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1、NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ動詞一、被動語態(tài)1、被動語態(tài)的構成: 語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式,用來說明主語和謂語動詞間的關系,英語動詞有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構成,在句中be動詞要有人稱和數(shù)的變化?!究谠E】被動語態(tài)be字變,過去分詞跟后面。注意:只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。時態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時am/ is/ are +過去分詞一般過去時was/ were +過去分詞一般將來時will
2、160;be +過去分詞或am/ is/ are/ going to + be過去分詞現(xiàn)在進行時am/ is / are + being +過去分詞過去進行時was / were + being +過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時have / has + been +過去分詞過去完成時had +been +過去分詞過去將來時would be
3、+過去分詞或was/ were + going to be +過去分詞情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ be +過去分詞2、被動語態(tài)的用法: 【口訣】誰做動作不知道,說出誰做沒必要;承受者需被強調,被動語態(tài)運用到。用法說明例句不知道動作的執(zhí)行者Salt is produced in East and South China.沒必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者Our school was set up in 197
4、3.需突出或強調動作的承受者Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people.3、主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的轉換: 主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài) 把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。 把謂語變成被動語態(tài)結構(be +過去分詞) 把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by后作賓語,將主格改為賓語。 口訣:賓變主,主變賓,by短語后面跟。謂語動詞變被動,be后“過分”來使用。 如:-He mended that bike yesterd
5、ay. -The bike was mended by him yesterday. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài): 含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時,由“情態(tài)動詞+be +過去分詞”構成,原來帶to的情態(tài)動詞變成被動語態(tài)后“to”仍要保留??谠E:情態(tài)動詞變被動,情態(tài)加be加“過分”,原來帶to要保留。 如:-We have to look after the dog. -The dog has
6、;to be looked after by us. 含有賓語補足語的被動語態(tài): 好久不見 別來無恙 含有賓語補足語的句子,賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z后,賓語補足語改為主語補足語,原來的位置一般不變。NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ 如:-We keep food cold in the fridge. -Food is
7、 kept cold in the fridge. 注意:主動句中的賓語補足語如果是不帶to 的不定式,在變成被動句的主語補足語時,to不能省去。 如:-She heard him sing a song just now. -She was heard to sing a song just now.二、過去完成時1、概念:表示過去的過去2、過去完成時:即過去的
8、過去所發(fā)生的事情!3、構成:主語had過去分詞。4、用法: 表示過去某一時刻之前已經(jīng)完成的動作,常與由by,before引導的時間狀語連用。 如:We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month. 到上個月底為止我們已經(jīng)學了五千個單詞 I had finished the composition before supper.
9、晚飯前我就已經(jīng)把作文寫完了 表示過去某一動作前已完成的動作,常與when,before等連詞引導的時間狀語從句連用。 如:When I woke up it had already stopped raining. 我醒來的時候雨就已經(jīng)停了 I hadnt learned any English before I came here. 我來這兒之前沒學過英語 用于賓語從句或間接引語中。 如
10、:I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission. 我想知道誰不經(jīng)允許就把雨傘拿去。 He told me that he had passed the exam. 他告訴我他已通過考試。三、情態(tài)動詞1、概念: 情態(tài)動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,但要與動詞原形及其被動語態(tài)一起使用,給謂語動詞增添情 態(tài) 色 彩,表 示 說 話 人 對 有 關 行 為
11、或 事 物 的 態(tài) 度 和 看 法,認 為 其 可 能、應 該 或 必 要 等。情 態(tài)動詞后面加動詞原形。2、分類: 只做情態(tài)動詞:must,can(could),may(might), 可做情態(tài)動詞又可做實意動詞:need,dare 可做情態(tài)動詞又可做助動詞:shall(should),will(would) ,ought to 具有情態(tài)動詞特征:have(had,has) to,used to 情態(tài)動詞表猜測3、位置:下雨了 你有在想我嗎 情態(tài)動詞有一定的詞義,但并不完整,必須與動詞原形一
12、起構成謂語。4、用法:NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ 情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞原形 首先它是動詞,而且不同于行為動詞,行為動詞表示的是可以通過行為來表達的動作,而情態(tài)動詞只是表達的一種想法。5、功能: 助動詞主要有兩類:基本助動詞和情態(tài)助動詞?;局鷦釉~有三個:do, have和be;情態(tài)助動詞基本的有十四個:may, might; can, could; will, would;
13、;shall, should; must,need, dare, used to, ought to.had better,6、can和could的用法: 表示能力或客觀可能性,還可以表示請求和允許。 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。(主要用在否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句中) 【注意】could可表示請求,語氣委婉,主要用于疑問句,不可用于肯定句,答語用can(即could不能用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的簡略答語中)。 can表示能力時,還可用be able to代替。我在等一個 可以陪我走很久
14、的人賓NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ語從句在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。1.語序:無論主句是陳述句還是疑問句,賓語從句都必須使用陳述語序,即“主句+連詞+賓語從句(主語+謂語+)”句式。 1)連接詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語。常見的連接詞有: who,what,which等。 2)連接詞+名詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語的定語。常見連接詞有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。 3)連接詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語、
15、狀語或表語。常見的連接詞有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充當任何成分)等。 4)連接詞+名詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語或表語的定語。常見的連接詞有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。2.連接詞: 1)陳述句充當賓語從句時,用that引導,that無詞義,在口語或非正式文體中常省略2)一般疑問句充當賓語從句時,用if或whether引導,意為“是否”具選擇意義,有or或or not時,直接與or not連用時,用whether(ifor n
16、ot也可使用)在介詞之后用whether在不定式前用whetherwhether置于句首時,不能換用if引導主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether別告訴他 我還想他若用if會引起歧義時,則用whether 3)如果賓語從句原來是特殊疑問句,NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ只需用原來的特殊疑問詞引導3.時態(tài):1)如主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)需要,選用相應的任何時態(tài)。2)如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時,賓語從句的謂語動詞只可根據(jù)需要,選用過去時態(tài)即一般過去
17、時、過去進行時、過去將來時或過去完成時的某一種形式。3)如果賓語從句所表示的是客觀事實、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習慣性動作等,不管主句用什么時態(tài),從句時態(tài)都用一般現(xiàn)在時。4.注意:if和when既可以引導賓語從句,也可以引導狀語從句,應注意它們在兩種從句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引導賓語從句時,分別意為“是否”和“何時”,其時態(tài)應和主句時態(tài)相呼應;它們引導狀語從句時,意思分別為“如果,假如”和“當時候”,當主句時態(tài)是一般將來時時,其時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時。它們常常放在含有狀語從句和賓語從句的題干中進行綜合考查。故事很長 只有風聽我講NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE
18、LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ定語從句詳細的定語從句講解 : 定語從句是由關系代詞和關系副詞引導的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個成分,定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。狀語從句分為時間狀語從句,結果狀語從句,讓步狀語從句,原因狀語從句,條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定語從句:1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語
19、或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置2. which作賓語時,根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時的that常被省略4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作
20、介詞的賓語5. where是關系副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句6. when引導定語從句表示時間注值得一提的是,表示時間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導,有時不用任何關系代詞,當然也不用that引導7. whose是關系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格8. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導二、非限定性定語從句:非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常和主句間用逗號隔開
21、,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。 1.which引導的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分2.引導限定性定語從句時,that有時相當于in which, at which, for which或at which3.有時as也可用作關系代詞4.在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物三、定語從句結構錯誤:1. 缺關系詞2. 從句中缺成分外面風大 跟我回家在英文中,有兩種定語從句:限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別: 限定性定語從句限定性定語從句與主句的關系很緊奏,對其先行
22、詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉,會影響句子意思的完整性;有時甚至于引起費解、誤解。非限定性定語從句非限定性定語NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ從句在形式上就與主句很松散,它與主句之間有一個逗點","隔開;它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用,只起補充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句進行補充、說明。即使將其去掉,也不會影響句子意思。由于上述原因,非限定性定語從句在表達意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外,非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里,我們往往將其作為一
23、個分句處理,而不把它作定語翻譯。四、定語從句的講解: 定語從句在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。 1.關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。 who/that在從句中作主語;whom/that在從句中作賓語Whose 用來指人或物(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句
24、中可作主語、賓語2.關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。 when, where, why相當于"介詞+ which"結構,常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用that代替關系副詞 ,that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略故事不夠動人 講故事的人卻總流淚構NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LU
25、WENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ詞法1構詞法(Word Formation):A詞根(Root) 定義:英文詞形成的“根基”部分稱為詞根(亦稱字根)。like像a-like相像un-like不像like-ness相像un-like-ness互不相像 【例如】 B派生詞(Derivative) 定義:由詞根利用前綴或后綴派生而成的詞稱為派生詞(亦稱轉成語)C合成詞(Compound Words) 定義:由兩個或兩個以上獨立且語義不同的詞結合成一個表達新語義和語詞功能的詞稱為合成詞2.詞是什么? “詞”的英語是“Word”。依據(jù)詞典“Wo
26、rd”可譯為“語言、言、話、字、文字、詞”等。人類在學習一種語言時最基本的兩件事就是認識詞和使用詞來表達思想。3.那么“Word”是什么? 從表達思想來說。大凡人要把心中所感覺到的和所想的表達出來時,一個共通的表達模式就是“舉出主題并說明他”。這種表達模式我們叫“一句話”,在語言學上稱為句子。定義: 詞、短語、從句等稱句子組成要素。詞是句子的組成要素中不能再細分的最小表意單位。構詞法:英文詞和中文詞的最大不同點在于中文詞是屬于象形文字語系,字形是固定不變,而且是一字一音;英 文 詞 是 屬 于 符 號 文 字 語 系,其 字 形(拼寫法)須配合語意和句意表達的條件并受其約束,同時有一字一音、一
27、字二音等。轉化法: 把一個詞從一種詞類轉化為另一種的方法稱為轉化法合成法:兩個或兩個以上的詞結合成一個新詞的方法稱作合成法。派生法: 由詞綴(分前、后綴)和詞根相結合構成單詞的方法。大多數(shù)詞綴都有一定的含義。人啊 總是不珍惜專項練習一、動詞1.John, you cant go out to play until your homework _. A. finishes B. has finished C. is
28、0;finished 2.My e-mail _ to you last night. A. sent B. is sent C. was sent 3.-The 2010 Asian Sports Meet _ this November in Guangzhou. - Yes. I hope
29、60;Chinese players will do well. A. will be held B. has been held C. was to be held D. would be held4.-Dear Eric, your room is too dirty. It should
30、;_ right now. - Sorry. I ll do it now. A. is cleaned B. be cleaned C. was cleaned D. cleans 5. We will fly a kite as soon as your homework _.
31、 A. Finishes B. will be finished C. has finished D. is finished 6.-Your classroom is very clean. -Yes, it _ every day. A. is cleaned B. cleans C. is clean
32、ing7.The terrible earthquake destroyed thousands of houses in that area. Thousands of houses in that area by the terrible earthquake. 8.More and more foreigners speak
33、Chinese in the world now. Chinese by more and more foreigners in the world now. 9.Dangerous driving causes many accidents. Many accidents by dangerous driving.10.Look! The stud
34、ents _ (clean) the classroom.11.What _ your after _ (do) yesterday?12.My uncle to see us. He'll be here soon.A.comes B.has come C.is coming D.had come13. The girl enjoys _ to the radio very much .
35、; A. listen B. to listen C. listening D. listene14.I won't believe it until I it with my own
36、eyes.A.saw B.have seen C.will see D.had seen15.In the past ten years , there great changes in our family life.A.had been B.are C.have been D.were16.On
37、 Sunday afternoon, Mrs .Green went to the market, some bananas, and visited her cousin.A.bought B .buying C.to buy D.buy17. Lets _ a talk about learning Chinese . A. had B. having
38、 C. to have D. have18.We haven't heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose to her?A.was happening B.to happen C.
39、has happened D.having happened19.We half an hour for the bus, but it has not come yet.A.have waited B.are waiting C.had been waiting D.have been waiting20.He thanked me for what I &
40、#160; .A.has had B.had done C.did D.have done二、賓語從句1.I don't know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes,I'll tell you A.if;Whether B.whether;Whether C.if;That D.if;If2.I don't know _ the day after tomorro
41、w A.when does he come B.how will he come C.if he comes D.whether he'll come3.Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is? A.what B.how C.whether D.where4.Could you tell me _ the radio without any help? A.how did he mend B.what did he mend C.how he mended D.what he mend
42、ed5.I want to know _ A.whom is she looking after B.whom she is looking C.whom is she looking D.whom she is looking after6.Do you know where _ now? A.he lives B.does he live C.he lived D.did he live7.Do you know what time _ ? A.the train leave B.does the train leave C.will
43、 the train leave D.he train leaves8.I don't know _ Can you tell me,please? A.how the two players are old B.how old are the two players C.the two players are how old D.how old the two players are9.The small children don't know _ A.what is their stockings in B.what is in their
44、stockings C.where is their stockings in D.what in their stockings10.I can't understand _ A.what does Christmas mean B.what Christmas does mean C.what mean Christmas does D.what Christmas means11.The teacher didn't begin her class_ the students stopped talking.Auntil Bbecause
45、Cafter Dwhen12.If it _ tomorrow, we'll go to the Great wall. Adoesn't rain Bwon't rain Cnot rains Disn't rain13.Could you tell me_ we get to the plane?Ahow BWhether Cwhere Dwhat14.When they got to the cinema, the film _ for the ten minutes.Ahad been on Bhas begun CBegan Dh
46、ad begun15.The teacher says _ she will leave a message on the headmaster's desk.Aif BWho Cthat Dwhat16.Lucy looks stronger _ Lily.Athan Bas CThen Dnot as17.I know nothing about it _ he told me.ABecause BSince CUntil Dafter18.You must make your new house clean and safe _ you move in.Abecaus
47、e BWhen Cbefore Duntil19.I was _ tired _ I couldn't walk on.Asothat Btooto Cverythat Dveryto20.I thought he _ to see his mother if he _ time.A.will gohas B.will go will have C.would go would have D.would go had三、定語從句1. Dont talk about such things of _
48、60;you are not sure. A. which B. What C. As D. those 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. th
49、e one 3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked
50、ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which
51、160; D. in that 6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will&
52、#160;show you _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observ
53、ed 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A.
54、0;all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
55、60;11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 13.the computer _ last week has gone wrong.A. which i bought it B. i bought C. what i bought
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