dāng)我們說時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。英語時(shí)態(tài)分為16種:一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時(shí),以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。其中最常用的是一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行、現(xiàn)在完成、過去進(jìn)行及過去完成,今天我們就這8種常用時(shí)態(tài)的語法極其運(yùn)用做詳細(xì)的講解。英語中時(shí)態(tài)不同,動(dòng)詞的形式也隨之變化,掌握這些動(dòng)詞變化的基本規(guī)律顯得尤為重要,因此這節(jié)課對(duì)于整個(gè)英語的學(xué)習(xí)非常重要,同學(xué)們一定要認(rèn)真聽講,做好筆記,課下及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)鞏固。十六種時(shí)態(tài),

2、其表現(xiàn)形式如下一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來完成時(shí)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過去將來時(shí)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來完成時(shí)過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(以study為例)一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在study/studies be studying have studied have been studying過去studiedbe studying had studied had been studying將來will studywill be study

3、ingwill have studiedwill have been studying過去將來would studywould be studyingwould have studiedwould have been studying二、課程內(nèi)容1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (與 every day, every week , always ,usually, seldom ,never 等連用.)用法:A) 表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。B) 習(xí)慣用語。C) 經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例:He always helps others. (他總是幫助別人。)D) 客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后

4、文不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),則無法保持主句、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致。(the earth turns around the sun/ the light travels faster than the sound.)E) 表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,(僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng)   、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞)可以與表示未來時(shí)間的狀語搭配使用   。常見的用法是:飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式。例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火車今天下午3點(diǎn)開車。)Ho

5、w often does this shuttle bus run? (這班車多久一趟?)F) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將來事情。例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候,我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。)2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing)用法:現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。(now , just now , at the moment ,at present , always (帶有感情色彩)例:He is reading a book

6、 now.3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have done)與since , for some years , already , just , before, recently , so far , up till now , in the past few years , the last ten years .連用。用法:A) 表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。例:I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven&

7、#39;t sold D) would sell答案是C) haven't sold。B) 表示從過去某時(shí)刻開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況,并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語常用since加一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for加一段時(shí)間,或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and   are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challenge C) have been c

8、hallengedB) may be challenged D) are challenging全句的意思是:“雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物,但他的許多見解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn),并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修正?!眂hallenge是及物動(dòng)詞,在本句中應(yīng)當(dāng)是被動(dòng)語態(tài);其動(dòng)作延續(xù)到今天,所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)??梢姶鸢甘荂) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主動(dòng)語態(tài),不可能是答案。B) may be challenged雖然是被動(dòng)語態(tài),但意思與全句內(nèi)容不合,所以不對(duì)。C) 表示發(fā)生在過去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或情況。

9、通常用瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。例:John has broken his left leg.(約翰摔斷了左腿。)注意事項(xiàng):A) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去時(shí)的區(qū)別在于:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)態(tài),或受動(dòng)態(tài)的影響,是動(dòng)態(tài)的結(jié)果,對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響;過去時(shí)只表示過去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個(gè)過去的事實(shí),他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。)He has worked in that hospi

10、tal for 8 years.(他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過去開始工作,一直工作到現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。)B) 因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語的完成時(shí),有動(dòng)態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn),所以不能使用終端動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞。例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(過去分詞做表語表示狀態(tài),可以延續(xù))My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(終端動(dòng)詞)C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third time that"句型里

11、要求用完成時(shí)。例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國際展覽會(huì)。)D) 句型"It is/ has beensince"所使用的兩種時(shí)態(tài)都正確。例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(從我上次見到他以來已經(jīng)10年了。)E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarce

12、ly when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成時(shí)。例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我從未見過那位教授。)4. 一般過去時(shí)(yesterday , last week , ago ,the other day , just now, in the past , that day , from then on )用法:A) 表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。B) 表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型,本身表示

13、的就是過去時(shí)。例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人過去常常坐在寧靜的公園里的一條長椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí),什么也不干,也不和任何人交談。)He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。)C) 有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。例:I wanted to ask you

14、 if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借車用一用,可以嗎?)Would you mind my sitting here? (您介意我坐在這里嗎?)注意事項(xiàng):A) 注意時(shí)間狀語的搭配。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)該是表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用,因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系,應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。B) used to do的否定形式和疑問形式很特別:你怎么寫都正確。以

15、否定形式為例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都對(duì)。Used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前者表示"過去常?;蜻^去曾經(jīng)",要求加動(dòng)詞原形;后者表示"習(xí)慣于",要求加名詞或動(dòng)名詞NextPage5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doing)與at six yesterday evening ,from 7 to 9 yesterday evening ,at that time .表示具體時(shí)間的狀語連用。用法:A)

16、 表示在過去一個(gè)比較具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽輕音樂。)B) 如果when, while這樣的時(shí)間狀語引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的主從句之一是一般過去時(shí),則另一個(gè)句子常用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前門時(shí)我正在洗頭發(fā)。)。注意事項(xiàng):其它與將來時(shí)有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)請(qǐng)參見下面所講的一般將來時(shí)6. 過去完成時(shí)(had done)與by +過去時(shí)間, three years before ,

17、up to the end of last year等連用。用法:表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說的:表示"過去的過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)"。Until then, his family _ from him for six months.A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard全句的意思是:“到那時(shí)為止,他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒得到他的消息了?!庇纱丝梢钥闯?,謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過去的某一時(shí)刻才完成,因此謂語要用過

18、去完成時(shí)。答案是D)。其它選項(xiàng)中:A) didn't hear,因?yàn)橐话氵^去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài),所以不能與時(shí)間狀語for six months連用。B) hasn't been hearing,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)刻繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,與題意不符。C) hasn't heard,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻到現(xiàn)在為止發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。而題中的then只表示過去的某一時(shí)刻,不能表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。注意事項(xiàng):“過去的過去”這種邏輯關(guān)系常通過上下文體現(xiàn)出來,而不一定受某個(gè)時(shí)間狀語的限制。例:There had been some one in our r

19、oom just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(剛才有人在我們的房間里,因?yàn)槲覀兇蜷_前門進(jìn)來時(shí),我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃燒的香煙。)分析:雖然時(shí)間狀語是just now,似乎應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí),但是“在房間里”這個(gè)狀態(tài)是在"開門"和"注意"這兩個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作之前就存在的,所以應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí)。7. 一般將來時(shí)與tomorrow ,this evening , next week , soon , at o

20、nce , right away, in three minutes , just a moment連用。.用法:A) 基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will / shall do。例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我們將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品,作為給她的生日禮物。)B) 有些動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般進(jìn)行時(shí),并且通常與一個(gè)表示將來時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀

21、語連用,可以表示將來時(shí)。例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我媽媽下周將來看我,并會(huì)呆到5月。)C) 表示“打算去,要”時(shí),可用be going to do。例:This is just what I am going to say.(這正是我想說的。)D) 表示“即將、正要”時(shí),可用be about to do。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(別擔(dān)心,我馬

22、上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。)E) "be to do"的5種用法:a) 表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見到她。)b) 該做或不該做的事情(語氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語氣。例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子們,你們必須上床睡覺,不準(zhǔn)吵

23、鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。)c) 能或不能發(fā)生的事情(接近c(diǎn)an, may)例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能還得起這么大的一筆債呢?)d) 不可避免將要發(fā)生的事情,后來將要發(fā)生的事情。例:I assure you that the matter _ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.A. will be attended B. will be attended toC. is attended D. is attended towill be attended to關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是:atte

24、nd表示“處理,解決”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,必須與to連用。另外,從上下文看,事情顯然尚未解決,所以應(yīng)該用將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。答案是B。e) 用于條件從句“如果想,設(shè)想”(接近if want to,或if should)例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _ avoided.A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必須作出更大努力來增加農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量?!盕) 同樣

25、可以表示“正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教練想要放棄這場比賽了,因?yàn)閷?duì)方已經(jīng)射進(jìn)了7個(gè)球。)例:I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A) in B) to C) at D) on答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定詞組,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:

26、“當(dāng)他的信到的時(shí)候我正要打電話給他?!弊⒁馐马?xiàng):在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞(immediately, the moment, directly)等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)延續(xù)性或動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),可用完成時(shí)。例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回來的時(shí)候,他的身體已經(jīng)好多了。)8. 過去將來時(shí)(would/ s

27、hould do)與the next day ,after three years ,three years later ,soon ,right away 等連用。.用法:表示從過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四說我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。)注意事項(xiàng):由于過去將來時(shí)是由過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)組合而成的,所以其注意事項(xiàng)可以參考過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)的相關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。9. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)與at 8 tomorrow morning , from 2 to 3 tomor

28、row afternoon等表示將來具體時(shí)間的狀語連用。用法:強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(別擔(dān)心,你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。)注意事項(xiàng):由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)融合在一起的,所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng),可參考"一般將來時(shí)"和"現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)"的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。10. 將來完成時(shí)(will h

29、ave done)與by 2012等表示將來某一時(shí)間的狀語連用,意為到將來某一點(diǎn)為止。用法:表示從將來的某一時(shí)間開始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來時(shí)間,但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān),變成了和將來及將來的將來有關(guān)。例:The conference _ a full week by the time it endsA) must have lasted B) will have lastedC) would last D) has lasted本題考核謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。全句的意思是:“會(huì)議

30、從開始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期?!本渲衎y the time it ends表示動(dòng)作要延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻,因此要用將來完成時(shí)。答案是B) will have lasted。如果選A),因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞must后面接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)形式表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定推測,而本句的時(shí)間狀語是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了時(shí)態(tài)不呼應(yīng)的錯(cuò)誤。Would雖可以表示推測或可能性,但would last不能表示延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作,所以C) would last錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)镈) has lasted是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,不能

31、表示延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作,所以也不正確。注意事項(xiàng):由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來時(shí)和完成時(shí)融合在一起的,所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng),可以參考“一般將來時(shí)”和“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。11. 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):shall have been doing ,will have been doing與all tomorrow morning , all next week等表示將來某段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年

32、了。)(被動(dòng)語態(tài))12. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):had been doing與in those day , all day等時(shí)間狀語連用,一般用于間接引語中。例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。)(此處強(qiáng)調(diào)“拆卸”和“組裝”這兩個(gè)過去的過去的動(dòng)作一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行。)(被動(dòng)語態(tài))13. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí):shoul

33、d be doing , would be doing與at 8 the next morning ,from 7 to 8 the next morning等表示從過去持續(xù)到將來某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的狀語連用。例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承諾說第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的時(shí)間狀語是具體的將來時(shí)間,所以最好用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。)(此句為被動(dòng)語態(tài))14. 過去將來完成時(shí):should have done , would have done與by +將來時(shí)間(用于虛擬語氣或間接引語), by the end of the nex

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