從歷史的視角論英語外來詞對當(dāng)代日本語言文化的影響歷史學(xué)專業(yè)

1、從歷史的視角論英語外來詞對當(dāng)代日本語言文化的影響【摘要】日本向來作為擅于從其他民族尤其是從西方先進(jìn)文化中取其精華的強(qiáng)大民族而被世界認(rèn)可。明治維新以來，日本與英語國家的大量貿(mào)易往來及對其先進(jìn)技術(shù)的吸收促使大量英語詞匯作為外來語進(jìn)入到日語當(dāng)中。在現(xiàn)代日語中，外來語詞匯約占日語總?cè)照Z詞匯總量的10 %，其中源于英語的外來語詞匯占比已超過80 %，而語言又屬文化中的重要成分，由此而知，英語作為日語中最大的外來語詞源，在很大程度上影響著日本語言文化的發(fā)展。本文以歷史為視角，追溯英語外來詞進(jìn)入日語的歷史沿革，列舉日語中部分英語外來詞以探討其詞源分類，及通過對日語中和制英語與混合語詞的展示探究英語外來詞與日

2、本文化相融合的語言表現(xiàn)，并就英語外來詞對當(dāng)代日本語言及文化的影響進(jìn)行分析。最后，本文提出英語外來詞對當(dāng)代日本語言文化的影響為利大于弊，且未來日語中外來語的引進(jìn)仍會不斷繼續(xù)。【關(guān)鍵詞】 英語；日語外來語；歷史；語言；文化On the Influence of Loan Words from English on Modern Japanese Language and Culture from the Perspective of HistoryAbstract Japan has always been recognized by the world as a powerful nation

3、that is adept at taking essence from other nationalities, especially from the advanced Western culture. After the Meiji Restoration, a great deal of trade between Japan and English-speaking countries absorption of its advanced technology have made a large number of English words be used as loan word

4、s into Japanese language. In modern Japanese, loan words account for about 10% of total Japanese vocabulary, and among them, those from English accounted for more than 80% of them. The language is a very important part of culture. So it is known that English, as the largest source of loan words in J

5、apanese, has greatly influenced the development of Japanese language and culture. This paper, from the perspective of history, starts with the reviews on historical evolution of English being introduced into Japanese, tried to discuss the classification of the loan words from English by analysis of

6、the examples and a research of the linguistic phenomenon of their integration with Japanese culture by showing examples of Waseieigo and Japanese hybrid words. Then the influence of loan words from English on modern Japanese language and culture would be analyzed. Finally, the paper reports that it

7、does more good than harm for the influence of loan words from English on Japanese language, culture and society, and the introduction of those loan words will be ceaseless in the future in Japan.Key Words English; Japanese loan words; Language; Culture iiContentsAbstract in ChineseiAbstract in Engli

8、shiiChapter 1 Introduction11.1 Background11.2 Significance11. 3 Research Techniques11.4 Structure2Chapter 2 Literature Reviews32.1 Foreign Researches32.2 Domestic Researches42.3 Summerize5Chapter 3 The History of Loan Words from English and Its Integration with Japanese Language and Culture63.1 The

9、Historical Evolution of English being Introduced into Japanese63.2 Classification of Japanese Loan Words from English83.3 Integration of The Loan Words from English with Japanese Language and Culture11Chapter 4 The Influence of Loan words from English on Japanese Language and Culture134.1 Positive I

10、nfluence134.2 Negative Influence15Chapter 5 The Conclusion165.1 Research Found165.2 Limitations165.3 Recommendation for Further Researches16References18Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background The loan words from English have become a very important part in Japanese language. With the advent of the Meij

11、i Restoration, the increase of loan words from English language was especially fast in Japan. And the pragmatic functions of those words have been come more and more complete since that time. Nowadays, there are about 80 percent of Japanese loan words came from English. The loan words from English n

12、ot only made Japanese expression richer and more expressive, but also have been spread over economy, politics, culture and daily life in Japan. Whats more, they have been infiltrated into ideology of Japanese people and influenced on Japanese society enormously.1.2 Significance Languages are the car

13、rier of history, society and culture of countries. Some parts of behavior custom of people in a country are reflected in their language.Researching into Japanese loan words from English language is helpful for us to learn the history and development of Japanese economic and cultural opening-up and c

14、ommunication. Loan words is one of the difficulties in Japanese learning, so it is of great importance to master them and their integration with Japanese culture for studying Japanese well. 1. 3 Research TechniquesBased on the literature reviews, some Japanese loan words which from English will be g

15、iven as examples to research their characteristics. The techniques which are used to research the historical reasons of Japanese loan words from English language, and to research their integration with Japanese culture are listed as follows:(i) Referring to related researches on the internet and fin

16、d some typical cases about Japanese load words from English.(ii) Borrowing relevant books from the library to learn some research theories.(iii) Discussing this topic with some Japanese friends and other people who is learning Japanese to solve some problems.1.4 Structure The contents of this paper

17、are designed as follows: (i) Chapter 1 introduces the background, significance, research techniques and structure of this paper.(ii) In Chapter 2, the previous studies have been reviewed. Then the further research could be started based on the foreign and domestic researches listed in this chapter.

18、(iii) the historical evolution of English being introduced into Japanese have been retroacted in Chapter 3. The evolution is roughly divided into five periods. Some tables would be listed to show some examples about the POS and fields of Japanese loan words from English, waiseieigo, and the hybrid w

19、ords combined by English and Japanese. (v) In Chapter 4, the Positive and negative influences of English loanwords on Japanese culture have been reported by combining all the researches which had been done in the chapters above. (vi) In Chapter 5, a conclusion would be made. Chapter 2 Literature Rev

20、iewsAccording to literature reviews, many scholars at home and abroad studied on Japanese loan words which focus on the aspects of linguistics, lexicology and history. Because of these words are playing an important role in Japanese language, and, in the meantime, they have a great influence on Japa

21、nese cultural development by mixing into Japanese language.2.1 Foreign ResearchesLoan words from English have made easily recognizable impact to Japanese culture at the present age. They constantly increase even in the area of children's talking. Berendt Erich, Kurosaki Eriko, Maeda Aya, Matsui

22、Kathy and Ochi Naoko (2014) took Japanese ten-year-olds as the object to study on the effects of loan words from English on children of this age, and whether it can be used as a beneficial resource in English teaching or not. Results show that expand the social and semantic values of loan words from

23、 English can make a useful contribution to Japanese social development.Bates L. Hoffer, Grace Yayoi Beard, Nobuyuki Honna (2009) gave a number of examples about the difference between English words and their loan words in Japanese. The scholars based on several studies of loan words from English, re

24、searched on grammatical restrictions of them and some new loan words and then made a supplement to their treatments of semantic shifts and cultural bases of pragmatic differences, etc. Finally, their conclusions are drawn from the perspective of sociolinguistic: the fast increasing of a huge English

25、 stratum in Japanese vocabulary is parallel with a proliferation of uses of these loan words. Takako Tomoda (2007) studied on the meaning, social issues and peoples attitude of Japanese load words, which are called gairaigo（外來語） in Japanese, from other languages, and found that loan words from Engli

26、sh might be continued to be adopted, but those loan words merge into Japanese then the creation of newly hybrid words is blurring the boundary between those loan words and the words formed natively. In addition, a lot of new gairaigos seem to have been used to introduce into modern, trendy or high-t

27、ech areas, they are not only filling in lexical gaps in the traditional sense.Gillian Kay (1995) studied on cultural and historical contexts of Japanese loan words from English, as well as the functions served by them. Morphological, phonological, orthographical, syntactic and semantic modifications

28、 of those loan words provide are helpful to assimilate themselves into the native language. Even though it is like this, the scholar pointed out that cultural and linguistic loan is separate from native culture and language to a certain extent.Kyoko Takashi (1991) researched on sociolinguistic analy

29、sis of loan words from English in Japanese print advertising and television commercials. Two hypotheses have been confirmed to be true in this study. Firstly, the main reason why loan words from English are used in language of advertising is that to make the products be considered to be more modern

30、and advanced. And secondly, there is a relationship really exists between functions of those loan words and the consumer characteristics, such as gender, age and profession.2.2 Domestic ResearchesIn the studies on Japanese-English, which is called waseieigo（和製英語）in Japanese, Jiang Xiu, Liu Lijuan (2

31、012) researched the causes of its creation by analyzing the psychological and cultural factors of Japanese people. Zhang Xinyi, Han Bing (2016) studied on its defining scope and characteristics. The conclusion is that instead of being replaced by English or any other language, Japanese is subtly abs

32、orbing and assimilating with them, and the let the loan words from English become an integral part of Japanese language.Sun Fenglong, Xiao Sicen, Zhu Ting, Li Hongmei (2016) studied on the word class of Japanese loan words from English, and make comparison in their meaning and parts of speech (POS)

33、between the original words in English and its loan in Japanese. Besides, the authors analyzed the reason for the classification and manifestation of this etymology and reported that the use of loan words from English makes positive and negative impacts on Japanese society. In a similar study, He Jia

34、 (2016) compared Japanese loan words from English and the original Japanese words, then found that there are many similarities and differences between them in pronunciation, meaning, writing form and spelling in Roman alphabet, which shows the diversity of Japanese loan words from English.Huang Xuej

35、ie (2001), Wang Yanhua, Guo Caijia (2010) and Liu Bin (2017) studied on the reasons of the fast increase of loan words in Japanese language. The scholars reported that the increasing of loan words in Japanese is an inevitable trend, and the speed of it will be more and more rapid.In the studies on t

36、he influence of Japanese loan words, Gu miao (2017) and Yu Fang (2016) listed the development history and usage status of Japanese loan words and its positive and negative impact on Japanese society. Li Jiaze, Li Youze (2016) and Zheng Jia (2015) researched on the influence of Japanese loan words fr

37、om the angle of economic and culture in Japan.Fan Dongni (2015) and Yang Ziyun (2016) reported the analysis of Japanese loan words and Japanese language and cultural features. They introduced the connotation of Japanese loan words and the features of Japanese language and cultural are absorption, cr

38、eativity and diversity.2.3 SummerizeSo far there are many researches on this subject. However, in the related studies on Japanese loan words from English, most of scholars pay more attention to their influence on English or Japanese teaching, or studied on it from the perspectives of linguistics and

39、 lexicology. But from the angle of Japanese culture, scholars focus on loan words from English rarely, but on all kinds of loan words in Japanese language. When research on the influence of loan words from English on Japan from the perspective of culture, the history between Japan and English countr

40、ies, and the integration between original words and Japanese words should be concerned together. Consequently, on the basis of previous studies , a further research can be done comprehensively. Chapter 3 The History of Loan Words from English and Its Integration with Japanese Language and Culture Ja

41、panese loan words from English mostly indicates the new things and advanced technology concepts introduced from foreign countries in the process of modernization in Japan. Waseieigo and the loan words whose meaning have been changed after introducing in Japanese are also belong to this category.3.1

42、The Historical Evolution of English being Introduced into Japanese3.1.1 Civilized PeriodAfter the Meiji Restoration, there were a number of mercantile and cultural exchanges between Japan and the Western countries, and Japan were influenced by English increasingly. The influence of English on Japane

43、se comes from both Britain and America. The deepening of exchanges with Britain and the United States has made loan words from English language become more and more common in Japanese language. According to the record of Japanese dictionary GENKAI which was published in 1891, there were approximatel

44、y 70 loan words from English which were introduced into Japanese at that time. Including bucket (), handkerchief (), shirt (), brush () and so on. But during this period, English as a foreign language still made the Japanese people feel a little uncomfortable.3.1.2 Westernization PeriodFrom 1883 to

45、1905, it the period when the Japanese government pursued the policy of extreme westernization of Europe and America, which brought more and more loan words from English into Japanese language, and Japanese trended to assimilate those loan words. Many English words, such as tunnel (), dozen (), metre

46、 () and club (), are incorporated into Japanese vocabulary. In this period, loan words from English was called “metaphrase English” or "fashionable English".3.1.3 The Period of New Culture GeneratingThe victory of the Russo-Japanese War led to the rapid development of Japanese culture and

47、education. At that time, loan words from English have become ordinary words in Japan and have been used in daily life universally. Furthermore, the rapid development of education causes Japan to translate a large number of Western literary works and scientific works. Therefore, the professional and

48、industry in the field of science and technology have absorbed English vocabulary in a large amount, and the loan words from English mainly used in terms of profession and terminology have been formed gradually. Such as energy (), standard (), sample (), switch (), signal () and so on.3.1.4 The Perio

49、d of New Culture Developing The popularization of education made people's cultural quality generally improve. Because of the strongly encouraged by the media's propaganda, English words blended into the field of culture in Japan rapidly. In the same time, the loan words led by English words

50、were filled with the whole Japanese society, Japanese people vigorously spread and used those loan words, which became a new fashion in Japan at that time. The more the loan words were used, the greater the two languages assimilated. Here are some typical words which have been using since that time:

51、 hiking (), sports (), speed () and modern girls (), etc.3.1.5 Post-World War II PeriodAfter the Second World War, most loan words in Japanese came from American English. Those loan words from American English which entered into Japanese language in that period account for about 5% of the total Japa

52、nese vocabularies. In nowadays Japanese, all the loan words from English language are more than 20,000 roughly. But most of the loan words from English entered in that period were branded as that Japan was a defeated Nation in the World War II: media Wars (), sexy (), patrol (), off limits () and so

53、 on.3.2 Classification of Japanese Loan Words from English3.2.1 POS of The Loan Words from English (i) Nouns Most of the Japanese loan words from English are nouns, and it account for about 95 percent of the total loan words from English. Some of them have been abbreviate when transformed into Japan

54、ese.Table 1 Examples of Nouns in Loan Words from EnglishOriginal WordsJapanese Loan WordsTransformationInfla(tion)Apart(ment) (ii) Verbs The introduction of verbs in loan words from English can not be used directly as verbs in Japanese. Only in case that add “” after the loan words and change it to

55、the form of verbs in Japanese.Table 2 Examples of Verbs in Loan Words from EnglishOriginal WordsJapanese Loan WordsChanging the formCancelCheckRelaxChange(iii) Adjectives The introduction of adjectives in loan words from English have made the Japanese expression become more and more enriched. Here a

56、re some examples of adjectives in Japanese loan words from English:Table 3 Examples of Adjectives in Loan Words from EnglishCategoriesOriginal WordsJapanese Loan WordsColorPink, blue, black, dark, bright, , , NatureHappy, special, high, , Popular WordsModern, cute, sexy, , Art & ScholarshipClass

57、ic, romantic, standard, , Science & TechnologyDigital, solar, plastic, ,Quantity Twin, half, minimal, , Age & Time Senior, old, monthly, , SpaceInternational, global, eastern, FoodHealthy, sour, spicy, , 3.2.2 Fields of The Loan Words from English The study shows that Japanese loan words from English involve in various fields and their distribution is uneven. It can be seen that the loan words from English which in the field of apparel and cosmetologys a