ACCAF知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、Chapter1Necessity for delegated legislation/secondary legislation :more convenient ;can hand over the task of specifying the law in detail to experts1. 民法 (civil law) 和刑法( criminal law )的劃分Civil law: an form of private law ， used by2. 在 case law 中 :common law 普通法 created by judges through the applic

2、ation of the principle of judicial precedent. common law drew on customs/equity law 衡平法 :to resolve disputes where damages are not a suitable remedy and to introduce fairness into the legal system.individuals to assert rights against other individuals2. 不同法院管轄事件的類型Criminal law: an aspect of public l

3、aw to regulatecrimes and to punish offendersIssueCivilCriminalWhobrings theactionBurden ofproofStandardof proofDecisionsAimsRemedies糾正Claimant/plaintiff原告Claimant/plaintiff原告Balance ofprobabilitiesLiable/not (judge)CompensatorydamagesBeyond reasonabledoubtGuilty or notPunitive/to punishImprisonment/

4、fines1. Case law: made by judge/ statute law成文法 :primary legislation(made by the Parliament)/secondary legislation( in exercise of law-making powers delegated by Parliament).注：只受理民事案件County court只受理刑事案件Crown court民刑通吃Magistrate 's court , high court, court ofappeal, supreme court只受理一審County cour

5、t, magistrate 's court只受理上訴Court of appeal , supreme court一審上訴通吃High court , crown courtProsecutor/cps/stateProsecutor/cps/stateChapter2Chapter21.Doctrine of Precedence（ 遵循先例制度的一般規(guī)則 ）:some decisions made by a court are binding andsimilar subsequent legal cases should be decided onthe basis of th

6、e law established in earlier cases.2. 可以創(chuàng)立判例法規(guī)則 : Supreme Court/Court ofmean./the golden rule :this rule is applied inAppeal/High Court; 不可以創(chuàng)立 :Crown, Magistrates, County Courts cannot create precedent.3. Elements of judicial decision（ 影響法庭判決的因 素 ）:ration decidendi 判決理由 the reason for the decision/O

7、biter dicta 附帶說(shuō)明 statement made by the way, not binding, but merely of persuasive authority4. 法官又可以因?yàn)槟切├碛删芙^先例 （disregarding judicial precedent）: Overrule 取代 the procedure whereby a court higher in the legal hierarchy sets aside a legal ruling established in a previous case/Reverse 推翻 a procedure whe

8、reby a court higher in the hierarchy reverses the decision of a lower court in the same case/Distinguishing法官的自由裁決 a precedent is avoided by a judge demonstrating that the material facts of two cases are not the same5. Rules of Statutory Interpretation（ 法的解釋 ）: the literal approach :the literal rule

9、means that words in the Act should be given their literal and grammaticalmeaning rather than what the judge thinks they circumstances where the application of the literal rule is likely to result in an obviously absurd result. the purposive approach :the judge should ,where necessary ,look beyond th

10、e words of statute to find out the reason/purpose for its enactment, and that meaning should be interpreted in the light of the purposeMischief rule :purposive approach的具體表現(xiàn)形式 /where a statute is designed to remedy a weakness in the law, the correct interpretation is the one which achieves it.6. 語(yǔ)言處

11、理規(guī)則（法律沒(méi)有追溯力 a statute does not have retrospective effect ）Chapter3 合同法（ IMP ）1. 合同的概念 a legally binding agreement enforceable in law2. 從要約到承諾是否達(dá)成 agreement invitations to treat 要約邀請(qǐng) -offer 要約 -acceptance承諾 agreement3. Termination of an offer:express rejection/counter off反 要約 /lapse of time/revocatio

12、n of an off/death/if the off is suject to a condition,it will lapse on failure of that condition4. Privity of Contract合同相對(duì)性原則 : the common law doctrine that only those are party to the contract-have rights or liabilities under the contract/ have the right to enforce the contract,contracts cannot giv

13、e rights or obligations to othersChapter4Anticipatory breach 預(yù)期違約：未到合同履行時(shí)an innominate term 違反無(wú)名條款1. 分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Express and lmplied terms: 某個(gè)條款是否經(jīng)過(guò)雙方當(dāng) 事人協(xié)商同意( agreed by the parties )Condition ， warranties and innominate terms 核心， 從屬和無(wú)名條款 ：根據(jù)條款重要性2. 免責(zé)條款 (三觀 概念)Any clause that attempts to exempt , or limit,

14、 theliability of one party for breach of contract or negligence3 test: correctly incorporated into the contract形式正確 /worded clearly to exclude the breach措辭清晰/reasonable per statute 內(nèi)容合理Chapter51. type of breachRepudiatory breach 根本性違約： refusal to perform 拒絕履行 /failure to perform an entire obligation

15、 不履行某項(xiàng) /incapacitation 無(wú)力履行 /breach of condition 違反核心條款 /breach of間，當(dāng)事人提前說(shuō)明無(wú)法履行；收到預(yù)期違約 通知可立即追究違約責(zé)任，也可等到履行合同 時(shí)間追究責(zé)任Lawful excuses for non-performance開(kāi)脫責(zé)任：performance is impossible 因不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的事情發(fā)生不可履 行 /嘗試履行被拒絕 / the other party make it impossible for him to performance/contract is discharged through frust

16、ration 情勢(shì)變更 /the party have been agreement permitted non-performance2. Remedies : when a breach occurs, the court has to decide what the appropriate remedy should be.Common lawDamage 賠償金 , action for the price, quantum meruitEquitable law 衡平法Specific performance 實(shí)際 履行， injunction 禁令， rescission of t

17、he contract 撤 銷合同3. Liquidated damage 違約金： a genuinepre-estimate of the loss 在訂立合同前已經(jīng)商定了，有利于解糾紛，如果違約金過(guò)高（遠(yuǎn)大于 loss ）判為 A breach of that duty 違反注意義務(wù)懲罰性，則不可執(zhí)行4. specific performance ： the court directs a party to complete their contractual obligations以下幾種情況法官不會(huì)讓合同繼續(xù)履行： courtscannot supervise 法官無(wú)力監(jiān)督履行 /p

18、ersonalservice/minors involvedChapter6 Tort 侵權(quán)法A wrongful act against an individual which gives rise to acivil claim.1. 過(guò)失侵權(quán)的 4 個(gè)證明環(huán)節(jié)（概念 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 內(nèi)容）Negligence:It arises when one person suffers damage orinjury though the negligent act（or omission to act）ofanother person. Duty of care 注意義務(wù) （三步走原則 ）1. Reaso

19、nable foreseeability 合理預(yù)見(jiàn)原則2. Proximity 關(guān)聯(lián)性原則3. Justness and fairness of imposing a duty of care 公平1. general rule:The test for establishing breach of dutyis an objective one:a breach of duty occurs if thedefendant: ”.fails to do something which a reasonable man.would do. ”2.Special factors to consi

20、dera. The probability of injuryb. The seriousness of the risk 造成傷害的嚴(yán)重性c. Cost and practicability 成本可行性d. Common practice 證明是行業(yè)誤差范圍內(nèi)e. Skilled persons/professionalsf. Social benefit The breach of duty caused harm to the claimant違反義務(wù)是導(dǎo)致?lián)p失的原因1.The but for test2. No break in the chain of causation切斷因果關(guān)系

21、鏈的要素a.A natural event合理地強(qiáng)加注意義務(wù)c.Act of the claimantd. The ability to delegate all the work/to providesubstitute 是否代理 The loss ware not too remote 主張的賠償合理Reasonable foresight 只賠償違法者可以合理預(yù)見(jiàn)的部 分2. 抗辯事由 Contributory negligence 共同過(guò)失(一般只是減少賠 償額，個(gè)別情況全部免除) Volenti non fit injuria 同意不生違法(徹底免除)Chapter7 勞動(dòng)法1. 身

22、份判別 Control test :The amount of control that one person had over the other Integration test 不會(huì)外包給他人的，不可或缺的 Multiple test/Economic reality testa. The regularity and method of payment 報(bào)酬支付頻 率，支付方式b. The ownership of tools and equipment 是否提供工 具2. 義務(wù) Common Law Duties-Employers ' common law duties1)

23、Duty of mutual trust and confidence2)To provide work for workers3)To pay wages/remuneration4)To indemnify employee against expenses andlosses5)To provide for the care and safety of the employee6)No duty to provide reference when employeesleave-Employees ' common law duties1) To obey reasonable a

24、nd lawful orders2) To act faithfully/duty of faithful service/duty toaccount for all money and propertyc. The regularity of hours of work 工作時(shí)間3) To exercise reasonable skill and care in any 12y: not less than 12 week2y-12y:1 week for each yearactivity in their role as an employee/reasonable competen

25、ce to do his job4) Personal service 親自完成交付的責(zé)任 Statutory Duties1) Pay and equality 不能低于國(guó)家平均2) Time off work3) Trade union officials 工會(huì)組織罷工可以參加，還要 給工資4) Every woman has a right to maternity leave and some are entitled to maternity pay5) Health and safety6) Working time:17week,not exceed 48 hours for e

26、ach 7 days 除非員工書(shū)面同意多工作7) Flexible workingChapter81. 解雇通知時(shí)間的計(jì)算1m-2Y: not less than 1 week勞動(dòng)者離職要提前一周通知，合同期滿不續(xù)則每工作 一年折合一個(gè)月工資2. 自動(dòng)正當(dāng)參加非法集合罷工 unofficial industrial action/ 對(duì)國(guó)家安全有威脅自動(dòng)不正當(dāng)懷孕 pregnancy/ 員工參加工會(huì)活動(dòng) /收購(gòu)并購(gòu)時(shí)的解 雇 dismissal on transfer of an undertaking/ 工作存在 安全問(wèn)題 /最低工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn) / 作息時(shí)間 /員工在周天拒絕工 作3. 用人單位解雇

27、不當(dāng)Chapter9 代理法1. 代理關(guān)系建立方式Express agreement between the agent and principal 達(dá)成委托代理協(xié)議合同，口頭書(shū)面皆可Implied agreement 默認(rèn) 沒(méi)有代理協(xié)議但默認(rèn)存在關(guān) 系Ratification 追任 代理人先履行合同，事后委托人建 立合同關(guān)系Without consent of principal沒(méi)有征得委托人同意就建立關(guān)系 necessity/Estoppel2. 代理權(quán)限（ 3）Express authority 明示代理權(quán)限Implied authority 默認(rèn)代理權(quán)限Apparent/ostensi

28、ble authority 看起來(lái)有代理權(quán)限，實(shí)際上 并沒(méi)有Chapter10 合伙企業(yè)法1. 合伙企業(yè) （概念 ）:the relationships that subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view to profit. standard partnership is not s separate legal entity and its partners have full personal liability for the debts of partnership.2. Termina

29、tion/dissolution 合伙企業(yè)解散的債務(wù)處 理 :paying off external debts/repaying to the partners any loans or advances/repaying the partner's capitalcontribution/anything left over is then repaid to thepartners in the profit sharing ratio .3. Termination/dissolution 合伙企業(yè)解散的條件 :expiry of a fixed period stipulat

30、ed in the partnership agreement/completion of the express purpose for which the partnership was formed/partner gives notice to leave/a new partner is admitted into the partnership/death or bankruptcy of partner/happening of any event which makes company can 't carry on/on application by a partne

31、r the Court may decree a dissolution of the partnership4. Sole trade 宏觀特征 :is not a separate legal entity, the person and business are viewed as the same legal entity5. Authority 合伙人的代理權(quán)限 :express authority 明示代 理權(quán)限 from partnership agreement/implied authority 默示代理權(quán)限 /apparent authority 表面代理 權(quán)限 已經(jīng)退伙但

32、其他人不知道 6. A partner 's liability usually extends to the period for which were actually a partner of a firm.合伙人只對(duì)擔(dān)任合伙人期間合伙企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的債務(wù)有清償責(zé)任7. Limited Partnership（LP） 特征 :the partnership must beregister with the Company Registry/one or more ofthe partners must bear full,unlimited liability/partnerswith

33、 limited liability may not take part in managementand cannot usually bind the business incontract/limited partner cannot withdraw their capital8. Limited Liability Partnership(LLP) 特征 :must beregistered with the the Registrar of Companies, withformation documents signed by at least twomembers/has a

34、legal personality separate/ the nameof partnership must end with LLP/partners areknown as members, of which there must be at leasttwo/LLPs must file annual returns and accounts/allmembers are agents of LLP/all members' liability islimited/a designated member is responsible foradministration and

35、filing/LLP is not subject tocorporation taxChapter121. 設(shè)立 pre-incorporation contacts 誰(shuí)來(lái)履行？Promoters 發(fā)起人2. 交什么文件 A statement of capital and initial shareholdings關(guān)于公司資本壞人原始持有股份的狀況說(shuō)明 Statement of compliance 遵從聲明 A statement of company 's proposed officers 擬任命誰(shuí) 為公司管理人員 A copy of any proposed article

36、s of association自擬公司章程（ 06 年）不是必須提交，沒(méi)交使用默認(rèn)模版3. 2 個(gè)證書(shū)的功能 Certificate of incorporation 注冊(cè)許可證Private company 只需要注冊(cè)許可證，是形式審查 Trading certificate 營(yíng)業(yè)許可證Public company 需要兩個(gè)證，申領(lǐng)到注冊(cè)許可證后一年 內(nèi)要申領(lǐng)到營(yíng)業(yè)許可證，否則強(qiáng)制清算，是實(shí)質(zhì)審查a.Allotted share capital is at least 50,000（ 允許股東分批繳納 ）b.At least one quarter of the nominal value

37、 of theallotted share capital has been paid up（minimum12,500） 首次不低于票面的 1/4 ，為確保一開(kāi)始不會(huì)有資 Memorandum of association 公司章程( 89 年)金困難 Application for registration 注冊(cè)申請(qǐng)書(shū)產(chǎn)生d. A statement of compliance in respect of paymentof nominal values and share premium4. 章程修改的程序和內(nèi)容-Contentsa. Directors ' powers and

38、 responsibilityb. Decisions making by directorsc. Appointment of directorsd. Organization and conduct of general meetingse. Issue and transference of sharesf. Payment of dividendsg. Exercise of members ' rights-Alteringa. Passing a special resolution 通過(guò)股東會(huì)的特別決定， 3/4 以上同意批準(zhǔn)b. Providing the altera

39、tion has been made“bona fide inthe interest of the company as a whole ”內(nèi)容符合全體股-Ltd ： Limited-plc ： public limited companyChapter131. capital 的分類Issued 已發(fā)行股本Shares already issued, including share taken on formation by subscribers to the memorandumCalled up 已催繳股本Amount which the company has required s

40、hareholders to payPaid up 以催付股本Amount which shareholders haveactually paidEquity shareEquity share capital is a company ' issued share capital less capital which carries preferential rights. It normally comprises ordinary shares.2. 普通股優(yōu)先股的概念和差異feature ordinary PreferencedividendsvariableFixed, usually,東的意愿cumulativeVoting rightsYesrestricted概念 shares may be issued at a price above theirnominal value, the difference