建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和建筑過程外文翻譯

1、專業(yè)外文資料翻譯題 目： building structure and construction process（專業(yè)外文資料原文）building structure and construction processthis paper examines some of the structural aspects of the city of melbournes new green building, council house 2 (ch2) as well as the selection of materials and the role of the builder during

2、 the construction process.in order to gain a six star rating under the green building council of australias (gbca) new green star rating system, many innovative design initiatives were incorporated into the building. the paper begins by outlining some of the key design features of ch2 followed by a

3、description of the integrated design process and how this facilitated innovative structural and design decisions. the team approach during design development continued through into the construction phase. despite its many unusual design elements, the procurement and construction process for ch2 was

4、relatively conventional. this process contrasts with another recent green office building project in melbourne, and it is argued that the new green star rating system and specification provides builders a more systematic basis for decision making around ecologically sustainable development (esd) iss

5、ues. issues relating to the construction process, such as structural rationale, materials selection, procurement methods and on-site construction practices are also discussed in this paper. a. central city location of ch2b. site at start of constructionc. site excavation august 2004 february 2004fig

6、ure 1: location of building and tightly constrained work site.construction overview hansen yuncken started construction of the 10-storey $51 million ch2 building in early 2004. the 1,316 m² construction site was only accessible from city laneways. the concrete structure was a relatively convent

7、ional in situ construction except for the use of precast undulating concrete ceiling panels. two rows of concrete columns are located at 8200 centres just inside the north and south facades with a further row of columns offset from the centre of the floor plate. the proportions of the site dictated

8、a deep space floor plate, which presented design challenges in terms of lighting and ventilation. the undulating ceiling resolved difficulties arising from the 22 m building depth by providing enough space for air distribution ducts, while still allowing a maximum ceiling height so light could penet

9、rate deep into office spaces. other difficulties relate to the challenge of effectively ventilating deep open office space, especially when considering natural ventilation for thermal mass cooling. this was, however, resolved with the installation of a mechanical daytime ventilation system using und

10、erfloor swirl diffusers inlets and ceiling mounted air extraction points to provide effective distribution of air, while minimising mixing across the floor-plate. car parking is provided on the basement level. the car park has a level floor, rather than ramped, allowing for future conversion to othe

11、r uses.a. car park access link to adjacent buildingb. first floor under constructionc. first floor formwork october 2004 september 2004 november 2004figure 2: below ground and first level construction activities. integrated design processthe design process of most commercial buildings is complex, re

12、quiring collaboration with a range of consultants. the conceptual design for ch2 was developed by an integrated design team during a two-week intensive workshop or charrette in january 2002. intense cooperation early in the design process is unusual and, in the case of ch2, this enabled innovative d

13、ecisions to be made with a degree of certainty in terms of constructability and cost. most publications outlining recent international exemplars of sustainable architecture do not mention the importance of the architect working collaboratively with the client and consultants from early in design sta

14、ge. one notable exception is kibert (2005) who mentions the charrette as an emerging design process and gives guidelines for the successful integration of a high performing team. a. foam supports for deliveryb. north end panel, note square c. north end panel penetration for ventilation exhaust (refe

15、r figure 4 b)d. ceiling panel with supportse. placing central panelf. positioning reinforcing steel and services. green pipes are for cooling water supply for radiant chilled ceiling panelsfigure 3: on-site insertion of a precast concrete undulating beam ceiling panel a. apex of curve with structura

16、l supportb. covered chilled ceiling panels c. positioning tile pattern and electrical services on raised floor figure 4: internal view of undulating ceilings during construction type of contract the type of construction contract has a significant impact on the success of developing and implementing

17、a green building design. the issue of risk influenced the procurement choice for ch2, with project director for the city of melbourne, rob adams, saying:“i think if you look at the process of procuring the building it is very traditional it is full documentation, guaranteed bill of quantities, the s

18、tuff that people used to do 10-15 years ago. i have a great belief that it is at the front of the project where you need to do the work. our industry has moved away from this approach and although they have cut down on consultants fees and save two to three per cent, they then wonder why it blows ou

19、t at the other end by 10 or 20 per cent. i think its poor economics. right from the start weve said were a government organisation and were going to be audited throughout this project, everyones going to be looking over our shoulders, so lets just do it properly”as a risk management strategy, the bu

20、ilder, hansen yuncken, confirmed as many contracts as possible early in the construction process. in contrast to other construction firms, hansen yuncken only employed a small core team. during construction, the company continued to research and advise the client on the availability and cost of some

21、 of the more unusual or innovative provisional elements of the design. for example, it was a challenge to find provisional items such as timber windows and rotating timber shutters that satisfied esd, performance and cost criteria, and could also be delivered in a timely manner. sourcing materials d

22、uring the time the project was tendered and construction began, some issues were experienced relating to sourcing materials and changing costs. some materials had become difficult to source, others had become more expensive. the cost of steel from china, for example, doubled. recycled timber was eas

23、y to source but it was more expensive than new timber and its density meant extra cutting costs due to the need to replace blades. issues to do with the use of pvc, recycled steel and cement replacement with fly-ash are also described in the paper. in addition, hansen yuncken faced a dilemma when co

24、mparing overseas materials against local materials. often the overseas product was less expensive but no accepted method exists to factor in the cost of extra embodied energy resulting from long distance transport.construction sitegiven its innovative design, the construction of ch2 was relatively s

25、traightforward. hansen yuncken carefully selected subcontractors and many had worked with the company before. there was also a lot of goodwill for the project from the contractors, with the larger firms keen to be involved to boost their green building skills and credentials. a key sustainability is

26、sue during the construction phase was waste recycling. a simple strategy was developed as part of hansen yunckens environmental management plan. a waste contractor provided one bin onsite for waste and then sorted the residual material offsite with a recycling success rate of around 80 per cent. the

27、 remaining 20 per cent was committed to landfill. the cost of transport and sorting of waste were carried by the recycler and recouped through the sale of recyclable materials. for this reason, site induction on waste procedures was relatively straightforward. all building waste went into one bin wh

28、ile domestic waste was sorted in the same way as for homeowners. a. south-west view, july 2005 b. north façade view, july 2005 c. south façade view, august 2005（專業(yè)外文資料譯文）建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和建筑過程這篇論文論證了墨爾本這個(gè)城市的新型綠色建筑和普通住宅的一些結(jié)構(gòu)方面的命題，和材料的選用及在建設(shè)過程中施工員應(yīng)該遵守的規(guī)則。為了在澳大利亞綠色建筑理事會(huì)最新的環(huán)保星級排名系統(tǒng)中獲得六星的名次，很多革命性設(shè)計(jì)理念都融入到建筑當(dāng)

29、中。這篇論文始于大致講述一些公民建筑的關(guān)鍵設(shè)計(jì)元素，然后是綜合設(shè)計(jì)過程的描述及這些如何推動(dòng)革命性建筑和設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展，設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展中得團(tuán)隊(duì)工作模式繼續(xù)從頭至尾的貫徹到建設(shè)階段，盡管有許多不尋常的設(shè)計(jì)元素，采購和公民建筑的建設(shè)過程還是相當(dāng)常見的，把這些工程項(xiàng)目和其他一些墨爾本地區(qū)最新的環(huán)保辦公樓工程相比較，有人主張這個(gè)新德環(huán)保星級評定系統(tǒng)和規(guī)范為施工員提供了一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)生態(tài)化和持續(xù)化發(fā)展的更加系統(tǒng)的原則。命題和建設(shè)過程有關(guān)，例如結(jié)構(gòu)基本原理，材料選用，采購方式和內(nèi)陸建設(shè)實(shí)踐都在這篇論文中被討論。a市中心公民建筑的選址 b.建設(shè)初期的場地選址 c.場地挖掘命題一：建筑的位置和嚴(yán)格限制的工作地點(diǎn)。建設(shè)概觀漢森公

30、司在2004年開始建設(shè)耗資5100萬美元的10層建筑，這個(gè)占地1316平方米的建筑地址只能通過城市巷道到達(dá)，混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)在現(xiàn)澆構(gòu)造中相當(dāng)?shù)某Ｒ?，除了預(yù)制波形混凝土頂棚鑲板，兩排混凝土柱位于中心，在北立面和南立面之外有更多的柱偏移在中心樓板之外。這個(gè)地點(diǎn)的大小產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)樓面板的外層空間，在照明和通風(fēng)方面造成了一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)上的挑戰(zhàn)，波形的天花板提供的足夠的通風(fēng)管道空間解決了22米建筑深度引起的困難，并且依然有個(gè)最大波形高度允許管線能照射到辦公室空間。其他的跟開放式辦公空間的通風(fēng)有效性有關(guān)的困難，特別是當(dāng)考慮使熱質(zhì)量冷卻的自然通風(fēng)，這些問題靠安裝一個(gè)使用樓板下的漩渦擴(kuò)散器和安裝了空氣抽取點(diǎn)的天花板的機(jī)械日

31、間通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)來提供有效的空氣分配。汽車的停放被安排在地下層，停車場是一個(gè)水平層而不是傾斜的，允許以后做其他用途的轉(zhuǎn)換可能。a.和相鄰建筑相關(guān)的停車場入口 b.地下一層建筑 c.一層模板工程命題二：地下和地上一層建設(shè)活動(dòng)綜合設(shè)計(jì)過程大多數(shù)商業(yè)建筑的設(shè)計(jì)過程是復(fù)雜的，需要一系列的咨詢公司的合作。公民建筑的概念設(shè)計(jì)是靠設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)過兩個(gè)星期高強(qiáng)度的研討或者“研討會(huì)”來實(shí)現(xiàn)，早期設(shè)計(jì)過程中得密切合作是不尋常的，并且，對于公民建筑，這些過程確保了革命性的決定是建立在一系列對施工能力和造價(jià)的確定性基礎(chǔ)上。許多出版物概括了最近的國際性可持續(xù)性建筑模板，但是沒有提到建筑師與客戶和咨詢公司在早期設(shè)計(jì)階段的密切合作的重要性。一個(gè)值得注意的例外是kibert，他提到了研討會(huì)作為一個(gè)新興的設(shè)計(jì)過程，為一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的成功融合提供了一個(gè)指導(dǎo)方針。命題三：現(xiàn)場預(yù)制波形梁和頂棚鑲板的嵌入。a.弧線頂點(diǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)支撐 b.被覆蓋的冷硬了的頂棚鑲板和電力服務(wù)系統(tǒng) c.活地板的瓷磚定位模式 命題四：國內(nèi)對建筑結(jié)構(gòu)中波形天花板的看法這種形式