人教版高中英語語法九——動詞的語氣——虛擬語氣

1、精品資料歡迎下載語法復(fù)習(xí)十：動詞的語氣虛擬語氣一、語氣的定義和種類l、語氣：語氣是動詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2、語氣的種類：(1)陳述語氣:表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如：We are not ready.我們沒準備好。What a fine day it is!多好的天氣啊!(2)祈使語氣:表示說話人的建議、請求、邀請、命令等。如: Open the door,please。請打開門。(3)虛擬語氣:表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如 : If I were you, I s

2、hould study English. 如果我是 你，我就學(xué)英語了。 May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法條件句有兩類， 一類是真實條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況是有可能發(fā)生的，就是真實條件何。 在這種真實條件句中的謂語用陳述語氣。如 : If it doesn raint tomorrow,we will go to the park.如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。如果假設(shè)的情況是過去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)聿淮罂赡馨l(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。如 : If he had seen you yesterday, he would have aske

3、d you about it. 如果他昨天見到你，他會問你這件事的。 (事實上他昨天沒 見到你，因此也未能問你這件事。 )在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣?，F(xiàn)將虛擬條件從句和主句的動詞形式列表如下:從 句主句與現(xiàn)在事動詞的過去式（ be的過去式一般用would/ should/ could/ might +動實相反were）詞原形與過去事had + 過去分詞would/ should/could/ might+實相反have + 過去分詞與將來事動詞過去式， should + 動詞原would/ should/ could/ might +動實相反形， were to

4、 + 動詞原形詞原形注 : 主句中的 should 只用于 I 、 we，但在美國英語中，should 常被 would 代替；從句中的should可用于各種人稱。l、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如 : If my brother were here, everything would be allright.要是我哥哥在這兒，一切都沒問題了。2、表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: If you had taken my advice， you wouldn't(couldn t)have failed in the exam.如果你按照我的建議去做，你一定不會(不可能 )考試不

5、及格。3、表示與將來事實可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如: Ifit were Sunday tomorrow,Ishould(would ， could， might) go to see my grandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就(可能 )去看望我精品資料歡迎下載奶奶。 If it were to snowthis evening, they would not go out.如果今晚下雪， 他們將不出去了。4、有時條件從句中的動作和主句中的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致（表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣），這時動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。例如: If you had listened to t

6、hedoctor, you would be all right now.如果你當初聽了醫(yī)生的話，身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動作指過去，主句動作指現(xiàn)在 )5、虛擬條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:(l) 省略連詞 if 。在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有略，把這幾個詞放到主語之前，構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。例如were， had 或 should，可以把 if 省 : Should he come (If he should come), tellhim to ring me up.他要是來 了，讓他給我打個電話。Were I you (If I were you), I would not doit. 我要是你，就

7、不做這事。(2) 用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。有時假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表示出來，而是通過介詞短語來表示。如 : Without air (If there were not air),there would be no living things.如果沒有空氣的話，就不會有生物了。But foryour help (If it hadn t been foryour hel p) Icouldn t have done it. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。假設(shè)的情況有時可以通過上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來。如 : I was busy that day. OtherwiseI wo

8、uld have gone there with them. (If I hadnbusy that beenday, I would have gone there withthem.) 我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話， 我就 )；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn t beenfinishedill,Iwould havethe work.) 我本來該完成這項工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會完成)6、省去條件從句或主句：表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時可以省

9、略，但其含義仍可以推知。(1)省去條件從句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了 "If you had wanted to")( 事實是 :你自己沒洗衣服，因為你不想洗。)(2)省去主句 ( 常用以表示愿望)。如 : If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊!( 事實是 :祖母已不在世。 )；If only she had not left!如果她沒走就好了!( 事實是 :她已經(jīng)走了。)三、虛擬語氣的其他用法l 、 虛 擬 語 氣 在 主

10、 語 從 句 中 的 用 法 ： 在 "Itisimportant(strange ， natural ，necessary)that " 這類句型里，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用“should 十 動詞原形 ”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是" 重要 " 、 "奇怪 "、 " 自然 "、 "必要 " 等意義。如 : It is important thatevery member (should) inform himself ofthese rules.重要的是每個成員知道這些規(guī)則。2、虛擬語氣

11、在賓語從句中用法：(1)在動詞 wish 后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反，或?qū)?的 主 觀 愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。 1)表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:從句 動詞用過去式或過去進行式(be動詞一般用 were)。如 : I wish I knew theanswer to the question. 我希望知道這個問題的答案。 (可惜不知道 )； 2）表示對過去情況的虛擬:從句動詞常用"had十過去分詞 "。如 : I wish(wished) I hadn t spent so much money我后.悔不該花那么多錢。(實際上已經(jīng)花掉)； 3)精品資料

12、歡迎下載表示對將來的主觀愿望:謂語動詞形式為"would 十動詞原形 " 。此時要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因為主句的主 語所期望的從句動作能否實現(xiàn)， 取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿 (非動物名詞除外 )。如 : I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止； I wish youwould come soon. 但愿你立刻來。(2)在 suggest， demand， order， propose，insist ，command ，request， desire等 動 詞 后 的賓語從句中， 謂語動詞用 “ should + 動詞原形”

13、，表示建議、 要求、命令等。 如 : I demand thathe (should) answer me immediately.我要求他立刻答復(fù)我。3、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法(1)在帶有 even if/ even though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句和從句都用虛擬語氣，動詞形式與含有非真實條件句的虛擬語氣相同。如 : Even if he had been ill,hewould have gone t his office.即使生了病，他倆去辦公室。(2)由 as if或 as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時。從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式(be用were)

14、或 “had十過去分詞 ”。如 : He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那樣對待我，好像我是陌生人似的。 She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她談?wù)撃遣坑捌?，就好像她確實看過一樣。注 :如果表示的事情可能會發(fā)生，那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳述語氣。(3)在 in order that 或 so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用“ could或 might （有時也用should）+動詞原形 ”。如: Mr green spoke slowly sothat hi

15、s students could(might)hear clearly.格林先生說得很慢，好讓學(xué)生聽清楚。4、虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法：在"It is time (that) " 句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣表示將來，動詞形式一般用過去式，意思是 " 該干某事的時候了"。如 : It s (high)time we did our homework.我們 該做作業(yè)了。5、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的用法(1)情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌，或委婉的語氣，常見于日常會話中。如 : It would be better f

16、or you not to stay up too late. 你最好別太晚睡覺。(2)在一些習(xí)慣表達中。如: I would rather not tell you.我寧愿不告訴你。(3) 用“ may + 動詞原形”表示" 祝愿 " 、" 但愿 ”，此時 may 須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。如： May you be happy! 祝你快樂！ May good luck be yours. 祝你順利。精品資料歡迎下載練習(xí)、虛擬語氣1.If I _ where he lived, I _ a note to him.A. knew, wouldB. had

17、known, would have sentC. know, would sendD. knew, would have sent2.If they _ earlier than expected, they _ here now.A. had started, would beB. started, might beC. had started, would have beenD. will start, might have been3. I didn t know his telephone number. _ it, I _ then.A. Had I known, would rin

18、g him upB. Should I know, would have rung him upC. If I knew; would ring him upD. Had I known; would have rung him up4. Mary is ill today. If she _ , she _ absent from school.A. were not ill; wouldn' t beB. had been ill; wouldn't have beenC. had been ill; should have beenD. hadn't been i

19、ll; could be5.Were I to do it, I _ it some other way.A. will doB. would doC. would have doneD. were to do6.I _ him the answer _ possible, but I was so busy then.A. could tell; if it had beenB. must have told; were itC. should have told; had it beenD. should have told; should it be7.Without your help

20、, we_ so much.A. won ' t achieveB. didn ' t achieveC. don't achieveD. wouldn't have achieved8. You didn't take his advice. _ his advice, you _ such a mistake.A. Had you taken; wouldn't have madeB. If you had taken; would makeC. Were you lo take; shouldn t have madeD. Have you

21、 taken; won t have made9. We wish we _ what you did when we were at high school.A. didB. could have doneC. have doneD. should do10.She wishes she _ to the theatre last night.A. wentB. would goC. had goneD. were going11.Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he _ be tall when he grows up.A. co

22、uldB. shouldC. wouldD. were able to12.My sister advised me that I _ accept the invitation.A. couldB. mustC. shouldD. might13.He asks that he _ an opportunity to ex plain why he s refusedogo tthere.A. is givenB. must giveC. should giveD. be given精品資料歡迎下載14.Do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion t

23、hat he _ Mr. Li to the party?A. will inviteB. have invitedC. is invitedD. invite15.I insisted that he _ at once.A. be goneB. goC. would goD. might go16.Li Ming insisted that he _ anything at all.A. hadn ' t stolenB. shouldn ' t stealC. doesn ' t stealD. steal17.It is quite natural that m

24、y coming late again _ them very angry.A. had madeB. would makeC. makesD. make18.He acted as if he _ everything in the world.A. knewB. knowsC. has knownD. won't know19.Read it aloud so that I _ you clearly.A. may hearB. will hearC. hearD. have heard20.They got up early in order that they _ they f

25、irst train.A. caughtB. will catchC. might catchD. shall catch21.I am sorry that he _ in such poor health.A. areB. shall beC. wereD. should be22.That is a good book. You _ it yesterday.A. could buyB. should buyC. should have boughtD. bought23.It is high time we _ home.A. will goB. would goC. have gon

26、eD. went24.I ' d rather that you _ home.A. wentB. have goneC. will goD. had gone25.If only I _ to the lecture!A. listenB. will listenC. am listeningD. had listened26. - If he_, he _ that food.- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not takeB. had been warned; would

27、 not have takenC. would be warned; had not takenD. would have been warned; had not taken27.I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother.A. has comeB. did comeC. cameD. had come28.Without electricity, human life _ quite different today.A. isB. will beC. would

28、have beenD. would be29.He _ you more help, even though he was very busy.A. might have given B. might giveC. may have givenD. may give精品資料歡迎下載30. If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A. are not kept; will have toB. are not kept; have

29、toC. do not keep; will have toD. do not keep; have to31.Mike's father, as well as his mother, insisted that he _ home.A. stayedB. could stayC. has stayedD. stay32.Mr. Smith insisted that he _ the work all.A. had doneB. have doneC. didD. so33.Jane would never have gone to the party _ that Mary would come to see her.A. has she knownB. had she knownC. if she knowD. if she has known34.If you had enough money, what _ ?A. will you buyB. would you buyC. would you have boughtD. will you have bought35.If you _ that film