50組固定搭配助力你的英文論文寫作

1、50 組固定搭配，助力你的英文論文寫作！photo by fegari 唧唧堂是和另外幾個創(chuàng)業(yè)團隊 Share Office 的， 其中最近的那個叫 italki, 小編昨天發(fā)現(xiàn)他們出了一個學術寫作詞匯的文章，覺得應該對大家有用，就轉了。恩，就借這個機會贊美一下這個italki吧。 italki是一個學語言的網(wǎng)站（特別是口語） ，什么語言都可以，比如你想練英文口語，就可以在他們網(wǎng)站找一個外教，和外教約課，然后用 skype 上課。小編曾經(jīng)試過幾十節(jié)，效果還不錯， 小編找的老師是一個澳大利亞老爺爺，非常 intelligent,什么都懂，上課也很認真，每次都會記很多筆記，課前給我找好ted 視頻

2、，最最關鍵是，這些課很便宜，比如我的只要40， 50 人民幣一個小時。哦，對了，除了口語，我也常常讓老爺爺幫我改文章。 好啦，贊美完畢， 大家去了解下 italki 吧， 下面的文章來自 italki 的外教，您也可以點擊該頁底部鏈接 “閱讀原文”和這個老師約課。50 組固定搭配，助力你的英文論文寫作！學術寫作可能是英語精進的最難關之一。要掌握這項高級寫作技能，需要有完美的英語的語法，精準的詞匯和對主題深刻的理解。另外，學術寫作還是一種專門的文體（正式和專業(yè)性），這一點對于英語非母語的作者來說可能比較難拿捏（甚至對英語母語的作者也一樣很難！ ）。Academic writing can be

3、one of the hardest things to perfect in English. This advanced skill requires perfect grammar, pin-point vocabulary usage and a deep understanding of the subject you are writing about. What it also requires is a very specific register (level of formality) which can be difficult to get right for non-

4、native English speakers (and quite a few native speakers as well!). 想要提升學術英語寫作，其中一個方法就是學習一些有用的固定搭配，這樣一來文章就會顯得更自信、更專業(yè)，論文的專業(yè)度和正式性恰到好處。 One way you can improve and transform your academic English writing is by learning some useful collocations which will make you sound self-assured, knowledgeable and b

5、ring just the right level of formality to your dissertation or thesis. 下文我們會列舉 50 個最有用的學術寫作固定搭配，附有定義和例子，全都取材于真實的學術論文。 This guide will give you 50 of the most useful academic collocations as well as definitions and some examples taken from genuine academic papers.學習要點：將下列固定搭配用到你寫的文章中去。想一想語法上對不對？內容上說不

6、說得通？把自己寫的句子和下面的例子比較下，看看用得對不對。 Study tip: Practice writing out your own sentences using each of the collocations listed here. Does the structure make sense grammatically? Do you understand the concept? Checkyour sentence against the example sentence for each collocation.Accurate assessmentcorrect and

7、 precise evaluation of somethingor someone 準確評價：對某事或某人進行正確而精準的評估E.g. “ Accurate assessment of head motion can be a useful toolin clinical studies ”.例子：對頭部運動的準確評價可以作為臨床研究的有用手段。2. Address the issueconsider or deal with the matter at hand 解決問題： 考慮或者解決棘手的問題 E.g. “ To help address this issue, we haveexte

8、nded our previous study and examined in detail the , ” .例子：為了幫助解決問題，我們對之前的研究作了拓展，繼續(xù)探究細節(jié)方面 ,3. Adversely affectchange in a negative way 產生不利影響：作出不良改變E.g.“A literature search was performed to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) adverselyaffect the healing of stress fractur

9、es” .例子：經(jīng)過文獻檢索，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)抗炎藥 （NSAIDs ）是否對應力性骨折產生不良影響。4. Become apparentto be suddenly clear or obvious 顯性化：突然變得清晰或者明顯 E.g. “ They become apparent, however, when a newmolecular species is introduced into the atmosphere. ” .例子：當一種新的分子種類進入大氣層，分子們就成顯性。5. Briefoverviewa non-detailed look at the subject as a wh

10、ole 概述：對事物進行籠統(tǒng)的描述E.g. “This paper offers a brief but broad overviewof the field of individual of language learning” .例如：這篇論文對某一種獨立的語言學習進行了概述。6. Broad rangeof extensive scope 廣泛：涉及大面積領域E.g. “ The colourproduced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of

11、 increasing proteinconcentrations”.例如：反應所產生的顏色很穩(wěn)定，成比例地且大量增加了蛋白質的濃度。 7. Causal linkone thing being responsible for another 因果聯(lián)系：兩件事有因果聯(lián)系 E.g. “A causal link between high need for achievementand small business ownership is not found ”.例如：我們并沒有找到成功的高需求和小企業(yè)的擁有權之間的因果關系。8.Characteristic featurea feature w

12、hich distinguishes or defines something or someone本質特征：能夠體現(xiàn)或者定義某個人或某件事情的特征E.g.“The characteristic feature of the book is the effort to explain the mathematical origins of the most widely used statistical formulas in terms that persons with comparatively littlemathematical training can easily follow

13、”.例子：此書的本質特征旨在闡述最廣泛應用的統(tǒng)計公式的數(shù)學起源，即便讀者相對來說沒有太多數(shù)學背景，也可以讀懂此書。 9. Deeply rootedfirmly implanted or established 根深蒂固：深深地扎根或建立 E.g. “ This book describes efforts to develop an approach to teaching and teacher education that is deeply rooted in the study of practice ”.例子：此書力求開發(fā)一種教學和教師教育手段，此方法源于實踐深處。 10. Det

14、ailed analysisan in-depth study 細部分析：詳細而深刻的研究 E.g. “The major difference between my book and others at this level is its coverage of the detailed analysis of experiments ” .例子：在這個層面上，我的書和其他人的區(qū)別就在于對于實驗的細部分析。 11. Essential componenta vital part of something 重要組成部分： 某事物的重要部分E.g.“ We show here that thes

15、e proteins are an essential componentof the cell surface receptor ” .例子：我們這里顯示，這些蛋白質是細胞表面受體的重要組成部分。12. Establish arelationshipto prove or show a link between two things 建立聯(lián)系：證明二者之間有關系。 E.g. “ Our aim was to establish the relationship between aortic stiffness and stroke death in hypertensivepatients”

16、.例子：我們的目標是證明主動脈硬化和中風死亡在高血壓患者中存在聯(lián)系。13. Existing researchprevious academic work on the same subject 現(xiàn)有研究： 對同一問題先前做的研究。E.g. “This working paper reviews theexisting research evidence about the additional costs ordeprivation that disabled people face ” .例子：這篇研究審議了關于殘疾人面臨的額外開支和貧困狀況的現(xiàn)有研究。14. Firstimpressio

17、ninitial thought on a subject, prior to any detailed analysis最初觀點：在任何細節(jié)分析之前，對一個主題的最先的看法。E.g.“Our first impression was strengthened by the fact that wewere aware a condition existed in Povoa de Varzim ” .例子：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在波瓦珍的病情，這印證了我們的最初觀點。 15. Frequently citedoften quoted or referred to in reference to s

18、omething 頻頻引用：多次被引用E.g. “ It should be recognized that other systemsare frequently cited, particularly in engineering literature” .例子：我們應該認識到，其他的系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常被引用，尤其在工程學得文獻中。 16. Fundamental principleprinciple from which other principles can be derived基本原理：最最基礎的原理，其他原理從其中得來。E.g. “ The authorsargue for the res

19、toration of beneficence to its place as the fundamental principle of medical ethics ”.例子：作者論證指出，醫(yī)學倫理的基本原理在于對善心的重建歸位。17. Generalconsensusthe majority opinion on a topic普遍認同：對此話題的普遍意見 E.g. “ There is a general consensus that forward exchangerates have little, if any power as forecasts of future spotex

20、change rates”.例如：大家普遍認同，遠期匯率對預測未來現(xiàn)匯匯率幾乎沒有影響。18. Gain insightachieve a more profound understanding 獲得真知灼見： 得到更深刻的理解E.g. “ Through this comparison we hope to gaininsight into the way they perform specific tasks ”.例如：通過此次對比， 我們希望對他們進行這次實驗有更深刻的認識。19.Hierarchical structurea system where elements are subo

21、rdinate to other elements階層結構：在系統(tǒng)中一個要素與另一個要素呈現(xiàn)下屬關系。E.g.“After reviewing their theoretical approach, the authors presentfour kinds of hierarchical structure in music ” .例如：在探討理論手段后， 作者提出了在音樂中有4 種階層結構。 20. Highlycontroversialtending to provoke fierce disagreement 高度爭議：可能會產生強烈的不認同 E.g. “ A highly contr

22、oversial issue in financialeconomies is whether stocks overreact” .例如：在金融經(jīng)濟中有一個具有高度爭議的話題，就是股票是否反應過激。21.Immediately apparentobvious and clear at that moment 立即顯現(xiàn)：當即變得明顯、清晰 E.g. “ The reasons for this are not immediately apparentand deserve further investigation ”.例如：對此的理由沒有立刻顯現(xiàn)出來，需要進一步調查22. Increase

23、the likelihoodto make more likely or plausible幾率增加：變得更可能E.g.“Numerous high school students engage in behaviours thatincrease their likelihood of death from these four causes ”.例子：無數(shù)的高中學生都會做這些事情，從這四件事中他們死亡的幾率會增加。 23. Key elementa main or fundamental component 重要元素：重要的基礎的組成部分 E.g. “Provisional restora

24、tions represent a key element inthe realization of extensive esthetic rehabilitations ”.例子：暫時修復代表了大規(guī)模審美的修復的重要元素。24. Largelyconfinedfocussed in a particular area 主要限于：專注于某一領域E.g.“The metabolic syndrome is largely confined to overweightand obese adults” .例如：代謝綜合征主要限于肥胖和超重的成人之中。 25. Literal interpretat

25、iona non-metaphorical or figurative reading字面解釋：沒有隱喻或比喻含義的解釋 E.g. “In Experiment 2, targets were phrases that could be given either an idiomatic or a literal interpretation ”. 例如：在實驗 2 中，實驗對象是詞組，這些詞組可以看作為習語，也可以只做字面含義解釋。 26. Major challengea large or fundamental problem 主要困難：很大和根本的問題E.g. “ Keeping up

26、 with the population increase is a majorchallenge for urban areas”.例如：城市地區(qū)的主要問題在于很難跟上人口的增長。27. Markedly differentnoticeably distinct 顯著不同： 明顯的不同E.g. “ The spectrumof pyridine coordinately bonded to the surface is markedlydifferent from that of the pyridinium ion”.例如：吡啶的光譜與表面的協(xié)調度和吡啶離子有顯著不同。28. Negati

27、veconnotationsuggesting something bad or wrong 負面暗示：暗指不好的意思 E.g. “ The label placebo was avoided because of its negativeconnotation ”.例子：“安慰劑”這個標牌并未被使用因為它有不好的含義。29. Newly emergingnovel or original concept first being introduced新產生的： 新的或者原創(chuàng)的概念E.g. “This is a book about a newly emergingarea of researc

28、h in instructional technology ”.例子：這本書是關于在教育科技研究這個新興領域的。 30. Offer insight present a deep or original analysis 提出深刻的原創(chuàng)的分析 E.g.“This study reveals what those practices are and may offerinsight for howthey fit into future workplaces” .例子：這份研究指出這個方法到底是什么并且對在未來這些方法應用到工作領域作深刻的分析。31. Organisational struct

29、urethe way groups are arranged 組織結構：組織是如何安排的E.g.“This paper models the inner workings of relationship lending,the implications for bank organisational structure, and theeffects of shocks to the economic environment on theavailability of relationship credit to small businesses ”.例子：這篇論文以如下幾方面為模板：關系型貸

30、款的內部運作，銀行組織結構的含義，經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的影響沖擊對于小型企業(yè)貸款關系的可得性的影響。32. Particular emphasisstressing one aspect of something 特別強調：強調事物的某一方面 E.g. “ The first chapter, a review of some of the principal social surveys carried out in the last half-century or so, with particular emphasis on British experience, has been entirely

31、 rewritten ”.例子：第一章審議了在上半個世紀流行的主要社會調查，特別強調了英國的經(jīng)驗，但這一章已經(jīng)重新改寫過了。 33. Perceived importancethe opinion that something is particularly important or relevant 感到某一觀點特別重要和相關 E.g. “ We examined whether employees' perceived importance of the training program would be one variable that mediates the relatio

32、nship between training assignment and training motivation ”.例如：我們研究過員工是否感覺培訓項目的重要性，這是協(xié)調培訓作用和培訓動機的變量。 34. Pioneering workwork which explores previously uncharted territory創(chuàng)舉：史無前例，探索從未有人的領域 E.g. “ Hans-Paul Schwefel has responded to rapidly growing interest in Evolutionary Computation, a field that or

33、iginated, in part, with his pioneering work in the early 1970s ” .例如： Has-Paul Schwefel 回應了對進化計算這一熱點領域，該領域有一部分是在二十世紀70年代發(fā)源的。 35. Positive featuresomething good 積極特征：好的方面 E.g. “The great chemicaldiversity is a positive feature in that it indicates the likelihoodthat a variety of approaches can be mad

34、e to prevention” .例如：偉大化學方面的多樣性是一大積極特征，顯示了各種防治手段可以人為的可能性。36. Qualitatively differentdifferences relating to quality as opposed to quantity 質的不同：質量上的不同而非數(shù)量上的不同 E.g. “ Current methods for generating qualitatively different plans are either based on simple randomisation of planning decisions ” .例如：目前我們

35、產生質的不同的計劃是基于簡單的計劃決定的隨機性37.Quantitative studya study which focuses on aspects of quantity 定量研究：一項專注于數(shù)量的研究 E.g. “Qualitative and quantitative studies were performed on pulmonary blood vessels in lung tissue obtained by biopsy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy ” .例如：通過活體組織切片、肺切除手術和尸檢，定量和定性研究都對于肺部組織的肺血管進行。38.

36、Raise a questionnecessitates an obvious enquiry 提出質疑：提出一個明顯而必要的疑問 E.g. “ At the same time, it also raises the question of whether a single reform can meet the very different objectives of different supporters ” .例如：同時，這也對我們提出了質疑，是否單個的改革可以針對不同的支持者的對象。39. Rapidexpansionto grow larger at a fast rate 快速

37、擴張：大規(guī)模快速增長 E.g. “ It has been suggested that the rapid expansion could be the result of human activities causing habitat disturbances or stresses such as pollution ” .例如：有人提出，快速的擴張可能是由人類活動導致的，從而引起了居住的不適、 壓力譬如污染。 40. Reach a consensusdevelop a general agreement 達成共識 E.g. “ A consensus conference was

38、organized to evaluate the data and reach a consensus on optimal treatment protocols” .例如：組織召開了一次共識會議， 會上評估了數(shù)據(jù)， 對最佳治療方案達成共識。41. Reciprocal relationshipbenefiting both parties equally 互惠關系： 雙方受益 E.g. “ The aim of the present study is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment a

39、nd adolescent internalising and externalising problem behaviour ”.例如：當前研究的目的是為了探究親子依戀和成人內化和外化問題行為的互惠關系。42.Seem plausibleappear possible or likely 似乎有道理：貌似可行 E.g. “ Again, even though the results seem plausible, they are hard to interpret in the absence of a theory” .例如：即便結果似乎有道理，沒有理論就很難解釋。43. Specif

40、ic examplesfocussed examples 特例 E.g. “The specific examples used areshown to have a substantial biasing effect on diagnosticaccuracy”.例如：我們使用的特例顯示我們對診斷的精確性有顯著的偏差。44. Theoretical approachfocussing on theories rather than practical application 理論研究方法：專注于理論而非實踐 E.g. “A new theoretical approachto language has emerged in the past 10 15 years that allows linguistic observations about form meaning pairings, known as'constructions', to be stated directly ”.例如：在過去10-15 年間產生了新的研究語言的方法，這種方法允許對語言的形式（含義配對）進行觀察研究，稱作“結構主義”，如果直接表