職稱英語學(xué)習(xí)資料(閱讀理解講義)8

1、最新職稱英語學(xué)習(xí)資料（閱讀理解講義）7Even though ulcers appear to run in families, lifestyle plays more of a role than genetic factors in causing the illness, according to a reportin the April 13th Journal of InternalMedicine.In particular,smoking and stress in men and theregular use of pain-releasing medicines in wo

2、men were linked with an increased risk of developing an ulcer.Overall, 61% of ulcer risk appears to be due to environmental factors, such as smoking, and the remaining 39% is due to genes according to Dr. Ismo Raiha of the University of Turky and colleagues at the University of Helsinki, Finland. So

3、me researchers had suggested that families may spread Helicobacteria pylori, the bacteria that can cause ulcers. However, the new study suggests this is unlikely, according to the report.Raiha and colleagues studied data from more than 13,000 pairs of twins "to examine the roles of genetic and

4、environmental factors in the origin of peptic ulcer disease," they explain. Both twins were more likely to develop an ulcer if the pair were genetically the same as compared with a pair of fraternal twins, suggesting that there must be some genetic susceptibility to ulcer development.However, t

5、he risk was no greater in twins living together compared with twins living apart, suggesting that shared exposure to H. pylori was not to blame. "Environment effects were not due to factors shared by family members, and they were related to smoking and stress in men and the use of analgesics in

6、 women," the authors wrote. "The minor effects of shared environment to disease liability do not support the concept that the grouping of risk factors, such as H. pylori infection, would explain the genetic factor of peptic ulcer disease," they concluded.1. According to the passage, w

7、hich of the following is a very likely cause of ulcer in men?A) Smoking and stress.B) Drinking and smoking.C) Genes and children.D) Use of a certain medicine.2. What factors contribute to over half the ulcers?A) Hereditary factors.B) Economic factors.C) Environmental factors.D) Genetic factors.3. In

8、 relation to ulcers, experts study twins in order to examineA) the roles of genetic factors.B) the roles of environmental factors.C) the roles of both factors.D) the roles of brotherhood.4. What does "environmentaleffects" in thefifthparagraph refer to?A) A clean environment withno smoke a

9、nd dustsurrounding the living area.B) Smoking and stress in men and use of pain-killing medicine in Women.C) Factors shared by family members such as genesandthe food they eat.D) Shared exposure to H. pylori infection in the unclean environment.5. The passage argues thatA) ulcers are related to gene

10、s.B) ulcers are related to lifestyle.C) ulcers appear in men and women.D) ulcers are caused by pylori infection.KEY:ACCBBPASSAGE 52 First AidFirst aid is emergency care for a victim of sudden 川ness or injury until more skillful medicaltreatment isavailable. First aid may save a life or improve certa

11、in vital signs including pulse, temperature,an unobstructedairway, andbreathing. In minor emergencies, first aid may prevent a victim's condition from worsening and provide relief from pain. First aid must be administered as quickly as possible. In the case of the critically injured, a few minut

12、es can make the difference between complete recovery and loss of life.First-aid measures depend upon a victim's needs and provider's level of knowledge and skill. Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do. Improperly moving a person with a neck injury, for

13、example, can lead to permanent spinal injury and paralysis.Despite the variety of injuries possible, several principlesof first aid apply to all emergencies. The first step is to call for professional medical help. The victim, if conscious, should be reassured that medical aid has been requested, an

14、d asked for permission to provide any first aid. Next, assess the scene, asking other people or the injured person's family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that may have alreadybeen given, and preexisting conditionssuch asdiabetes or heart trouble. The victim should b

15、e checked for medicalbracelet or card that describes special medicalconditions. Unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury, do not move the victim.First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life-threatening conditions exist. One method f

16、or evaluating a victim's condition is known by the acronym ABC, which stands for:A- Airway: is it open and unobstructed?B- Breathing: is the person breathing? Look, listen, and feel for breathing.C- Circulation: is there a pulse? Is the person bleeding externally? Check skin color and temperatur

17、e for additional indications of circulation problems.Once obvious injuries have been evaluated, the injured person's head should be kept in a neutral position in line withthe body. If no evidence exists to suggest potential skull or spinal injury, place the injured person in a comfortable positi

18、on. Positioned on one side, a victim can vomit without choking or obstructing the airway.1. It is very important in first aid toA) move the injured person from the scene of accident immediately.B) spend a few minutes for making the difference between recovery and death.C) know what to do and what no

19、t to do according to the condition of the victim.D) remove the medical bracelet or card from the victim.2. One of the following practices is NOT right in the first aid, that is,A) to check whether the victim is breathing.B) to let the victim lie on one side.C) to telephone a hospital at once.D) to w

20、ait patiently for more skillful medical treatment before carrying on first aid.3. The article implies that the provider of first aid should be especially carefulA) in handing the victim only if he learns that the victim has both diabetes and heart trouble.B) in handing the victim if he learn that th

21、e victim has diabetes or heart trouble.C) not to move the victim if he finds a medical bracelet on the victim.D) not to move the victim if he finds the accident scene to be unsafe.4. According to this article, first aid is usually provided byA) professional doctors.B) the victim's family members

22、.C) the victim's friends.D) those people who are not necessarily professional doctors.5. This article can be said to be one toA) give basic knowledge about how to practice first aid.B) give a brief introduction to the history of first aid.C) give some knowledge to anyone who may be injured in an

23、 accident.D) give warning that first aid is dangerous to those who do not know to do it.Key: CDBDAPASSAGE 53SleeplessnessInsomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint of women as they enter into menopause.Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or the feeling that your sleep

24、 was not adequate for you. For women who are having night sweats, their sleep is broken by frequent awakening and therefore not refreshing. Generally once the night sweats are controlled a normal sleep pattern returns. If it doesn't it may be, or have become chronic insomnia. How do you know?If

25、you suffer from insomnia every night or most nights for a period of one month then you have chronic insomnia. If you're not having night sweats then it's time to look for other causes of sleeplessness. Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common causes of chronic insomnia. If you fe

26、el depressed you need to be checked by a qualified health care provider. Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list of insomnia for them; there are new medicines that may help. Other common causes are shiftworking, and pain.In up to 30% of people with chronic insomnia no

27、 causecan be identified. Medical treatment of these people has generally been with sleeping pills. It is estimated that 25% of the adult population in America took some type of medicines for sleep last year. It is generally agreed that sleeping pills should only be in the lowest dose and for the sho

28、rtest possible time.Sleep hygiene is directed at changing bad sleep habits.The recommendations are:-Go to bed only when sleepy.-Do not wait up to a specified time.-Avoid caffeine and alcohol in the evening, etc.1. The word "insomnia" meansA) having trouble falling asleep.B) feeling that sleep is enough.C) Having no sweats at night.D) Having normal sleep pattern.2. How many possible causes of sleeplessness are mentioned in the second paragraph?A) FiveB) S