中學(xué)英語語法分類復(fù)習(xí)-虛擬語氣教案

1、advise, arrange, ask, command,虛擬語氣一、語氣的種類語氣有三種：陳述語氣、虛擬語氣、祈使語氣。虛擬語氣，表示說話人的假設(shè)、猜測、建議或愿望，而不表示客觀存在的事實。虛擬語氣可出現(xiàn)在單獨(dú)的一個句子和所有從句 中；虛擬條件可由 從句、介詞短語、分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞乃至于名詞 等表示。二、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法1. if 條件從句中的用法表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)從句謂語動詞用過去式（ be 動詞的過去式正式用法一律用 were），主句動詞用 “ would/should/could/might + 動詞原形”。If I were rich, I would b

2、uy that car.若我有錢，我就買那輛車。If I had a car, I should be very happy.若我有一輛車，我會很快樂。If you asked him, he might tell you.如果你問他，他會告訴你。在虛擬語氣中， should, would, could, might的區(qū)別：主句中，一人稱可用 would,也可用 should,沒有意義區(qū)別。前者表 “肯定、必然 ” 的結(jié)果，后者主要用于英國并可表 “應(yīng)該 ”含義。could 表“能力、允許、可能性 ”，might 僅僅表 “可能性 ”，且語氣弱。表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè)從句謂語動詞用過去完成式

3、，主句用“ should / would / could/might + have + 過去分詞”If I had known her telephone number, I would have called her.如果我知道她的電話號碼，我就給她打電話了。If he had hurried, he could have caught the train.如果他抓點緊的話，他就會趕上火車了。If he had been there, he would have helped you.如果他在那兒的話，他會幫助你的。表示與將來事實相反的假設(shè)從句謂語動詞除用過去式（ be 動詞用 were）以

4、外，還可用“ should +動詞原形”或“ were to + 動詞原形”；主句用“ would/should/could/might + 動詞原形”。If I were to go abroad, I would go to America.如果我出國的話，我就去美國。If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him.如果我明天看到他的話，我就把你的便條給他。If it should rain tomorrow, I might get lost.如果明天下雨的話，我可能會迷路。混合條件句： 主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同時間，這時主、從

5、句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式必須按其自己的時間來決定動詞的形式。If she hadn't trained so hard, she wouldn't be able to run so fast.如果她以前訓(xùn)練沒有這么刻苦的話，她現(xiàn)在不可能跑那么快。（從句與過去事實相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反）。If he had died in the accident, he couldn't stand in front of you now.如果他在那次事故中死去，現(xiàn)在就不會站在你面前。省略 if 的虛擬條件從句的用法如果條件句的從句部分含有系動詞were 或助動詞should 或

6、had，有時可將 if 省略，把 were, should 或 had 移到主語之前。Were I you（=if I were you ）, I would get up early in the morning.我是你的話，我早晨就會早起。Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday(=If you hadarrived） , you could have caught the train.昨天你早到車站十分鐘的話，就會趕上火車了。Should it rain （= If it should rain ）, the

7、 crops would be saved.要是下雨的話，莊稼就會得救了。2.在 in case, for fear (that), lest 等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中 ，常用虛擬語氣： 謂語動詞用 should+動詞原形， 表示 “唯恐，以免”。She took the raincoat with her in case /for fear that /lest she (should) be caught in the rain.The student is working hard for fear that he should fail the exam.3.在 so that, in

8、order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中， 謂語常用虛擬語氣，即 may/might 或 can/could+動詞原形。Please speak much louder so that the students may hear you more clearly.I lent him my bike in order that he could save some time.三、虛擬語氣用于主語從句中：1.“ It is necessary that ··”這個·句型中，表示情緒、觀點的形容詞或名詞作表語，that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句中謂語動詞用（should） +

9、V 原形。常用的這類形容詞、 名詞有：necessary,important, probable, possible, impossible, natural, strange, surprising, proper（適當(dāng)?shù)模?，urgent（緊迫的）， vital （至關(guān)重要的），advisable（合理的）， appropriate（合適的）， crucial（緊急的），essential（必要的），incredible（驚人的），preferable（更好的）； pity, shame, advice, decision, desire, demand, idea, miracle, or

10、der, proposal, requirement, resolution（決心）， suggestion, surprise, wonder等。It is necessary that you (should) clean the room after work.你在工作后打掃房間是有必要的。It is important that we should ask advice of other people about our work.在工作中征求別人的意見很重要的。It is strange that he（should）have left without saying good-bye

11、.他離開時沒有說再見是很奇怪的。2. “It is ordered/suggested that.”在這一句型中，主語從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，即： （should ）+V 原形。適用于此句型中過去分詞的動詞有：comply（遵照），decide, order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request,insist, urge, desire, recommend等表建議、提議、要求、請求、命令、愿望等主觀意向的詞。It is ordered that the cloth（ should）be woven.據(jù)指示，現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)紡織布料。四、虛擬語氣

12、在賓語從句中的用法1. wish 所帶的賓語從句中的謂語動詞必須是虛擬語氣。表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)ξ磥淼脑竿?，謂語動詞用一般過去時（be 用 were），或“ would/could+ 動詞原形”。I wish I were as young as you.我希望和你一樣年輕。I wish that I had a car.我希望我有一輛車。I wish I could fly to the moon some day.我希望有一天，我會飛到月球上去。表示對過去的愿望，謂語動詞用過去完成式或“ could + 完成式”。I wish that I had known that. 我希望我了解過那件事I

13、 wish I had passed the driving test.我希望通過駕駛考試。wish 與賓從動詞都發(fā)生在過去同一時間，則都用一般過去時。2.在表示命令、建議、要求、主張、提議、堅持等的動詞如：advise（建議），arrange（安排），command（命令），decide（決定），demand（要求），desire（期望），insist（堅持），intend(打算），order(命令），prefer（寧愿）， promise（允諾），propose（提議），recommend(推薦），request（要求），require（要求），suggest（建議），urge（催促），

14、vote（提議），urge(力勸 ) 等后面的賓語從句中，謂語動詞要用 “ should + 動詞原形”或直接用“動詞原形”。（前者為英國用法）We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.我們建議會議推遲。I required that he (should) come to my office.我要求他到我的辦公室。He insisted that you (should）be seated there.他堅持讓你坐在那兒。注意 當(dāng) suggest 不表“建議”而表“暗示” 、“認(rèn)為”、“可能”等時，從句中的謂動不用虛擬語氣。Her e

15、xpression suggested (that）she was angry.她的表情暗示她生氣了。當(dāng) insist 表堅持對已發(fā)生事情的看法時賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。He insisted that he hadn't stolen the money.他強(qiáng)調(diào)說他沒偷錢。五、虛擬語氣用于表語從句和同位語從句中3.表示“建議、提議（ suggestion, proposal）”“,命令（ order）”, “要求（ request, requirement)”主張、目的等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句中，動詞用（should ）+V 原形。 這類名詞常見的有： suggestion, pr

16、oposal, motion（提議） ,order, pray（懇求）,request, recommendation, requirement, idea, aim, wish, plan, demand,decision, preference, necessity（必要性） ,resolution（決心） ,desire 等。 Our suggestion is that the meeting (should) be held at once.我們的建議是會議應(yīng)立刻舉行。His order is that the cloth (should） be woven right now.他的

17、指示是立刻紡織布料。The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.六虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法It is（ high/about) time that 后面的 定語從句 的謂語動詞要用過去時 （偶爾用 should 加動詞原形，但 should 一般不省略）。It is time that we planted trees there.是到我們在那兒種樹的時候了。It is high time that we should plant trees there.早該是我們在那兒

18、種樹的時候了。 Anyone who had married such a girl as she would have been regretful.誰娶了像她那樣的姑娘都會后悔的。七虛擬語氣在一些特殊句型中的用法1由 as if/as though（好像）引導(dǎo)的表語從句和狀語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。與現(xiàn)在事實相反謂語動詞用過去時；與過去事實相反用過去完成時；與未來事實相反用would+動詞原形。He remembers everything exactly as if it happened yesterday.He looked as if he had been ill.他看上去像

19、是生過病。He talked as if he had been to Paris.他談起來好像他去過巴黎。She looks as though she had known all the secrets.她看上去像是已經(jīng)知道了全部秘密。注意 as if/as though 從句表達(dá)真實的情況就要用陳述語氣。It looks as if it is going to rain. ( 真的就要下雨 )2. even if/though 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句， 從句中用may/might+動詞原形 , may 或 might 可省略，表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反；從句用過去完成時，表示與過去情況相反。類似的詞

20、還有though/as though/so long as/no matter wh-/ whatever/whenever/whoever 等。However dangerous it might be, he would have a try.無論多危險，他都要試一試。Even though I had been very busy then, I would have helped you. 即使我當(dāng)時很忙，我還是會幫助你的。3. if only 句型 （要是該有多好啊） ：與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句中用過去式；與過去事實相反，從句中用過去完成時；與將來情況相反從句動詞用 could/woul

21、d+動詞原形。If only I could see him now.要是我現(xiàn)在能看到他該有多好啊。If only I knew the answer.要是我知道答案就好了。If only I hadn't lost it. 要是我沒弄丟它就好了。注意 該句型也可用于表真實條件句，表“如果···”，不用虛擬語氣。4. would rather/sooner, had rather 和 would(just)as soon后面接省略 that 的從句表愿望， 用過去式表示現(xiàn)在和將來 , 用過去完成時表過去。意為“寧愿，但愿” 。I would rather

22、you told me the truth now. 我寧愿你現(xiàn)在告訴我真相。I would rather nothing had happened.我真希望啥都未曾發(fā)生。 （過去）I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧可你明天來。（未來）5.表示祝愿或詛咒的祈使句May you succeed! 祝你成功！God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！May you have a good time.祝你玩得愉快！Be it so! 但愿如此！So be it then! 那就這樣吧！Long live China!中華人民共和國萬歲！6.含蓄的虛擬條件句虛擬條件不一定總是用 if 等引出，還可以用介詞短語、分詞、副詞、形容詞、名詞等均可。要認(rèn)真體會虛擬語氣的實質(zhì)，從多個角度去理解含虛擬語氣的句子。 without /but for/ were it not for/had it not been for/except for/apart from 等+名詞，意為 “要不是 . ；”with/ under+ 名詞