wellplan--水力參數(shù)計(jì)算

1、WELLPLAN Hydraulic AnalysisContents1、Topics Discussed in the Module2、Analysis process3、Introduction and Concepts4、Navigating Hydraulics Module5、ExercisesTopics Discussed in the ModuleStudy cases too complex for hand calculations“what if” analysis is made easyOptimize flow rates based on:bit performa

2、nce (maximize ROP)hole cleaningStudy ECDs with regard to limitations of:pore pressure（孔隙壓力）（孔隙壓力）fracture pressure（破裂壓力）（破裂壓力）Avoid kicks（井涌）（井涌） and formation damage resulting from swab and surge pressuresObjectives Explain the purpose of the Hydraulics module(模塊模塊). State when the Hydraulics modul

3、e should be used. Explain the different modes of Hydraulics analysis. Explain the use of Hydraulics module for practical application Hole cleaning model is based on empirical relationships coupled with analytical formulations Basis for frictional pressure loss calculations using Rheological models （

4、流變模型）流變模型）such as Bingham Plastic, Power Law（冪律）（冪律）, Newtonian, Herschel-Bulkley, and Generalized Herschel-Bulkley. Swab/Surge calculations based on conventional steady-state model（穩(wěn)定（穩(wěn)定模型）模型）. Effect of wellbore circulating temperatures on fluid properties are based on transient models. Pipe rough

5、ness and eccentricity calculations for Herschel-Bulkley are based on empirical correlations. Pressure drops across mud motors, MWDs, split flow（分流）（分流） components such as under reamers and hole openers are accounted.OverviewDrillingCont. on next slideReview Data Mode: Hole Cleaning Operational View

6、PlotsPumpLimitations.Pump Rate Range Mode（壓力損失，環(huán)空流速，環(huán)空排量）ProvideSolution-Best Pump- Min QSensitivity-RPM-ROPProblemOKSelect New PumpProblemCheck Critical AnnulusVelocity and Q ModeOKAnalysis processAnalysis processMode:Pressure: Pump Rate FixedViewQuickLook.OKViewPieCharts.ViewPlotsRate DialogOptimi

7、ze PlanningImpact ForceHHPOptimize Nozzle CheckFinal Check-Hole Cleaning- Pressure Loss- ECD ChartsOKOKOKOKSign OffWhen Should I Use Hydraulics Moduleu Pressure Lossu Annular Velocityu Swab/Surge u Hydraulics Optimizationu Hole CleaningIntroduction and ConceptsRheological ModelsBingham Plastic, PV (

8、塑性粘度塑性粘度)& YP (動(dòng)切力動(dòng)切力)dependentPower Law, n （流性指數(shù)）（流性指數(shù)）& k （稠度系數(shù)）（稠度系數(shù)）coefficientsHerschel Bulkley, n & k curve fit from Fann dataNewtonian ( Water)User-defined Surface Equipment ConfigurationsSeveral pumps - active / inactiveECD - accommodates deviated wells(主要適用于斜井主要適用于斜井)PV600-300（M

9、P.s） YP=1/2(2300-600)(P)Classical Methods of bit jet optimization:4 calculation methods Maximum hydraulic horsepower Maximum bit jet impact force Maximum nozzle velocity Percent system pressure loss at the bit1 method uses actual rig circulating pressuresGraphical methods( Bit Vendor Optimization Ma

10、y Be Rqd.)Calculates temperature effects on fluid rheology and densityConsiders workstring eccentricityConsiders pipe roughnessIntroduction and Concepts1.Hole CleaningOperational Parametric2.Pressure: Pump Rate Range3.Pressure: Pump Rate Fixed4.Swab/Surge Tripping SchedulePressure and ECD5.Hydraulic

11、s Optimization PlanningGraphical MethodsNumerical MethodsOperations method based on rig site（鉆井現(xiàn)場(chǎng)）（鉆井現(xiàn)場(chǎng)） data.Introduction and ConceptsIntroduction and ConceptsCuttings Transport MechanismHole CleaningHole High-SideHole Low-SideDrillstring (Pipe) EccentricityString offset to low-side of holeAffects

12、Annular Velocity profileLow-velocity Zone occurs where least annular clearanceDrop in annular velocity on hole low-sideHole AngleGravitational Velocity component acts towards hole low-sideAffects both drilled cuttings & mud weighting solidsGravity acts towards hole low-sideIntroduction and Conce

13、ptsHole CleaningCritical Flow Rate for Cuttings Bed Build-UpAs cuttings bed rises, the annular flow area reduces, and annular mud velocity will increaseCuttings bed risesAnnular flow area reducesAnnular velocity increases through reduced areaBed continues to rise until mud velocity over bed reaches

14、a “critical value”, where stronger forces will dislodge（驅(qū)除）（驅(qū)除）further cuttings. Bed reaches an equilibrium（平衡）（平衡） height.“Critical Flow Rate” is the minimum flow rate to maintain a zero bed heightCuttings Transport Mechanism - ForcesForces tending to hold cuttings in the bedGravity ForceFriction F

15、orceForces tending to move cuttings out of the bedDrag（拖曳拖曳） ForceLift ForceGravity ForceFriction ForceLift ForceDrag ForceLift ForceTends to lift cuttings into main flowArises due to asymmetric（不對(duì)稱(chēng)（不對(duì)稱(chēng)的）的） fluid velocity distribution and / or turbulent eddies（湍流）（湍流）Drag ForceTends to drag or roll

16、cuttings out of the bedCaused by fluid viscous drag on upper exposed surface of cuttingsIntroduction and ConceptsHole CleaningIntroduction and ConceptsHole CleaningCuttings Bed ControlKey ParametersAnnular VelocityMud ViscosityPipe RotationPipe EccentricityOther FactorsSpecific hole conditionsFormat

17、ion propertiesString RPMHigher RPM Better Hole CleaningRotation mechanically agitates cuttingsLifts cuttings into the high-velocity flowstream Higher ROP Higher Cuttings LoadingString RPMROPExampleNeeds to be above 120 rpm to clean deviated holes over 9.5” diameter Step change in hole cleaning can b

18、e achieved above 180 rpm Pressure Loss Analysis FeaturesCalculates circulating system pressure losses Two analysis modes:Pump Rate FixedPump Rate RangeECD as a function of depththe absolute circulating pressure expressed as a gradient, at any point in the annulus.Pressure Loss CalculationsBased on c

19、hosen Rheological ModelProgram Background Functions Determine: Average Velocity of mud in pipe and annulus. Critical Velocity of mud in pipe and annulus. Whether laminar, transitional or turbulent. Bit Pressure Drop all pressure dropsPressure Loss Components Surface Equipment String Tool Joints Mud

20、Motors and MWD Bit Annulus Parasitic（附加的損失）（附加的損失） Losses1. Surface Equipment Pressure Losses IADC surface configurations available. Customized Rotary Surface Equipment. Customized Coiled Tubing Surface Equipment. Pressure Loss Components2. Tool Joint Pressure LossesPressure Loss ComponentsInternal

21、Upset(內(nèi)加厚內(nèi)加厚)Sometimes referred to as minor pressure lossesResult of constrictions inside tool jointPressure drop is a function of the internal geometrySo-called minor pressure losses are often not so minorExternal Upset（外加厚）（外加厚）Accounted for by considering the cross-sectional area change in the an

22、nulusIncluded in Tool Joint Pressure Losses3. Mud Motor and MWD Pressure Lossesu Not calculated directly by the Hydraulics programu Vendor specific: data defining a pressure response curve for each tool that models pressure drop as a function of flow rate.Pressure Loss ComponentsPressure Loss Compon

23、entsAnnular Pump Rate:Pump rate for which the Reynolds number exceeds the critical Reynolds number for Laminar flow. (Called the Critical Pump Rate.)Annular Velocity:Velocity resulting from critical pump rateAnnular Velocity AnalysisPressure Loss Components5. Parasitic (寄生寄生)Pressure LossesDefined a

24、s: Total system pressure loss minus pressure drop across the bit Critical Reynolds numbers for laminar and turbulent flowNavigating Hydraulics ModuleHole Cleaning OperationalHole Cleaning ParametricPressure: Pump Rate RangePressure: Pump Rate FixedSwab/Surge (Stead-State)Optimization PlanningHydraul

25、ics Hole Cleaning Analysis ModesOperational Well:At each depth in the annulus the cuttings percent is computed from the current inclination and annular diameters.Graph or report is presented of cuttings percent and bed height against depth.Report defines minimum flow rate to prevent cuttings build u

26、p and equivalent mud density including cuttings for entire wellbore. Parametric Solution:Determine cuttings percentage, critical flow rate, cuttings suspended, bed height for a pseudo(擬擬)-wellbore against various parameters supplied by the userHydraulics Hole Cleaning Analysis ModesImproved minimum

27、flowrate modelField validation from many ERD wellsIncludes effects of pipe rotationBackreaming can be modelledRiser booster（立管增壓）（立管增壓） pump can be usedIncludes a cuttings bed height modelHydraulics Hole Cleaning Analysis Modes Parametric Mode - Determining Minimum Flow RatePressure: Pump Rate Range

28、 Mode - Determining Maximum Flow RateDetermine maximum flow rate that is achievable within mechanical limitations of the surface equipment.The calculation includes pressure loss calculations horsepower annular velocities for various flow rates.Three plots available:Pressure LossAnnular Pump RateAnnu

29、lar VelocityPressure: Pump Rate Range Mode Output PlotsPressure Loss This plot to displays pressure loss for a range of flow rates for: entire system bit string annulusPressure loss calculations are based on the rheological method specified in the Fluid Editor dialog. If the system pressure losses e

30、xceed design pump rating, either different pumps/liner diameters must be selected, or pump rate must be adjusted. Pressure: Pump Rate Range Mode Output PlotsAnnular VelocityDetermine the velocity of the fluid in the annulus for any measured depth Charts the annular velocity across each annulus secti

31、on and compares the profile with the critical velocity. Note that when an annular velocity curve crosses the critical velocity curve, then the flow regime for that annulus section moves from laminar to either transitional or turbulent flow.Pressure: Pump Rate Fixed Mode Defining Input Parameters Use

32、d to analyze in greater detail a single operational flow rate, and to estimate ECDs, power and pressure losses associated with this flow rate.Pressure: Pump Rate Fixed Mode Output PlotsCirculating Pressure vs. DepthPressure: Pump Rate Fixed Mode Output PlotsECD vs. DepthPressure: Pump Rate Fixed Mod

33、e Output PlotsThis mode also has pie-charts available for viewing pressure or power losses in each component of the drillstring: Pressure Losses Drillstring Annulus Power Losses Drillstring AnnulusHydraulics Swab/Surge Analysis ModesTripping ScheduleDetermine the rate to trip in or out of the hole w

34、ithout exceeding a specified pressure changeCalculate with or without flow through an open-ended workstring, or without flow through a closed- ended workstringPressure and ECDDetermine the pressures and ECD at the bit, casing shoe and bottom of the hole as the pipe is tripped in or out of the holeTr

35、ip speeds range from 10 to 200 seconds per stand Calculations can be performed with or without flow through an open ended workstring, or without flow through a closed ended workstring. Hydraulics Swab/Surge Analysis Modes“Steady state model” is usedWellbore pressure changes result from:Pressure incr

36、ease due to increased consistency of the undisturbed mud at the outset of the tripping operationUpward or downward fluid movement in the annulus and work string resulting from stem（鉆油桿）鉆油桿） or casing movementFluid acceleration in the annulus due to acceleration of the work stringHydraulics Swab/Surg

37、e Analysis ModesThis mode estimates swab/surge pressures and trip speeds using a steady state model. The four plots available show ECD and pressure at the bit and shoe and TD depths for the following options:Swab Open EndSwab Closed EndSurge Open End Surge Closed EndNote: For detailed analysis of complex wells, it is recommended you use the Surge Module in WELLPLA