高一英語必修三語法復(fù)習(xí)被動語態(tài)

1、高一英語必修三語法復(fù)習(xí)- 被動語態(tài)二 .重難點講解：高一英語必修三中的主要語法點有：被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式和定語從句，另外還涉及了主謂一致、間接引語及連接詞的用法。被動語態(tài)專題復(fù)習(xí)（一）被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1. 被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式， 被動語態(tài)由 be過去分詞構(gòu)成， be 隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以 do 為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：（1） am/is/are +done（過去分詞）一般現(xiàn)在時例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.（ 2） has /have been done現(xiàn)在完成時例 Allth

2、epreparationsforthetaskhave been completed,and we'reready to start.（3） am/is /are being done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時例 A new cinema is being built here.（4） was/were done一般過去時例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject theoffer.（5） had been done過去完成時例 Bytheend oflastyear,anothernew gymnasium had been

3、 completedin Beijing.（6） was/were being done過去進(jìn)行時例 A meeting was being held when I was there.（7） shall/will be done一般將來時例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.（8） should/would be done過去將來時例 The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.（9） shall/will have be

4、en done將來完成時（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July.（10） should/would have been done過去將來完成時（少用）例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式（ 1）帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞 be過去分詞。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.（ 2）有些動詞可以有兩個賓語， 在用于

5、被動結(jié)構(gòu)時， 可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為 He wasgiven a present by his mother for his birthday.（ 3）當(dāng) " 動詞 +賓語 +賓語補(bǔ)足語 " 結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時， 將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改為 The boy wascaught smoking a c

6、igarette.（ 4）在使役動詞have, make, get 以及感官動詞see, watch,notice,hear,feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to 。to要省略，例 Someone saw a strangerwalk intothebuilding.可改為A strangerwas seen to walk into the building.（ 5）有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如" 動詞介詞 " ， " 動詞副詞 "等，也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。

7、其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被動語態(tài)（一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)）。例 I don't like being laughed at in the public.（二）如何使用被動語態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動語態(tài)時，不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態(tài)。1. 講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者（這時可省 by 短語）。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者。例

8、I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept theoffer.3. 為了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediatelyrecognized by people.（一個主語就夠了）（三） It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示 " 據(jù)說 " 或 " 相信 " 的動詞如 believe,consider,expect, report,say,suppose, think等可以用于句型

9、 "It be過去分詞 that 從句 " 或 " 主語 be過去分詞 to do sth."。有：It is said that.據(jù)說，Itis reportedthat.據(jù)報道， It is believedthat. 大家相信， It is hopedthat. 大家希望， Itis well known that.眾所周知， It is thought that.大家認(rèn)為， It is suggested that.據(jù)建議。例 It issaid thatthe boy has passedthe national exam. （ The boy

10、is said to have passed the national exam.）（四）謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義1. 英語中有很多動詞如 break ， catch ， clean ， drive ，lock ， open， sell ， read ，write ， wash 等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表達(dá)被動意義，主語通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door won't lock.（指門本身有毛?。㏕he do

11、orwon'tbe locked.（指不會有人來鎖門，指" 門沒有鎖" 是人的原因）2.break表示 " 發(fā)生、進(jìn)行 " 的不及物動詞和短語，如：out, come out, come about, cometrue, runhappen, last,out, givetake place,out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。例How do the newspapers come out?這些報紙是如何引出來的呢？3.系動詞沒有被動形式，但有些表示感受、感官的系動詞feel, sound,taste, book, feel等在主

12、系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。例 Your reason sounds reasonable.（五）非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義。1. 在 need，want ，require, hear 等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。例 The house needs repairing（ to be repaired） . 這房子需要修理。2. 形容詞 worth 后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義， 但不能跟動詞不定式；而 worthy 后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。例 The picture-book

13、 is well worth reading.（ The picture-book isvery worthy to be read.）3. 動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語， 不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時， 又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系 , 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.（ to do與 things是動賓關(guān)系，與I 是主謂關(guān)系。）試比較： I'llgo to the post office.Do you have a letterto be posted?（此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明y

14、ou 不是 post 動作的執(zhí)行者。 ）4. 在某些 " 形容詞不定式 " 做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中， 句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。這些形容詞有 nice ，easy ，fit ，hard ，difficult ，important ，impossible ， pleasant ， interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了 for me ） .5. 在 too. to. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動

15、形式表示被動意義。例 This book is too expensive（ for me ） to buy.6. 在 there be. 句型中，當(dāng)動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人，用被動形式作定語，重點在物。例 There is no time to lose （to be lost ） . （用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose ；用 to be lost ，誰 lost time 不明確。）7. 在 be to do 結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動表主動，被動表被動。然而，由于古英語的影響， 下列動詞 rent,blame,let 等仍用不

16、定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?（六）介詞in, on, under等 +名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。1. "under +名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 " 某事在進(jìn)行中" 。常見的有：under control（受控制） , under treatment （在治療中） , under repair （在修理中） , underdiscussion （在討論中） , under c

17、onstruction（在施工中）。例 The building is under construction（ is being constructed） .2."beyond+ 名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu)， " 出乎 .勝過 .、范圍、限度 " 。常見的有：beyond belief（令人難以置信） ， beyond one'sreach （鞭長莫及）， beyondone's control （無法控制）， beyond our hope.我們的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief（ =can't be

18、 believed）.3."above+ 名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 "（品質(zhì)、行為、能力等） 超過 .、高于 ."。例 Hishonestcharacter is above allpraise.=Hishonestcharactercannotbe praised enough.4."for+名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 " 適于 .、 為著 ."。如： for sale （出售） ,for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale.（ = That house is to be sold） .5

19、."in+名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 " 在 .過程中或范圍內(nèi)" 常見的有： in print （在印刷中）， in sight（在視野范圍內(nèi)） ，等。例 The book is not yet in print.（ =is not yet printed）6."on+ 名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu) ,表示 " 在從事 .中 " 。常見的有： on sale （出售），on show （展出） , on trial（受審）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum（ = are

20、beingshowed） .7."out of+名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu)； 表示 " 超出 .之外 " ，常見的有：out ofcontrol（控制不了）， out of sight（超出視線之外） ， out of one's reach（夠不著） , out of fashion（不流行）等。例 The plane was out of control（ can't be controlled） .。8."within+名詞 " 結(jié)構(gòu)， " 在 .內(nèi)、不超過 ."。例 He took two days o

21、ff within the teacher's permission.（七）被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別當(dāng)"be+ 過去分詞 " 作被動語態(tài)時表示主語承受的動作； 作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)時， be 后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：1. 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動作或句中有介詞 by 引導(dǎo)出動作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例 The glass is broken.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The glass was broken by the boy.（被動語態(tài)）2. 如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態(tài)。例 The door is

22、locked.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The door has already/just been locked.（被動語態(tài)）3. 被動語態(tài)除用于一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)外， 還可以用于其他各種時態(tài)， 而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動詞 be 只有一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)。例 The machine is being repaired.【典型例題】1. 高考對謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查例析（ 1） Insome partsof the world,A. is servingB. is servedtea _ with milk and sugar. C. serves D. served（ NMET1993）（ 2） This is Te

23、d's phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save achild in the earthquake.（ NMET2002）A. killedB. is killedC. was killedD. was killing（ 3） - Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _.（NMET1991）A. are being paintedB. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting海春（4） When and wh

24、ere to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet.2003）A. are not decidedB. have not been decided（上C. is not being decided D. has not been decided（ 5 ） The manager entered the office and was happy to learn thatfour-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春2001）A. was bookedB. had been bookedC. were bookedD. have been bo

25、oked答案： BCADB2. 高考對非謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查當(dāng)非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為動作的承受者時 , 須用被動式。弄清非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的執(zhí)行與承受關(guān)系是掌握非謂語動詞語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。（1） Having a tripabroad iscertainlygood forthe oldcouple,it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.（ NMET2002）A. to see B. to be seenC. seeingD. seenbut（ 2） While shopping, people sometimes can't help _ i

26、nto buyingsomething they don't really need.（上海 1996）A. to persuadedB. persuadingC. being persuadedD. be persuaded（3） I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child.（上海 2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamedD. should blame答案： BCA練一練：1. The computers on the table _ Profe

27、ssor Smith.A. belongsB. are belonged toC. belongs toD. belong to2.-What do you think of the book?-Oh, excellent. It's worth _ a second time.A. to readB. to be read C. reading D. being read3.The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _.A. catching B. to be caughtC. being caughtD. to catch4.This p

28、age needed _ again.A. being checkedB. checkedC. to checkD. to be checked5._ many times, the boy still didn't know how to do the exercisesA. Having taughtB. Having been taughtC. taughtD. Teaching答案： DCCDB【模擬試題】1. If city noises _ from increasing even at dinner.， people _ shout to be heardA. are n

29、ot kept； will have toB. are not kept； haveC. do not keep； will have toD. do not keep2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are； have to_and perfected now.A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will have been developed3. -_ the sports meet might be put off. -Y

30、es ，it all depends on the weather.4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6.The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designedB. had been designedC. was designedD. would be designed7.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was brokenD. had been b