igcse物理大綱

1、1. General Physics 普通物理1.1 Length and time 長度和時間1. Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to determine a length or a volume. 使用并且描述如何用尺子和量筒測量長度和體積。2. Use and describe the use of clocks and devices for measuring an interval of time. 使用并且描述如何用鐘表和一些儀器測量時間間隔。3. Use and describe the us

2、e of a mechanical method for the measurement of a small distance. 使用并描述利用機械的方法測量短距離。4. Measure and describe how to measure a short interval of time (including the period of a pendulum). 測量和描述怎樣測量一個短時間間隔(包括單擺的周期)。1.2 Speed, velocity and acceleration 速率，速度，加速度1. Define speed and calculate speed from t

3、otal distance/total time. 定義速率和計算 ：速率=總路程 /總時間2. Plot and interpret a speed/time graph or a distance/time graph.畫和解釋 速率 /時間 圖像或者 路程 /時間 圖像3. Recognize from the shape of a speed/time graph when a body is (a) at rest, (b) moving with constant speed, or (c) moving with changing speed.從 速率/時間 圖像中辨認出： (a

4、) 靜止， (b) 勻速運動和 (c) 變速運動。4. Calculate the area under a speed/time graph to determine the distance traveled for motion with constant acceleration.計算 速率 /時間 圖像中的面積得出勻加速運動的路程。5. Demonstrate some understanding that acceleration is related to changing speed. 解釋加速度和速度的改變量之間的聯(lián)系。6. State that the accelerati

5、on of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant. 說明地球表面 附近的物體自由 降落 的加速度是衡定的。7. Distinguish between speed and velocity.區(qū)分速率和速度。8. Recognize linear motion for which the acceleration is constant and calculate the acceleration.認識勻加速 的運動 并且計算加速度。9. Recognize motion for which the acceleration is

6、not constant. 認識非勻加速運動。10. Describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field with and without air resistance (including reference to terminal velocity).定性的描述 計和不計 空氣阻力物體在均勻重力場中下落的運動(包括設(shè)計到末速度。1.3 Mass and weight 質(zhì)量和重量1. Show familiarity with the idea of the mass of

7、a body. 熟練掌握一個物體的質(zhì)量的概念。2. State that weight is a force.陳述重量是一種力。3. Demonstrate understanding that weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a balance.闡明重量 (因此質(zhì)量)可以用天平來比較。4. Demonstrate an understanding that mass is a property which 'resists' change in motion. 闡明質(zhì)量是物體阻礙 加速度 的一種性質(zhì)叮叮小文庫5

8、. Describe, and use the con cept of, weight as the effect of a gravitati onal field on a mass. 描述和利用重力是重力場作用在物體上的效果的概念。1.4 Density 密度1. Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid and make the n ecessary calculatio n.描述一個測量液體或者規(guī)則形狀的固體的密度的實驗并做必要的計算。2. D

9、escribe the determ in atio n of the den sity of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displaceme nt and make the n ecessary calculatio n.描述通過替代法測量一個不規(guī)則形狀的固體的密度并做必要的計算。1.5 Force 力Effects of forces力的作用效果1. State that a force may produce a cha nge in size and shape of a body.說明一個力可以改變一個物體的大小和形狀。

10、2. Plot exte nsion/load graphs and describe the associated experime ntal procedure.畫 伸長量/力 的圖像并描述這個相關(guān)實驗過程。3. Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body.描述力可以怎樣改變一個物體的運動。4. Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line.求共線的兩個或多個力的合力。10. In terpret exte ns

11、ion/load graphs.解釋伸長量/負荷的圖象。11. State Hooke ' s Law anchHeand use the expression F = k x.說明胡克定律并記住使用F=kx。12. Recognize the significance of the term 'limit of proportionality' for an extension/load graph.從 伸長量/負荷 圖像中辨認出正比例限度。13. Recall and use the relati on betwee n force, mass and accele

12、ratio n (in cludi ng the directi on). 記住和應(yīng)用力，質(zhì)量和加速度之間的關(guān)系。(F=ma)。14. Describe, qualitatively, motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular forcF = mv2 / r is not required).定性的描述物體在一個垂直力的作用下沿曲線運動。(b) Turni ng effect轉(zhuǎn)動效果5. Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give eve

13、ryday examples.描述力矩是力的轉(zhuǎn)動效果量度 并且取例子。6. Describe, qualitatively, the bala ncing of a beam about a pivot.定性的描述一個桿關(guān)于支點的平衡。15. Perform and describe an experime nt (involving vertical forces) to verify that there is no net mome nt on a body in equilibrium.演示和描述一個實驗證明物體在合力矩為零時會保持平衡。16. Apply the idea of op

14、posing moments to simple systems in equilibrium.應(yīng)用反向的力矩簡化一個系統(tǒng)的平衡。(c) Co nditio ns for equilibrium 平衡的條件7. State that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect, a system is in equilibrium.描述當合力為零并且合力矩為零時，系統(tǒng)保持平衡。(d) Centre of mass 質(zhì)心8. Perform and describe an experiment to dete

15、rmine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina.演示和描述一個在幾何平面內(nèi)找出物體質(zhì)心的實驗。9. Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability ofsimple objects.定性的描述質(zhì)心的位置對物體穩(wěn)定的影響。(e) Scalars and vectors 標量和矢量17. Demon strate an un dersta nding of the differe nee betwee

16、 n scalars and vectors and give common examples.闡明和理解標量和矢量之間的區(qū)別 并且提出常見的例子。18. Add vectors by graphical represe ntati on to determ ine a resulta nt.通過圖像表示求兩個矢量的和。19. Determine graphically a resultant of two vectors.通過畫圖求兩個矢量的和1.6 En ergy, work and power 能量，功和功率(a) Energy 能量1. Dem on strate an un ders

17、ta nding that an object may have en ergy due to its moti on or its positi on, and that en ergy may be tran sferred and stored.描述和理解一個物體由于運動和位置產(chǎn)生的能量，這個能量能夠被轉(zhuǎn)換和儲存。2. Give examples of en ergy in differe nt forms, i ncludi ng kin etic, gravitati on al, chemical, strain, nuclear, internal, electrical, li

18、ght and sound.給一些不同形式的能量的例子，包括動能，勢能，化學能，彈性勢能，核能，內(nèi)能，電 能，光能和聲能，3. Give examples of the conversion of en ergy from one form to ano ther and of its transfer from on place to ano ther.給一些從一種形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種形式的能量，從一個地方傳播到另一個地方。4. Apply the prin ciple of en ergy con servati on to simple examples應(yīng)用能量守恒的簡單的例子。8.

19、Recall and use the expressi ons k.e.= ? mv2 and p.e. = mgh記住和應(yīng)用表達式K.e=1/2mv和p.e=mgh(b) Energy resources 能源5. Describe how electricity or other useful forms of en ergy may be obta ined from(i) chemical en ergy stored in fuel(ii) water, i ncludi ng the en ergy stored in waves, in tides, and in water b

20、ehi nd hydroelectric dams(iii) geothermal resources(iv) nu clear fissi on(v) heat and light from the Sun描述電能和其它有用的能量形式怎樣從下列能源獲得的：(i) 儲存在然連中的化學能(ii) 水包括儲存在波和潮汐中的能量和水力電氣水壩后面的水里面的重力勢能(iii) 地熱能(iv) 核裂變(v) 來自太陽的熱和光能9. Show an understanding that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun.描述和理解太陽的核裂變釋

21、放能量10. Show a qualitative un dersta ndi ng of efficie ncy 定性的理解效率(c) Work 功4- relate, without calculation, work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved 不通過計算找出做功與力的大小和移動的路程之間的關(guān)系5- describe en ergy cha nges in terms of work done描述能量的改變就是做功6- recall a nd useW = Fd = AE 記住和應(yīng)用(d) Power 功

22、率1- relate, without calculation, power to work done and time taken, using appropriate examples 不用計算用合適的例子找出功率與做功和時間的關(guān)系2- recall and use the equation P = E/t in simple systems記住和應(yīng)用在一個簡單的系統(tǒng)P=E/t1.7 Pressure壓強1- relate, without calculation, pressure to force and area, using appropriate examples不通過計算，通過

23、合適的例子得出壓強，力和面積之間的聯(lián)系2- describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuri ng atmospheric press描述 簡單的水銀氣壓計和用它來測量大氣壓強3- relate, without calculation, the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density, using appropriate examples不通過計算通過合適的例子得出液體表面下的壓強，升讀和密度之間的關(guān)系4- use and describe th

24、e use of a mano me描r述壓力計的應(yīng)用5recall and use the equation p = F/A己住，會用等式 P=F/A6-recall and use the equation p = p記住會用等式 p=pgh2. Thermal Physics 熱學物理2.1 Simple kinetic molecular model of matter 物質(zhì)簡單分子動能模型(a) States of matte 物質(zhì)的狀態(tài)1- state the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases描述固體，液體

25、，氣體性質(zhì)的區(qū)別(b) Molecular model 分子模型1- describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固體，液體，氣體的分子結(jié)構(gòu)2- interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules以分子運動來描述氣體的溫度3- describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its mole

26、cules 以分子運動來定性的描述氣體的壓強。4- describe qualitatively the effect of a cha nge of temperature on the pressure of a gas at con sta nt volume定性的描述體積不變時溫度的變化對壓強的影響。5- show an un dersta nding of the ran dom moti on of particles in a suspe nsion as evide nee for the kin etic molecular model of matter解釋和理解粒子的隨機

27、運動是分子動力學模型的一個實例6- describe this moti on (sometimes known as Brow nian moti on) in terms of ran dom molecular bombardme nt用分子的隨機轟炸來描述一種運動(布朗運動)7- relate the properties of solids, liquids and gases to the forces and dista nces betwee n molecules and to the moti on of the molecules聯(lián)系固體，液體，氣體的性質(zhì)與分子間力，分子

28、間距離和分子的 運動8- show an appreciation that massive particles may be moved by light, fast moving molecules 展示一定質(zhì)量的粒子被光照后移動，并且移動加快。(c) Evaporati on 蒸發(fā)1- describe evaporatio n in terms of the escape of more-e nergetic molecules from the surface of a liquid以高能量的分子從液體表面逃離的方式描述蒸發(fā)。2- relate evaporati on and th

29、e con seque nt cooli ng聯(lián)系蒸發(fā)和冷卻結(jié)果3- dem on strate an un dersta nding of how temperature, surface area an obver a surfacein flue nce evaporati on描述理解溫度，表面積和表面的氣流對蒸發(fā)的影響。(d) Pressure cha nge改變壓強1- relate the cha nge in volume of a gas to cha nge in pressure applied to the gas at con sta nt temperature聯(lián)系

30、溫度不變時，體積的改變引起壓強的改變。2- recall and use the equati on pV = con sta nt at con sta nt temperature記住和應(yīng)用當溫度不變時等式，PV=常數(shù)2.2 Thermal properties 熱性質(zhì)(a) Thermal expa nsion of solids, liquids and gases固體，液體和氣體的熱膨脹。1- describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固體，液體和氣體的熱膨脹。2- id

31、e ntify and expla in some of the everyday applicati ons and con seque nces of thermal expa nsion描述和解釋一些生活中熱膨脹的實例3- describe qualitatively the effect of a cha nge of temperature on the volume of a gas at con sta nt pressure men ti on定性的描述提到的壓強一定時，溫度對氣體的影響。4- show an appreciati on of the relative orde

32、r of magn itude of the expa nsion of solids, liquids and gase說明并展現(xiàn)固體、液體、氣體之間膨脹的關(guān)系(b) Measureme nt of Temperature 溫度的測量1- appreciate how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used for the measureme nt of temperature and state examples of such properties賞識一下變化溫度的物理性質(zhì)被用來測量溫度并描述一個類似的例

33、子2- recogize the n eed for and ide ntify fixed Points識別和辨認所需要的固定點3- describe the structure and action of liquid in glass thermometers描述一個液體溫度計的結(jié)構(gòu)和作用4- dem on strate un dersta nding of sen sitivity, range and lin earity說明和理解靈敏度，變化范圍和線性5- describe the structure of a thermocouple and show un dersta ndi

34、ng of its use for measur ing high temperatures and those which vary rapidly描述熱偶的結(jié)構(gòu)和理解用它來測量迅速變化的高溫(c) Thermal capacity 熱容量1- relate a rise in temperature of a body to an in crease in in ter nal en ergy 描述一個物體的溫度升高內(nèi)能增加。2- show an un dersta nding of the term thermal capacity 理解說明熱容量3- describe an exper

35、ime nt to measure the specific heat capacity of a substa nee 描述一個實驗測量一個物體的比熱容量。(d) Melting and boiling 熔化和沸騰1- describe melt ing and boili ng in terms of en ergy in put without a cha nge in temperature 溫度不變時用吸收的能量描述融化和沸騰2- state the meaning of melting point and boiling poin描述熔點和沸點的意義3- describe cond

36、ensation and solidification描述液化和凝固4- distinguish between boiling and evaporation區(qū)分沸騰和蒸發(fā)5- use the terms late nt heat of vaporizati on and late nt heat of fusi on and give a molecular in terpretati on of late nt heat用蒸發(fā)潛熱和熔化潛熱和給定的分子解釋潛熱。6- describe an experime nt to measure specific late nt heats for

37、 steam and for ice 描述一個測量水流和冰的淺比熱。2.3 Transfer of thermal energy 熱能的傳遞(a) Con ducti on 傳導1- describe experime nts to dem on strate the properties of good and bad con ductors of heat 描述一個熱導體性能好壞的實驗。2- give a simple molecular acco unt of heat tra nsfer in solids給出在固體中一個簡單分子熱能的轉(zhuǎn)移。(b) Co nvection 對流1- r

38、elate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate conv ecti on液體密度的改變和轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)系，描述一個實驗解釋轉(zhuǎn)換。(c) Radiation 輻射1- identify infra-red radiation as part of the electromagnetic spectrum辨認紅外輻射是電磁光譜的一部分。2- describe experiments to show the properties of good and bad emitters and

39、 good and bad absorbers of i nfra-red radiati on描述一些實驗證明紅外輻射好的和壞的釋放者和吸收者。(d) Con seque nces of energy transfe能量轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果1- identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction, conv ecti on and radiati on辨認和解釋生活中傳導，轉(zhuǎn)換和輻射的應(yīng)用和結(jié)果。3. Properties of waves, i ncludi ng light an

40、d sou nd 波的性質(zhì)包括光和聲3.1 General wave properties 普通波的性質(zhì)1- describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes, springs and by experime nts using water waves通過用波動的意義解釋繩子，彈簧和水波的振動試驗2- use the term wavefr on用波振面3- give the meaning of speed, freque ncy, wavele ngth and amplitude給出速率，

41、頻率，波長和幅度的意義。4- recall and use the equation v = f入記住和應(yīng)用等式速率二平率x時間5- dist in guish betwee n tran sverse and Ion gitud inal waves and give suitable examples 區(qū)分橫波和縱波并且舉出合適的例子。6- describe the use of water waves to sho用 水波描述(i) reflecti on at a pla ne surface平 面反射(ii) refracti on due to a cha nge of speed

42、s 射由于速率的改變。(iii) diffracti on produced by wide and n arrow gaps通過寬的或窄的縫隙產(chǎn)生衍射。7- interpret reflection, refraction and diffraction using wave theory用波的理論解釋反射，折射和衍射。3.2 Light 光(a) Reflection of light 光的反射1- describe the formation, and give the characteristics, of an optical image by a plane mirror 描述形成

43、，給出特點在平面鏡中呈現(xiàn)的光學圖像。2- use the law an gle of in cide nee = an gle of reflection 用入射角等于反射角3- perform simple con structi ons, measureme nts and calculati ons演示簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)測量和計算。(b) Refraction of light 光的衍射1- describe an experime ntal dem on stratio n of the refracti on of light描述一個實驗解釋光的衍射現(xiàn)象。2- use the term in

44、o logy for the an gle of in cide nee i and an gle of refracti on r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided tran spare nt material會用術(shù)語入射角i折射角r并且描述光通過兩個透明的平行板。3- give the meaning of critical angle給出一些重要角度的意義。4- describe internal and total internal reflection描述內(nèi)部的和總的反射5- recall and use

45、 the definition of refractive n in terms of speed記住和應(yīng)用以速度定義折射率n.6- recall and use the equation sin i /sin r = n 記住和應(yīng)用等式 sin i/sin r=n7- describe the action of optical fibres描述纖維光學的作用。(c) Thin conv erg ing lens薄的匯聚透鏡1- describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light描述薄聚焦透鏡對一束光的作用。2-

46、use the term principal focus and focal length會用主焦點和焦距。3- draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formati on of a real image by a sin gle lens用光線圖來解釋通過單鏡頭形成的實相。4- draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formati on of a virtual image by a sin gle lens畫光線圖來解釋通過單鏡頭形成的虛像。5- use and describe the use of a sin gle

47、lens as a magnifying glass用和描述利用一個單鏡頭作為一個放大鏡。(d) Dispersion of light 光的分散1- give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as illustrated by the action on light of a glass prism定性的分析當光通過棱鏡分散的行為(e) Electromag netic spectrum電磁波譜1- describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum and s

48、tate that all e.m. waves travel with the same high speed in vacuo描述電磁波的主要特點和描述所有的波以同樣的速度在真空中傳播。2- state the approximate value of the speed of electro-mag netic waves描述電磁波速度值。3- use the term mono chromatic用單一的一色的。3.3 Sou nd 聲音1- describe the producti on of sound by vibrat ing sources描述聲音是由振動產(chǎn)生。2- des

49、cribe the Ion gitud inal n ature of sound waves描述聲音的縱向特性。3- state the approximate range of audible freque ncies描述可聽得見波的大概頻率。4- show an un dersta nding that a medium is required in order to tran smit sound waves 展示和理解聲音的傳播需要介質(zhì)。5- describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air 描述一個測量聲音在

50、空氣中傳播的速度。6- relate the loud ness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and freque ncy 聲波的響度和音調(diào)與振幅和頻率之間的關(guān)系。7- describe how the reflecti on of sound may produce an echo描述聲音的反射產(chǎn)生回聲。8- describe compressi on and rarefacti on描述壓縮和稀疏9- state the order of magn itude of the speed of sound in air, liquids and

51、 solids 描述液體和固體在空氣中傳播速率大小的順序。4. Electricity and magnetism 電和磁4.1 Simple phenomena of magnetism 簡單的磁現(xiàn)象1- state the properties of magn ets描述磁體的性質(zhì)。2- give an acco unt of in duced magn etism說明感生磁性3- disti nguish betwee n ferrous and non ferrous materials區(qū)分含鐵和不含鐵的材料。4- describe methods of magn etisatio n

52、 and of demag netisati on描述磁化和消除磁性的方法。5- describe an experiment to identify the pattern of field lines round a bar magnet描述一個實驗來辨認一個條形磁鐵周圍的場線圖案。6- disti nguish betwee n the magn etic properties of ir on and steel區(qū)分鐵和鋼的磁性。7- disti nguish betwee n the desig n and use of perma nent magn ets and electro

53、mag nets 區(qū)分和設(shè)計永久磁體和電磁體。4.2 Electrical quantities 電學物理量(a) Electric charge 電荷1- describe simple experime nts to show the producti on and detecti on of electrostatic charges 描述一個簡單的實驗證明靜電荷的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)現(xiàn)2- state that there are positive and n egative charges描述存在正電荷和負電荷。3- state that un like charges attract and

54、that like charges repel描述同種電荷排斥，異種電荷吸引。4- describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force描述電場是一個電荷受力的區(qū)域5- dist in guish betwee n electrical con ductors and in sulators and give typical examples 區(qū)分導體和絕緣體并給出典型的例子。6- state that charge is measured in coulombs描述電荷由庫

55、倫來測量。7- state the directi on of lines of force and describe simple field patter ns, in clud ing the field around a point charge and the field betwee n two parallel plates描述力的方向和簡單的場的圖案，包括點電荷周圍的場和兩個平行板之間的場。8- give an acco unt of charg ing by in ducti on9- recall and use the simple electro n model to

56、disti nguish betwee n con ductors and in sulators 記住和應(yīng)用簡單的電子模型區(qū)分導體和絕緣體。(b) Curre nt 電流1- state that current is related to the flow of charge描述電流和流動電荷的關(guān)系。2- use and describe the use of an ammeter用和描述電流表的用法。3- show understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use the equatio

57、rl = Q/t理解電流是流動電荷的變化率，記住何用等式I=Q/t4- dist in guish betwee n the directi on of flow of electro ns and conven tio nal curre nt 區(qū)分電子的流動方向和傳統(tǒng)電流的方向。(c) Electro-motive force 電動勢5- state that the e.m.f. of a source of electrical en ergy is measured in volts 描述一個電能源的電動勢用伏特測量。6- show understanding that e.m.f. is defined in terms of energy supplied by a source in driving charge round a complete circuit理解電動勢被定義為能源提供的能量迫使電荷環(huán)繞整個電路。(d) Potential differenee 電勢差1- state that the potential difference across a circuit component is measured in volts 描述通過一個電路元件的電勢差用伏特測量。2- use and describe the