大學(xué)英語跨文化交際(PPT課件)

1、黑龍江大學(xué)外語部Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationw There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks. ShakespeareLearning Objectives Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationw 1. understand the significance of nonverbal intercultural communication w 2. perceive the

2、 definition of nonverbal intercultural communicationw 3. describe the functions of nonverbal intercultural communicationw 4. summarize the categories of nonverbal intercultural communication In this chapter, students will learn how to:Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Significance Definition &am

3、p; FunctionsCategoriesOther Categories RepeatingRegulatingContradictingComplementingParalanguageSilenceProxemicsChronemicsOculesicsOlfacticsHapticsKinesicsChromaticsAttireChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication1. What are Akiras and Mitsukos imp

4、ressions on Jim?2. What is Jims impressions on Akiras and Mitsuko?3. If you are talking with Jim as an exchange student from China, will his behaviors shock you? How would you respond to the situation? Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.w Nonve

5、rbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.w Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.w We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationThis gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures, while

6、 it means zero in France, and means money in Japan. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Definition of Nonverbal Communication The Functions of Nonverbal Communication The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationa

7、. Repeating People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and emphasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying yes.b. Complementing Nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scratch head. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationc. S

8、ubstitutingNonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones in certain settings.d. Regulating Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions by regulating them, such as turn-taking signals (hand raised) in conversationse. Contradicting Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words.

9、Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages.1. Paralanguage(副語言副語言)2. Silence (沉默沉默 )Paralanguage and SilenceChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultura

10、l Communication a. voice set the context in which the speaker is speaking: the situation gender mood age persons culture b. voice qualities volume pitch tempo rhythm articulation resonance nasality accent c. vocalization: characterizers qualifiers segregates Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communi

11、cation Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contempl

12、ation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. What is the basic barrier in the communication between Smith and Li Hua? Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication1. chronemics(時(shí)間行為時(shí)間行為)2. proxemics (

13、空間行為空間行為)Time and SpaceChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationw The sense of timew Monochronic and polychronic views of time Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationa. Time is cyclical (循環(huán)的循環(huán)的)b. Time is linear (線性的線性的) West

14、ern cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationa. Monochronic time b. Polychronic time Polychronic time means being

15、 involved with many things at once. Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. w Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Recall your own experience about waiting for someone who is late for an appointment, or when you are late for an appointment. Describe

16、your feelings under such circumstances.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationa. Fixed features of space b. Semifixed features of spacec. Personal spaceChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationProxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three asp

17、ects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal spaceChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationFrench space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entire countr

18、y is laid out around centers.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinese geomancy (泥土占卜), feng shui, is

19、the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them

20、. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication1. In the United States Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the in

21、timate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.2. In India In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. 3. In Arab Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand r

22、ight next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationWhat can be learned from the case above?Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication1. ocuelsics ( (目光語目光語) )2. 2. olfactics ( (嗅覺嗅覺) )3.3. haptics ( (觸覺行為觸覺行為) )

23、4. kinesics ( (身勢(shì)語行為身勢(shì)語行為) )5. chromatics ( (色彩學(xué)色彩學(xué)) ) 6. attire (服飾）服飾）Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. A prolonged gaze or stare in the United States is considered rude. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Tha

24、iland, staring is alsoconsidered rude. In most cultures, men do not stare at women. In France and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. In the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Inter

25、cultural CommunicationActivity: Discussion Have you had the experience of being puzzled and annoyed by a direct eye contact from people of other cultures? If yes, try to think about the reason why. Discuss it with your group members.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication The study of commun

26、ication via smell is called Olfactics. A persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message. Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on the top of the head

27、because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted. Even placing a hand on the back of an Asian workers chair is considered inappropriate. White Muslims hug another pe

28、rson around the shoulders, Korea young people do not touch the shoulders of their elders. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationKinesics is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerism

29、s that may accompany or replace oral messages. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationa. Gestures l Head movement l Arm movementb. Posture Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropri

30、ate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager. c. Facial expressionsChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication symbols (the “ok” gesture),ill

31、ustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationGestures can be emblems or regulators (ones face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasisor clarity to an oral message. Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affec

32、ting peoples mood, emotions, and impression of others. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Black is the color of mourning to many Europeans and U.S. Americans, but white is worn to funerals in Japan and many other nations. In the United States, white is typically worn by brides while in

33、India, red or yellow is worn. Purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in many Latin American countries. Red (especially red roses) is associated with romance in some cultures including the United States. Red is not an appropriate color for wrapping gifts in Japan. D

34、ark red is the color of mourning along the Ivory Coast. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationCultural differences associated with colors include: Green is not used for wrapping packages in Egypt since green is the nationalist color (as red, white and blue are the nationalist colors in the

35、United States). Men should avoid wearing a green hat in China as this signifies that their wife or sister is a prostitute. In many countries of the world, blue is considered a masculine color, but to people of France and the United Kingdom, red is more masculine. Blue, in Iran, is an undesirable col

36、or. While people of the United States consider pink to be the most feminine color, persons in most other countries think of yellow as the most feminine color. Cultural differences associated with colors include:Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationUnited Airlines unknowingly got off on the

37、 wrong foot during its initial flights from Hong Kong. To commemorate the occasion, they handed out white carnations (康乃馨康乃馨) to the passengers. When they learned that to many Asians white flowers represent bad luck and even death, they changed to red carnations.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationChapter 6 Nonverbal In