英式辯論規(guī)則

1、module 1 Academic British parliamentary DebateParliament（議會(huì)）權(quán)力和立法機(jī)關(guān) 監(jiān)督政府The House of common(下議院)650名議員組成，每名有當(dāng)?shù)厝诉x出代表國(guó)家的每個(gè)地區(qū)。The house of lord (上議院)The government and opposition政府負(fù)責(zé)安排兩院的事務(wù)，執(zhí)行兩院的政策。反對(duì)黨批評(píng)政府，希望對(duì)政策的制定以及立法工作提出建設(shè)性意見，以便下次選舉時(shí)，獲得有利的選票Motion（議案）1. motions of value focus on abstract moral and ph

2、ilosophical principalFor example：自由比平等更有價(jià)值 仁慈的專制是最好的政府模式 用一條無辜的性命去拯救10人是道德的。2. Motions of policy are plans of action to solve an extra problem。For example：本院主張廢除禁止虐待動(dòng)物的法律 本院主張禁止發(fā)布錯(cuò)誤言論的演講 本院相信歐盟應(yīng)該為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)父母生孩子 本院將會(huì)禁止平民使用核能我們的辯論主要是policy motionsA closed motion（封閉）在議會(huì)制辯論中，PM（prime minister首相）被賦予（set the gro

3、und for the debate）劃定辯論范圍的權(quán)力，通過定義和解釋motion，換句話就是說，PM可以縮小或者擴(kuò)大辯論的范圍。一個(gè)closed motion 解釋和定義的范圍是固定的。但是semi motion（半封閉）和open motion 卻相對(duì)可以自由的定義。我們不用定義所有的term（概念），當(dāng)這些概念被觀眾所知道的。但這個(gè)motion的term大家都清楚的明白時(shí)，我們就describe statue quo（現(xiàn)象和背景）或者說存在的問題。如本院將廢除國(guó)際婦女節(jié)。這個(gè)motion我們就不要interpret（解釋），just describe the statue quo as

4、 follow： International Womens Day is aimed at providing the opportunity to celebrate the progress made to advance equality,justice,peace and development. It is evidence that women in the urban area in china have achieved equal rights and enjoy their lives as men do.this indeed is worth celebrating.b

5、ut what about the majority of women in rural area? They are still suffering from poverty. While their might be worried about food for their children,not to stay for themselves. We have to remember that more than 30 million people in china is under the poverty line, of which more than half are women.

6、 Ladies and gentlemen, having this in your mind, do you still want to celebrate international womens day? We are pleased to have this opportunity to address this problem that is faced by thousands of women. 相同的像：本院將廢除獨(dú)生子女制度。大家都明白就不用interpret。 An Semi-closed motion半封閉的motions 有相對(duì)更大范圍用來定義，所以我們需要定義重要的概

7、念（key term）或者縮小和界定重要概念的范圍，使辯論的方向朝有利于government 的方向來定義。例如 the house would intervene in Syria 其中的intervention(干涉)到底干涉什么方面呢？我們可以理解為經(jīng)濟(jì)，軍事，外交等等，這時(shí)就可以界定一個(gè)具體的范圍來辯論，這也是prime minister 的重要策略。for example Firstly, we might focus on diplomatic intervention and interpret the motion as follows We are here to debat

8、e the motion, this house would intervene in syria, it is evident that this resolution is referring to the ongoing controversy in syria. That is the basis for todays debate. Our model is simple:requesting countries like russia to issue pressures on the assad administration (指敘利亞的阿薩德政府)to negotiate wi

9、th protesters. Secondly,we might interpret the motion with regard to economic sanctions Ladies and gentlemen,thousands of civilians in syria are being killed or arrested simply because they have different opinion against Assad administration. We cannot act as onlookers any more. We are here to call

10、for economic sanctions on the Assad administration to force them to stop the cruel treatment to the peoples proper appeals Thirdly,we might interpret the motion in terms of military intervention as what William Bernard Jones, the champion of WUDC,has done on the motion. He describe the problems in s

11、yria In 1982, at the climax of six-year islamic insurgency throughout syria, president hafez al-Assad ordered a scorched earth policy against the town of hama to quell an uprising. In 1982, the world did nothing and those with power that stood by are complicit in the deaths of those people. Thirty y

12、ears later, the people of syria once again need our help.and if we stand by and do nothing, their blood will be on our hands. So what is my proposal? For the purposes of this debate, this house is turkey . I will say more about this later, but for the moment ,we think that realistically, turkey is t

13、he only state with the ability and political will to do this. We would like to work through the structures of NATO, which Turkey as a member is legally entitled to do,and we want to ask the UN security council for their stamp of approval. We think we will get it, because our cause is just, but if we

14、 dont ,were going in anyway, because the lives of syrians are more important than the blessing of the UN. Were not going to run away from this debate, so by intervene we mean a full scale invasion. 其實(shí)這是不太合適的把house定義成Turkey （土耳其），在這種情況下，我們通常說這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的典型的國(guó)家是土耳其（the agent of the proposal is turkey）或者（Turke

15、y will act as the agent to implement the policy） An open motion這種 motion 幾乎每個(gè)詞都可以定義，范圍非常廣，比賽一般不用。（這里略過） Rules for interpreting a motion 1.定義和解釋要清楚明白。 我們需要考慮到觀眾和反方的認(rèn)知水平，使用最常見的詞來做定義比正式和不常見的詞好，新詞可能對(duì)他們?cè)斐烧J(rèn)知困難 2.定義和解釋夠重言式，同義反復(fù)。（tautology）（比如：所有的單身者是男人或不是男人）。 3定義和解釋不能刻意縮小范圍，使辯題沒有辯論的空間，或者使motion直接成為真理或者被大家都

16、認(rèn)可的常識(shí)。(truism) 例如辯題“the house would believe the Olympic Games should not be commercialized”本院認(rèn)為奧林匹克不應(yīng)該商業(yè)化，首相把商業(yè)化定義成，make a profit, 同時(shí)把奧鈴匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)縮小范圍成丟鉛餅和扔鉛球，他把丟鉛餅和扔鉛球定義成不能不能盈利的項(xiàng)目，因此，他的論述就變成了，不能盈利的比賽項(xiàng)目像丟鉛餅和扔鉛球，不應(yīng)該被期待去盈利。這樣留給反方非常小的空間去發(fā)揮，而且迫使反方反對(duì)定義。就想正方設(shè)想的，如果比賽沒有盈利性，就不能夠商業(yè)化了。 比如大家都認(rèn)為把人當(dāng)奴隸或者實(shí)行奴隸制是錯(cuò)的，所以沒有人會(huì)

17、認(rèn)為奴隸制是對(duì)的。 4.解釋和定義不能限定固定地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間 議會(huì)制辯論是在一種虛擬的理想條件下進(jìn)行的，不能舉具體的地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間。 Case A case refers to the argumentation that a debate team intends to build up in the debate. Case 包含3個(gè)要素：the case statement,argument, relevant evidence,and rebuttals 1.case statement Case statement 被認(rèn)作是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和立場(chǎng)和意義。（stance and position）比如

18、 the house would pay companies to hire ex-convicts(政府將會(huì)補(bǔ)貼企業(yè)雇傭出獄人員），像一位優(yōu)秀選手做的case statement 一樣：to try and make sure that those individuals do not return to crime and join society as law-abiding productive and happy citizens,that is what our case is about today.這時(shí)反方就可以用，提更好的方案來反駁對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)，意思是政府的補(bǔ)貼企業(yè)雇傭出獄人員

19、的方案并不能使出獄人員更好的重返社會(huì)，完成改造。The case youve heard today is well-meaning but ultimately counter- productive. Our stance in this debate is very simple:at best ,this policy is ineffective. At worst ,it makes life harder for the most vulnerable. As such, the core of our case today directly clashes(矛盾) with t

20、he second point of the opening speaker:this is not an effective way to rehabilitate. 或者，辯論者使用burden of proof(指辯論者有義務(wù)和責(zé)任證明你的提案是公平的或者有效的)。在首相案例中，這是他的責(zé)任去證明政府的的提案是正確的，有效的，能夠解決當(dāng)前問題的。 另外一個(gè)案例，the house believes that caging animals in zoos is immoral（把動(dòng)物關(guān)在籠子里是不道德的），政府這方要做的是（burden of proof）是證明，認(rèn)為把動(dòng)物關(guān)在動(dòng)物園的籠子

21、是不道德的觀點(diǎn)會(huì)給人類帶來更多的好處，比起做status quo 是更有意義的。 Argument Argument是用來支持 case statement，它包含2個(gè)元素 the claim and the reason. Claim 是辯手的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。reason原因來解釋觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。（使用logic） Evidence 包含例子，證據(jù)（引用自權(quán)威），數(shù)據(jù)（不能造假，對(duì)方不用質(zhì)疑你的數(shù)據(jù)真實(shí)性，使比賽變得沒有意義） Integrating argument and evidence這里推薦5種 argument or reasoning: argument from example , reas