(完整word版)牛津高中英語(yǔ)模塊一語(yǔ)法整理(word文檔良心出品)

1、牛津英語(yǔ)模塊一語(yǔ)法定語(yǔ)從句（ 1）1 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的使用除了形容詞， 名詞等作定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞， 句子也可以作定語(yǔ)， 我們稱作定語(yǔ)的句子 為定語(yǔ)從句。先看這樣的兩個(gè)句子：This man is my English teacher.He is standing at the door.如果想把這兩個(gè)句子合成一個(gè)句子，我們可將第二句轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾the man,即:The man that/who is standing at the door is my English teacher.這個(gè)句子中， that/who is standing at the door 充當(dāng)了 t

2、he man 的定語(yǔ)，它就是定語(yǔ)從句；而 被修飾的 the man 叫作先行詞， that/who 是關(guān)系代詞。2 關(guān)系代詞 that， which, who, whom, whose 的區(qū)別（1）當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí):1關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that/whoIs he the man who/that told you the news?2關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whom/that/who,也可以省略The boy （whom/that/who） I talked to yesterday is my brother.（2）當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí):可用關(guān)系代詞that/which 來(lái)充當(dāng)

3、主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)This is a book which/that talks about geography.綜上所述， that 既可指人，也可指物，而 which 只可指 物， who/whom 只可指人；who/that/which 都可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而 whom 只能作賓語(yǔ)； whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中必須放在一 個(gè)名詞前作定語(yǔ)The book whose cover is red can tbe found now.3 只能用 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況（1）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí) This is the best dictionary that I ve ever us

4、ed.The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.（2） 當(dāng)先行詞被 all, some, any, no, little, much 等修飾或者先行詞為 all, much, little, few, none,something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代詞時(shí)All that she lacked was training.She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents.（3） 當(dāng)先行詞既有

5、人又有物時(shí)They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them.（4） 當(dāng)先行詞被 the last, the only, the very 等修飾時(shí)This is the only example that I know.This is one of the very books that I am looking for.（5） 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用thatChina is not the country （that） it was.4 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞常用 which 不用 that

6、的情況（1）關(guān)系代詞前有介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)Galileo built a telescope through which he could study the sky.Here is the book about which I told you yesterday,（2）引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could except.（3

7、）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞之后有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)Here is the English grammar book which, as I ve told you, will help improve your English.He was always speaking highly of her role in the play which, of course, made the others unhappy.（ 4）先行詞本身是 that 時(shí)That which is evil is soon learned. 壞事易學(xué)。That which is well done is twice done. 一次做的好

8、等于做兩次。5 which 和 whose 作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別Which 和 whose 都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)， 但是 which 一般只用在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中， 緊指物，并且要接一個(gè)對(duì)先行詞起概括作用的泛指名詞； whose+名詞與先行詞不表示同一事物或情況Peter spent three years in France, during which time he learnt French.The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. 窗子破了的那間房子沒人住。注意：定語(yǔ)從句中whose+名詞= the+名詞+of whom/whic

9、h The boy, whose uncle is a judge, is singing under the tree.= The boy, the uncle of whom is a judge, is singing under the tree.I bought the book last year, whose cover is broken.= I bought the book last year, the cover of which is broken.6 如何確定定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞下面兩句話中的先行詞都是day,但由于其在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞也不同

10、Ill never forget the days （which/that） we spent together. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們一起度過的日子。（先行詞 the days 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞spend 的賓語(yǔ)，所以定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用關(guān)系代詞which/that）Ill never forget the day when （on which） I arrived here. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我到這兒的日子。 （先行詞 the day 在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 所以定語(yǔ) 從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用關(guān)系副詞when，或on+關(guān)系代詞 which ）7 關(guān)系代詞的省略在定語(yǔ)從句中, 如果關(guān)系代詞在定

11、語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ), 那么我們常常省略關(guān)系代詞。 如果 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),則不可省略He is the person （who/that） we are looking for.他就是我們一直在找的那個(gè)人。 （從句中 that/who 作介詞 for 的賓語(yǔ),因此可以省略。 ） 注意：介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略，而且指人時(shí)用whom，指物是用 whichThe person about whom we are talking is our headmaster.我們正在談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人是我們的校長(zhǎng)。（whom 在定語(yǔ)從句中作 about 的賓語(yǔ)，而且先行詞 the person 是指人,

12、因此只能用 whom ）The company at which my sister works is in the east of the city.8 定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致問題（ 1）關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上通常和先行詞保持一致All that shi nes is n ot gold.發(fā)光的不一定是金子（2） one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞一致He is also one of the stude nts who go to the park.（3） the only/very + one of the +復(fù)

13、數(shù)名詞作先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和one 致，用單數(shù)形式He is the only one of the stude nts who goes to the park.9 定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別（1） 從語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)看，引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的 that 是連詞，只起語(yǔ)法作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任 何成分，如例（1）中的 that;而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that 是關(guān)系代詞，它除了起引導(dǎo)從句的語(yǔ)法作用外，還要在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，主要是作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如例（2）中的 that 在從句中作動(dòng)詞 told 的賓語(yǔ)（2） 從先行詞的詞性來(lái)看，同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞大都為抽象名詞，而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是名詞，也可以

14、是代詞（3） 從可否省略來(lái)看，同位語(yǔ)從句的 that 一般不可以省略，但是定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞如 果在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，在非正式用語(yǔ)中常常可以省略例（1）We were greatly pleased at the n ews that the Chin ese wome n volleyball team had won thematch again.聽到中國(guó)女排再次獲勝的消息我們極為高興。（that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句）例（2）We were greatly pleased at the news that our teacher had told us.聽到老師告訴我們的消息我們感到很高興10

15、 定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞在從句中要作某種成分，因而從句成分不完整；而引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連 接詞在句中不作任何成分，因此句子成分完整It is such an interesting book as we all like.（ 定語(yǔ)從句）It is such an interesting book that we all like it.（ 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 ）11 定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾和限制作用，關(guān)系詞可以是that，which，as, who，另一方面，句子中的 It 有所指代；而強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是對(duì)某部分加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣的連接詞只能是 that，who，并

16、且句子中的 It 沒有任何意義。兩種從句的判斷一般比較明顯，而有事就難以 區(qū)別，需要根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷。如下面一句話：It is a book that he wan ts.此句究竟是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是定語(yǔ)從句，就要從語(yǔ)境上來(lái)判斷。如果它是用來(lái)回答What isthis/that ?這樣的問題， 意思就是： 它是一本他想要的書。 句子顯然是定語(yǔ)從句。 如果是用來(lái) 回答 What doeshe want?這樣的問題，那么意思就是：他想要的是一本書。顯然，句子是強(qiáng) 調(diào)句型。【真題回放】1（）The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most

17、imagination.A thatB whichC whoseD what2 （） You llfind taxis waiting at the bus stationyou can hire to reach yourhost family.A whichB whereC whe nD as3（） Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I metin the En glish speech con test last year.A whoB whereC whe nD which4（） Th

18、e old town has narrow streets and small houses _ are built close to eachother.A theyB whereC whatD that5 （） That the new machine _ parts are small to be seen.A thatB whichC whoseD what6 （） The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.A whereB whichC itsD whose7 （） I refuse to accep

19、t the blame for somethi ng _ was some one elsWs fault.A whoB thatC asD what8 （） Children who are no active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A whatB whoseC whichD that9 （） In China, the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognizedacross the world.A whereB whichC whoseD

20、that定語(yǔ)從句（2）1 介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to 等，關(guān)系代詞只 可用 whom,which，或 whose，不可用 that。這些詞既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句， 又可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。主要有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）介詞+關(guān)系代詞Who is the man with whom you shook hands just now?（2）名詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞Give me the book the cover of which is red （the cover of which=whose cover）.注意：當(dāng)先行詞是

21、物時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞whose + n. = the + n. + of which 或 of which +the + n.（3）代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞As he was a lively, cousin man, he hid a great deal, and noticed many interesting things, allof which he recorded in his diary.（4）介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞He goes to bed at ten, at which hour his brother locks all the doors and win dows.（5

22、）形容詞最高級(jí)+介詞+關(guān)系代詞He has bought many novels, the most interesting of which is written by Han Han.（6）數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞I have three brothers, two of whom have just graduated from the same uni versity.【巧記】介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)則用 which。介詞的選擇可以根據(jù)以下關(guān)系確定：（1） 介詞與定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞是一種習(xí)慣性搭配。This is the book for which I

23、 paid 8 yua n.The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms ofEn glish.（2） 介詞與定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是一種習(xí)慣性搭配。There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth.沒有辦法可以把它帶到地球上來(lái)。（依據(jù)短語(yǔ) in this way ）（3） 根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思確定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is cal

24、led oxygen. The gas without whichwe can live is called oxygen.(4)表示所有關(guān)系或整體中的一部分時(shí)，用介詞ofThere are differe nt forms of en ergy, most of which come from the sun.注意：含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開，即介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞之后，因此不能使 用介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)此類短語(yǔ)有： listen to, look at, pay attention to, care for 等Is this the watch he is looking for?2 關(guān)系副詞

25、的用法關(guān)系副詞（=介詞+關(guān)系代詞）關(guān)系副詞先行詞在從句中的作 用說明When(=at/on/in/during which)時(shí)間名詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)非正式文體中，有 時(shí)用 that 代替關(guān)系副詞，如通常用 在way 后Where(=in/at which)地點(diǎn)名詞地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)Why=(for which)Reas on 禾口 expla nati on原因狀語(yǔ)The rain came at a time whe n (= at which) it was not n eeded.This is the computer where (= by/on which) he has stole n top-s

26、ecret docume nts.Here is the place where (= at which) the murder took place.He didn give any reason why (= for which) I had been fired.【提示】當(dāng)先行詞是 situation, point, case, stage 等表示某種情景、狀況的詞時(shí)，常用 where 或 in/at which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?【巧記】如果表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的

27、名詞不作狀語(yǔ)，而是作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞 that/which 來(lái)引導(dǎo)而不是用 where 等May 1 is the day I will n ever forget.五月一號(hào)是我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記的一天。(that 作 forget 的賓語(yǔ))The Three Gorges is a beautiful place (that/which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.長(zhǎng)江三峽是個(gè)美麗的地方，全世界的人都渴望來(lái)參觀。(that 或 which 作 visiting 的賓語(yǔ))Is this the reas

28、on that he gave us for being late?這就是他給我們的遲到的原因嗎？ ( that 作 gave 的直接賓語(yǔ))【真題回放】1 () She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _ had takenmore tha n three years.A for whichB with whichC of whichD to which2 () English is a Ianguage shared by several diverse cultures, each of _ uses itso

29、mewhat differe ntly.A whichB whatC themD those3 () A bank is the place _ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for itback whe n it beg ins to rain.A whe nB thatC whereD there4 () It was April 29, 2011_ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into thepalace hall of the weddi ng cere mony

30、.A thatB whe nC sinceD before5 () The days are gone_ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.A whe nB thatC whereD which6 () I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _ we enjoyed a splendidview of the lake.A whichB whereC whoD that7 () Julie was good at German, French and Rus

31、sian, all of _ she spoke fluently.A whoB whomC whichD that8 () Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ lifehas developed gradually.A thatB whereC whichD whose9 () She brought with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before.A themB whoC whomD these10 () Moz

32、art birthplace and the house _ he composed The Magic Flute areboth museums now.A whereB whe nC thereD which)I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of myown.A whichB whereC howD why)She never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missingtwo years before.A

33、 thatB whichC whereD whe n定語(yǔ)從句（3）-非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指示對(duì)主句內(nèi)容或先行詞作補(bǔ)充解釋或附加說明。主句與從句之間一般用逗號(hào)隔開，常常單獨(dú)翻譯。如果去掉，主句意思仍然完整。I have an elder sister who works in a hospital.我有一個(gè)在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。（限制性定語(yǔ)從句）I have an elder sister, who works in a hospital.我有一個(gè)姐姐，她在一家醫(yī)院工作。（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）11 (12 (13 (14 ()Gun con trol is a subject _ Amer

34、ica ns have argued for a long time.A of whichB with whichC about whichD into which15 ()It helpful to put children in a situation _differe ntly.A thatB whe nC which)-What do you think of teachi ng, Bob?-I find it fun and challenging, It is a job _serious but in teresti ng.A whereB whichC whe nthey ca

35、n see themselvesD whereyou are doing somethingD that1 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是整個(gè)句子。2 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有 as, which, who, whom, whose 等，作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)、 賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞有when， where 等，作定語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不能省略。As is known, Stephen Chow, who was born in Hong Kong, is one of the world s greatest actors In man

36、yof his films, he made the audience laugh with interesting stories, which he made up almost himself.Last Sunday, when it was raining all the day, he came to our city, where he received a warm welcome.【提示】（1）關(guān)系代詞 that 不能用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。（2）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略。（ 3） 關(guān)系副詞 why 不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，但可用 for which

37、代替3 使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的常見情況： （1）先行詞是表示獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物時(shí)。The moon, which doesn t give out light itself, is only a satellite of the earth. （2）先行詞是表示類屬的事物時(shí)。Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.（3）先行詞是專有名詞時(shí)。The Neil, which used to flood every year, now runs more regularly below the da

38、m.（4）先行詞是表示人的職業(yè)、品質(zhì)、身份等名詞，作定語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句和定語(yǔ)從句 之間含有對(duì)比的意思，這種情況下多用 which 引導(dǎo)。Mike s brother is a policeman, which he isn t.（5） 先行詞為整個(gè)句子時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只能用as 或 which。但是二者也有區(qū)別：1as 有正如、像等意思，可以置于句首，句中或句末。as 后常接 expect, know, report,say, see 等動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句。如：as was expected（不出所料 ），as is mentionedabove （正如上面所提到的）等2which 可用 a

39、nd this/that/it 代替,有因此,這樣,這就使得,這一點(diǎn)等意思,常 置于主句之后?！咎崾尽縜s 也可用在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，多和such, so 或 the same 連用，構(gòu)成 such/soas 和 thesameas 結(jié)構(gòu)Such books as I have read are En glish novels.我所讀過的書都是英語(yǔ)小說。（as 作賓語(yǔ)）（6） 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中的名詞、代詞與先行詞存在部分與整體的關(guān)系,用+介詞+關(guān)系代 詞which/whom 表示時(shí)反意疑問句反意疑問句有兩部分組成： 前一部分是一個(gè)陳述句, 后一部分是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的疑問句, 兩部 分的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一

40、致。1 反意疑問句的構(gòu)成（ 1）陳述部分肯定式 +疑問部分否定式They work here, dontthey?（ 2）陳述部分否定式 +疑問部分肯定式The old man wouldn t believe you, would he?（ 3）陳述部分肯定式 +疑問部分肯定式Have a cup of tea, will you?【提示】（ 1）若陳述部分含有 seldom, hardly, never, few, nothing 等否定詞或半否定詞， 其疑問部分要 用肯定式She said nothing, did she?（2）若陳述部分含有帶否定前綴如un-, im-, dis- 的

41、詞，疑問部分仍用否定式It is impossible, isn tit?2 反意疑問句的用法（ 1）省去主語(yǔ)的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用will youDon tdo that again, will you?Go with me, will you/won t you?Lets 開頭的祈使句，后用 shall we； Let us 開頭的祈使句，后用will youLet sgo and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading room, will you? （2）陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句的反意疑問句

42、。1當(dāng)陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句保持一致He said that he didn t like it, didn the?He knows where I live, doesn the?2當(dāng)陳述部分為 l/We think （believe, suppose） that等時(shí)，疑問部分通常與從句的主謂 保持一致（注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移）l think that it is too smart, isn tit?l don tthink he will come, will he?（3） 陳述部分是 Im時(shí)，疑問部分通常用arentl。l m wrong, aren tl?Im old

43、er than you, arentI?（4） 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為 somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody 等復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，其反意疑問句的主語(yǔ)在正式文體中用he,在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中通常用they。但當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是something, anything , nothing , everything 等復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，其反意疑問句的主語(yǔ)用 it。Nobody was late, were they?Nothing is important, is it?（5）當(dāng)陳述部分含有 must 時(shí)，要分兩種情況1若 must 表示

44、必須或有必要，疑問部分用 must nt 或 need ntYou must leave at once, mustnt/needntyou?但是當(dāng)陳述部分有mustnt 表示禁止時(shí)，疑問部分用mustYou mustntlaugh, must you?2若 must 表示推測(cè)，疑問部分不能用must,而應(yīng)根據(jù) must 后的動(dòng)詞采用相應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞來(lái)構(gòu)成反意疑問句He must be tired, isn the?You must have studied English for five years, haven tyou?你肯定需哦過五年英語(yǔ), 不是嗎？ （對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況進(jìn)

45、行推測(cè)）You must have finished that novel yesterday, did nyou?你昨天一定完成了那部小說，不是嗎？(對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè))(6)當(dāng)陳述部分為 there be 句型時(shí)，疑問部分仍用thereThere was nothing in the room, was there?(7)當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)是 used to 時(shí)，疑問部分用didn +主語(yǔ)或usednt+主語(yǔ)He used to take pictures there, didn the/usednthe?【真題回放】1 () Ted came for the weekend only some shorts and a T-shit, _ is a stupid thingto do in such weather.A thisB thatC whatD which2 ()